Java (Mod 1)

2020
JAVA Programming
Email- [email protected]
JAVA Programming By Sourav Kumar Giri 2020
Disclaimer
Contents of this material have been prepared using JAVA 2: Complete Reference by Herbert Schildt , TMH
Publications. Any typological errors may be brought to the notice and also suggestions are welcomed at
[email protected]
This material is designed considering syllabus of B.Tech/ MCA/ B.Sc/ BCA/ M.Tech courses offered by
various universities and colleges in India.
Note: Any typing error or suggestions are welcomed at [email protected]
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction to Programming Language 1

Chapter 2 Introduction to JAVA
Chapter 3 Basic Elements of Java Programming
Chapter 4 Classes & Object
Chapter 5 Inheritance
Chapter 6 Polymorphism
Chapter 7 String
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Programming language
A programming language is a language that is designed to be used (read and written) by humans to create
programs that can be executed by computers. In other words we can say that programming languages
provides the way so that the users may interact with the computer to give it commands and instructions to
perform certain tasks. There are two main types of computer programming languages.
 Low-level languages
 High-level languages
Low Level Programming Languages

These languages are near to computer hardware and far from human languages. Computer can understand
these languages easily. Following are two low-level languages:
 Machine Language
 Assembly Language
Machine Language
A computer language in which instructions are written in binary form (0 and 1) is called machine language. It
is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. Machine language is the native language of
computer. Machine language is also known as first generation language.
Advantages of Machine Languages
 Very fast program execution: Because the machine language is the native language of computer that
computers directly understand and execute. There is no need of a translator program, because
computer can already understand and execute the machine language instructions directly without
the need of translation.
Disadvantages of Machine Languages
 Machine Language is difficult to understand
 Machine Language is difficult to learn
 Programs of Machine Language are difficult to modify
 Machine Language requires deep knowledge of hardware
 Programs of Machine Language are difficult to remove errors
 Programs of Machine Language are Machine dependent
Assembly Language
Assembly language is a low-level language. In assembly language, symbols are used instead of binary code.
These symbols are easy to remember. For example Add instruction is used to add two numbers. Assembly
language is also known as second generation language
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Advantages of Assembly Language

 Assembly language programs are executed with fast speed
 Assembly language programming is easier to learn, understand and modify than machine language
Disadvantages of Assembly Language
 Assembly language programs are machine dependent
 Assembly language programming requires deep knowledge of hardware
High Level Programming Languages

A type of language that is close to human languages is called high level language. High-level languages are
easy to understand. Instructions of these languages are written in English-like words e.g. Print, Display,
Write etc.
Examples of High Level Programming Languages
 COBOL
 BASIC
 PASCAL
 C Programming Language
 C++
 JAVA
 Visual Basic
Advantages of High Level Programming Languages
 High Level Programming Languages are Easy to learn and understand
 Programs written in High Level Programming Languages are Easy to modify
 It is Easy to remove errors in the Programs written in High Level Programming Languages
 Programs written in High Level Programming Languages are Machine independent
 High Level Programming Languages have Better documentation
Disadvantages of High Level Programming Languages
 A disadvantage of High Level Programming Languages is slower program execution.
 High Level Programming Languages provide programming facilities for performing certain
operations.
Few examples of High Level Programming Languages

 FORTRAN: FORTRAN stands for FORmula TRANslation. It is mainly used for writing applications
related to science and engineering fields.
 BASIC: BASIC stands for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was invented in late
1960's to teach programming skills to students.
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 COBOL: COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. It was especially designed for
business applications.
 C Language: C Language is one of the most popular programming languages among students and
beginners in the field of computer programming. C Language was designed by Dennis Ritchie at
AT&T Bell Labs in 1972. Sometimes C Language is called a middle level language because it provides
facilities to develop application software as well as system software. So C Language combines some
important qualities of a high level language and a low level programming language.
Translators
Computers only understand machine code (binary). But on the other hand, programmers prefer to use a
variety of high and low-level programming languages. To get rid of this issue, the high-level and low-level
program code (source code) needs to pass through a translator. A translator converts the source code into
machine code (object code). Different types of translators are:
 Compiler
 Interpreter
 Assembler
Human instruction Machine Code Or

in the form of some Binary Code
low level or high TRANSLATOR (Computer
level language Understandable)
Compiler
 It is a translator which is used to translate program written in a high-level language into machine
code (object code). A compiler takes the whole program and translates it into corresponding machine
code which can be executed thereafter.
 The process of compilation may take some time but the translated program can be used again and
again without the need for recompilation.
 An error report is often produced after the full program has been translated. Errors in the program
code may cause a computer to crash.
 These errors can only be fixed by changing the original source code and compiling the program again.
All High Level Object Code or

Language Source Machine Code
Code COMPILER (Executable)
Error Report
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Interpreter
 Interpreter is a translator which is able to read, translate and execute one statement at a time from a
high-level language program.
 The interpreter stops when a line of code is reached that contains an error. Interpreters are often
used during the development of a program.
 They make debugging easier as each line of code is analyzed and checked before execution.
Interpreted programs will launch immediately, but our program may run slower than a complied file.
 No executable file is produced.
 The program is interpreted again from scratch every time you launch it.
One line of High Output

Level Language (Temporary)
Source Code INTERPRETER
Error Stop: Error Report
Interpreter Compiler
Scans the entire program and translates it as a

Translates program one statement at a time. whole into machine code.
It takes large amount of time to analyze the source

It takes less amount of time to analyze the source code but the overall execution time is
code but the overall execution time is slower. comparatively faster.
No intermediate object code is generated, hence Generates intermediate object code which further
are memory efficient. requires linking, hence requires more memory.
Continues translating the program until the first It generates the error message only after scanning
error is met, in which case it stops. Hence the whole program. Hence debugging is
debugging is easy. comparatively hard.
Programming language like Python, Ruby use

interpreters. Programming language like C, C++ use compilers.
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Assembler
Assemblers are used to translate a program written in a low-level assembly language into a machine code
(object code) file so it can be used and executed by the computer. Once assembled, the program file can be
used again and again without re-assembly.
Difference between Low-level & High-level Language
High-level Language Low-level Language

1. High-level languages are easy to learn 1. Low-level languages are difficult to learn.
2. near to human languages. 2. far from human languages.
3. Programs in high-level languages are slow in 3. Programs in low-level languages are fast in
execution. execution.
4. Programs in high-level languages are easy to 4. Programs in low-level languages are difficult
modify. to modify.
5. Deep knowledge of hardware is not 5. Deep knowledge of hardware is required to write
required to write programs. programs.
High-level programming languages

The high-level programming languages can be categorized into different types on the basis of the application
area in which they are employed as well as the different design paradigms supported by them. The high-level
programming languages are designed for use in a number of areas. Each high-level language is designed by
keeping its target application area in mind. Some of the high-level languages are best suited for business
domains, while others are apt in the scientific domain only. The high-level language can be categorized on
the basis of the various programming paradigms approved by them. The programming paradigms refer to
the approach employed by the programming language for solving the different types of problem.
Categorization based on Application

On the basis of application area the high level language can be divided into the following types:
 Commercial languages: These programming languages are dedicated to the commercial domain
and are specially designed for solving business-related problems. These languages can be used in
organization for processing handling the data related to payroll, accounts payable and tax building
applications. COBOL is the best example of the commercial based high-level programming language
employed in the business domain.
 Scientific languages: These programming languages are dedicated to the scientific domain and are
specially designed for solving different scientific and mathematical problems. These languages can be
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used to develop programs for performing complex calculation during scientific research. FORTRAN is
the best example of scientific based language.
 Special purpose languages: These programming languages are specially designed for performing
some dedicated functions. For example, SQL is a high-level language specially designed to interact
with the database programs only. Therefore we can say that the special purpose high-level language
is designed to support a particular domain area only.
 General purpose languages: These programming languages are used for developing different types
of software application regardless of their application area. The various examples of general purpose
high-level programming languages are BASIC, C, C++, and java.
Categorization based on Design paradigm

On the basis of design paradigms the high level programming languages can be categorised into the following
types:
 Procedure or function oriented languages: These programming languages are also called an
imperative programming language. In this language, a program is written as a sequence of
procedures. Each procedure contains a series of instruction for performing a specific task. Each
procedure can be called by the other procedures during the program execution. In this type of
programming paradigms, a code once written in the form of a procedure can be used any number of
times in the program by only specifying the corresponding procedure name. Therefore the
procedure-oriented language allows the data to move freely around the system. The various
examples of procedure-oriented language are FORTRAN, ALGOL, C, BASIC, and ADA.
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 Logic-oriented languages: These languages use logic programming paradigms as the design
approach for solving various computational problems. In this programming paradigm, predicate logic
is used to describe the nature of a problem by defining the relationship between rules and facts.
Prolog is the best example of the logic-oriented programming language.
 Object-oriented languages: These languages use object-oriented programming paradigms as the
design approach for solving a given problem. In this programming language, a problem is divided
into a number of objects which can interact by passing messages to each other. C++, JAVA etc are the
examples of object-oriented programming language.
Advantages of Object Oriented Programming

Simplicity: software objects model real world objects, so the complexity is reduced and the program
structure is very clear.
Modularity: each object forms a separate entity whose internal workings are decoupled from other parts of
the system.
Modifiability: it is easy to make minor changes in the data representation or the procedures in an OO
program. Changes inside a class do not affect any other part of a program, since the only public interface that
the external world has to a class is through the use of methods.
Extensibility: adding new features or responding to changing operating environments can be solved by
introducing a few new objects and modifying some existing ones.
Maintainability: objects can be maintained separately, making locating and fixing problems easier.
Re-usability: objects can be reused in different programs.
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Features of Object Oriented Programming

Various features of object oriented programming are:
 Object
 Class
 Data encapsulation
 Data hiding
 Data abstraction
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism etc.
Let us briefly discuss all these features one by one.
Object: Objects are basic entities in an object oriented system. An object is a real world entity which posses
certain properties (also called attributes) and behavior (also called operation).
 Objects may represent a person, place, flower, a bank account, a table of data or any other item that a
program has to handle.
 In a program, properties of an object are represented using variables which are also known as data
(or data members) and behaviors are represented using functions which are also known as member
functions.
 Objects are also known as instance of a class.
Few Examples of object are:
Student Book Mango Rose Circle
A student object has properties like name, roll no, DOB, email etc. A book object has properties like title,
author name, pages price etc. Similarly a circle object has properties like radius, coordinates of center etc.
Class: Collection of similar objects which possesses common properties (also called attributes) and behavior
(also called operation) is known as class. It is a template or blueprint from which objects are created.
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Few examples of class:

Student Book Fruit
Data Encapsulation: The wrapping of data members and member functions into a single unit is known as
data encapsulation.
Class Name Student Circle
Properties/ Data Name x_point, y_point
grade radius
Behavior/ Operation getName getRadius()
printGrade() printArea()
Data hiding: The insulation of data and methods of a class from direct access by other classes is known as
data hiding. Essentially, access privileges members of a class is assigned to other classes with the help of
access specifiers (like default, private, protected & public) and OOP principles like inheritance,
polymorphism etc.
Data abstraction: The act of representing the essential features of an entity by omitting their complete
details is known as data abstraction. Class supports the principle of data abstraction with the concept of
abstract classes and hence class is also known as abstract data type (ADT).
Inheritance: Inheritance is a mechanism by which objet of one class acquires the properties of object of
another class. The class from which properties are taken into a new class is known as parent class or super
class. The class which takes properties from an existing class is known as child class or sub class. It is an
important part of OOPs (Object Oriented programming system). The main advantages of inheritance are:
 Code Reusability
 Code Minimization
 Maintaining class Hierarchy
 Well Programming Construct etc
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There are various types of inheritance (like single, hierarchical, multi level and hybrid etc) in java which are
discussed later in this course. In java inheritance is achieved through the key word extends.
A simple example of hierarchical inheritance:
Vehicle
Car Truck
Here, class Car and Truck inherits the properties of the class vehicle. Class Vehicle is called super class and
class Car and Truck are called sub classes.
Syntax of above example:

class Vehicle
{
-----------------
-----------------
}
class Car extends Vehicle
{
-----------------
-----------------
}
class Truck extends Vehicle
{
-----------------
-----------------
}
Polymorphism:
The word polymorphism means having many forms (Poly means many and morph means forms). In simple
words, we can define polymorphism as the ability of an entity to exhibit multiple behaviors or definitions
depending upon the working environment.
Real life example of polymorphism: A person at the same time can have different characteristics. Like a
man at the same time is a father, a husband, an employee. So, the same person has different behavior in
different situations.
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Example of polymorphism in programming context:

Same function area can be use to find area of a rectangle, circle, square etc (this mechanism is known as
function or method overloading) which is shown in the below diagram:
area()
void area (int l, int b) void area (float r) void area (int s)
{ { {
System.out.println(l*b); System.out.println(3.14*r*r); System.out.println(s*s);
} } }
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Review Questions of Chapter 1

MCQ Type
1. Choose the most appropriate answer:
a) The type of language understandable by a computer is
a) Assembly Language b) Machine Language
c) High level language d) JAVA language
b) A software which translates high level language to machine language by considering the
program a whole is called
a) Compiler b) Interpreter
c) Either a) or b) d) Both a) and b)
c) Which one of the following provides a template or blue print for similar objects?
a) Class b) Structure
c) Inheritance d) Polymorphism
d) Which one of the following is/ are examples of low level language?
a) Assembly language b) Machine Language
c) JAVA d) Both a) and b)
e) Which one of the following is/ are OOPs characteristics?

a) Inheritance b) Data hiding
c) Encapsulation d) All of these
f) The property of OOPs by which an entity can acquire multiple forms is known as
a) Inheritance b) Polymorphism
c) Encapsulation d) Data Aggregation
g) The act of representing essential feature of a class without specifying its complete details is
known as
c) Data Encapsulation d) Data Abstraction
h) The act of wrapping data and methods into a single unit is known as
i) The technique by which object of one class acquires the properties of object of some other
class is known as
j) What is use of interpreter?

a) They convert byte code to machine language code
b) They read high level code and execute them
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c) They are intermediated between JIT and JVM

d) It is a synonym for JIT
k) The technique by which object of one class acquires the properties of object of some other
class is known as
Short Type
2. Answer briefly
a) Define translator. Differentiate between a compiler and an interpreter.
b) Differentiate between high level and low level programming language.
c) Define data encapsulation.
d) Define inheritance. List different types of inheritance.
e) What is polymorphism?
f) What is data abstraction?
g) List feature of object oriented programming system.
h) List advantages & disadvantages of high level languages.
i) List advantages & disadvantages of low level language.
j) Why C language is sometimes called middle level language?
Long Type
3. Answer in details
a) Discuss the characteristics of Object oriented Programming System.
b) Explain the advantages of Object Oriented Programming System.
c) Explain different types of programming languages with their advantages & disadvantages in details.
***************
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Chapter 2 INTRODUCTION TO JAVA

History of JAVA
The history of Java is very interesting. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too
advanced technology for the digital cable television industry at the time. The history of java starts with Green
Team. Java team members (also known as Green Team), initiated this project to develop a language for
digital devices such as set-top boxes, televisions, etc. However, it was suited for internet programming. Later,
Java technology was incorporated by Netscape.
James Gosling  James Gosling is the founder of java.
 James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java
language project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers
called Green Team.
 Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic
appliances like set-top boxes. Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by
James Gosling, and file extension was .gt. After that, it was
called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.
 Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of
many countries like U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania, etc.
 In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a
trademark by Oak Technologies. They wanted something that
Oak Tree
reflected the essence of the technology: revolutionary, dynamic,
lively, cool, unique, and easy to spell and fun to say.
 Java is an island of Indonesia where first coffee was produced (called
java coffee).
 Initially developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is
now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995.
 In 1995, Time magazine called Java one of the Ten Best Products of
1995. JDK 1.0 released in January 23, 1996.
JAVA Coffee
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JAVA Byte Code

The intermediate machine independent codes which are formed after the successful compilation of a java
program are called byte code.
Byte code of a java program is always saved in the extension .class file. The Java byte code is not completely
compiled, but rather just an intermediate code sitting in the middle because it still has to be interpreted and
executed by the JVM installed on the specific platform such as Windows, Mac or Linux. Due to the above
reason, java is called a platform independent language or write once run anywhere (WORA) language.
Windows
JAVA Byte code

Source Code COMPILER (.class file) Linux
Mac
JVM- Java Virtual Machine

A Virtual Machine is a software implementation of a physical machine. Java was developed with the concept
of WORA (Write Once Run Anywhere), which runs on a VM. The compiler compiles the Java file into a Java
.class file, then that .class file is input into the JVM, which loads and executes the class file. Below is a diagram
of the Architecture of the JVM.
JVM Architecture
As shown in the below architecture diagram, the JVM is divided into three main subsystems:
 ClassLoader
 Runtime Data Area
 Execution Engine
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Sub System 1: ClassLoader

Loading Linking Initialization
Bootstrap Verify
Loader
Extension Prepare Initialization

Class Loader
Application Resolve
Class Loader
Sub System 2: Runtime Data Area

Stack Area PC Registers
Thread 1 Thread n PCR for Thread 1
Method Heap . Native

Area Area . Method
Stack … Stack . Stack
Frame Frame
LVA OS FD LVA OS FD PCR for Thread n
Sub System 3: Execution Engine

JIT Compiler
Intermediate
Code Garbage Native Native
Interpreter Generator Collection
Method Method
Code Profiler Interface Library
Optimizer (JNI)
[Diagram of JVM Architecture]
Target Code
generator
Subsystem 1: ClassLoader
Java's dynamic class loading functionality is handled by the ClassLoader subsystem. It loads, links and
initializes the class file when it refers to a class for the first time at runtime, not compile time.
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Loading
Classes will be loaded by this component. BootStrap ClassLoader, Extension ClassLoader, and Application
ClassLoader are the three ClassLoaders that will help in achieving it.
 BootStrap ClassLoader – Responsible for loading classes from the bootstrap classpath, nothing
but rt.jar. Highest priority will be given to this loader.
 Extension ClassLoader – Responsible for loading classes which are inside the ext folder (jre\lib).
 Application ClassLoader –Responsible for loading Application Level Classpath, path mentioned
Environment Variable, etc.
The above ClassLoaders will follow Delegation Hierarchy Algorithm while loading the class files.
Linking
 Verify – Bytecode verifier will verify whether the generated bytecode is proper or not if verification
fails we will get the verification error.
 Prepare – For all static variables memory will be allocated and assigned with default values.
 Resolve – All symbolic memory references are replaced with the original references from Method
Area.
Initialization
This is the final phase of ClassLoading; here, all static variables will be assigned with the original values, and
the static block will be executed.
Subsystem 2: Runtime Data Area

The Runtime Data Area is divided into five major components:
1. Method Area – All the class-level data will be stored here, including static variables. There is only one
method area per JVM, and it is a shared resource.
2. Heap Area – All the Objects and their corresponding instance variables and arrays will be stored here.
There is also one Heap Area per JVM. Since the Method and Heap areas share memory for multiple
threads, the data stored is not thread-safe.
3. Stack Area – For every thread, a separate runtime stack will be created. For every method call, one entry
will be made in the stack memory which is called Stack Frame. All local variables will be created in the
stack memory. The stack area is thread-safe since it is not a shared resource. The Stack Frame is divided
into three subentities:
 Local Variable Array – Related to the method how many local variables are involved and the
corresponding values will be stored here.
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 Operand stack – If any intermediate operation is required to perform, operand stack acts as
runtime workspace to perform the operation.
 Frame data – All symbols corresponding to the method is stored here. In the case of
any exception, the catch block information will be maintained in the frame data.
4. PC Registers – Each thread will have separate PC Registers, to hold the address of current executing
instruction once the instruction is executed the PC register will be updated with the next instruction.
5. Native Method stacks – Native Method Stack holds native method information. For every thread, a
separate native method stack will be created.
Execution Engine
The bytecode, which is assigned to the Runtime Data Area, will be executed by the Execution Engine. The
Execution Engine reads the bytecode and executes it piece by piece.
1. Interpreter – The interpreter interprets the bytecode faster but executes slowly. The disadvantage of the
interpreter is that when one method is called multiple times, every time a new interpretation is required.
2. JIT Compiler – The JIT Compiler neutralizes the disadvantage of the interpreter. The Execution Engine
will be using the help of the interpreter in converting byte code, but when it finds repeated code it uses
the JIT compiler, which compiles the entire bytecode and changes it to native code. This native code will
be used directly for repeated method calls, which improve the performance of the system.
 Intermediate Code Generator – Produces intermediate code
 Code Optimizer – Responsible for optimizing the intermediate code generated above
 Target Code Generator – Responsible for Generating Machine Code or Native Code
 Profiler – A special component, responsible for finding hotspots, i.e. whether the method is called
multiple times or not.
3. Garbage Collector: Collects and removes unreferenced objects. Garbage Collection can be triggered by
calling System.gc(), but the execution is not guaranteed. Garbage collection of the JVM collects the objects
that are created.
Java Native Interface (JNI): JNI will be interacting with the Native Method Libraries and provides the Native
Libraries required for the Execution Engine.
Native Method Libraries: This is a collection of the Native Libraries, which is required for the Execution
Engine.
Java Buzz words: Features of Java

The primary objective of Java programming language creation was to make it portable, simple and secure
programming language. Apart from this, there are also some excellent features which play an important role
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in the popularity of this language. The features of Java are also known as java buzzwords. A list of most
important features or buzz words of Java language is:
 Simple
 Secure
 Portable
 Object-Oriented
 Robust
 Multithreaded
 Architecture neutral
 Distributed
 Dynamic
Now let us briefly explain the above buzz words.
Simple
Java is very easy to learn, and its syntax is simple, clean and easy to understand. According to Sun, Java
language is a simple programming language because:
Java syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after C++).
Java has removed many complicated and rarely-used features, for example, explicit pointers, operator
overloading, etc.
There is no need to remove unreferenced objects because there is an Automatic Garbage Collection in Java.
Secure
Java is best known for its security. With Java, we can develop virus-free systems. Java is secured because no
explicit pointer is used in java &java programs run inside a virtual machine sandbox, which is insulated from
virus.
Portable
Java is portable because it facilitates you to carry the Java byte code to any platform. It doesn't require any
implementation.
Object-oriented
Java is an object-oriented programming language. Everything in Java is an object. Object-oriented means we
organize our software as a combination of different types of objects that incorporates both data and
behavior. Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a methodology that simplifies software development and
maintenance by providing some rules.
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Basic concepts of OOPs are:

 Object
 Class
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
Robust
Robust simply means strong. Java is a robust language due to following reason:
 It uses strong memory management.
 There is a lack of pointers that avoids security problems.
 There is automatic garbage collection in java which runs on the Java Virtual Machine to get rid of
objects which are not being used by a Java application anymore.
 There are exception handling and the type checking mechanism in Java. All these points make Java
robust.
Multi-threaded
Java programs can execute many tasks simultaneously by defining multiple threads thereby achieving
multitasking. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't occupy memory for each thread. It
shares a common memory area. Threads are important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.
Architecture Neutral
Java is architecture neutral because there are no implementation dependent features, for example, the size of
primitive types is fixed. In C programming, int data type occupies 2 bytes of memory for 32-bit architecture
and 4 bytes of memory for 64-bit architecture. However, it occupies 4 bytes of memory for both 32 and 64-
bit architectures in Java.
Distributed
Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used
for creating distributed applications. This feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods
from any machine on the internet.
Dynamic
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Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It means classes are loaded on demand. It
also supports functions from its native languages, i.e. C and C++. Java supports dynamic compilation and
automatic memory management (garbage collection).
Comparison between C++ & Java

There are many differences and similarities between the C++ programming language and Java. A list of top
differences between C++ and Java are given below:
Comparison C++ Java

Parameter
Platform- C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.

independent
Mainly used for C++ is mainly used for system Java is mainly used for application
programming. programming. It is widely used in window,
web-based, enterprise and mobile
applications.
Design Goal C++ was designed for systems and Java was designed and created as an
applications programming. It was an interpreter for printing systems but later
extension of C programming extended as a support network computing. It
language. was designed with a goal of being easy to
use and accessible to a broader audience.
Goto C++ supports the goto statement. Java doesn't support the goto statement.
Multiple C++ supports multiple inheritance. Java doesn't support multiple inheritance
inheritance through class. It can be achieved
by interfaces in java.
Operator C++ supports operator overloading. Java doesn't support operator overloading.
Overloading
Pointers C++ supports pointers. You can Java supports pointer internally. However,
write pointer program in C++. you can't write the pointer program in java.
It means java has restricted pointer support
in java.
Compiler and C++ uses compiler only. C++ is Java uses compiler and interpreter both. Java
Interpreter compiled and run using the compiler source code is converted into bytecode at
which converts source code into compilation time. The interpreter executes
machine code so, C++ is platform this bytecode at runtime and produces
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dependent. output. Java is interpreted that is why it is

platform independent.
Call by Value and C++ supports both call by value and Java supports call by value only. There is no
Call by reference call by reference. call by reference in java.
Structure and C++ supports structures and Java doesn't support structures and unions.
Union unions.
Thread Support C++ doesn't have built-in support Java has built-in thread support.
for threads. It relies on third-party
libraries for same.
Documentation C++ doesn't support documentation Java supports documentation comment (/**
comment comment. ... */) to create documentation for java
source code.
Virtual Keyword C++ supports virtual keyword so Java has no virtual keyword. We can
that we can decide whether or not override all non-static methods by default.
override a function. In other words, non-static methods are
virtual by default.
unsigned right C++ doesn't support >>> operator. Java supports unsigned right shift >>>
shift >>> operator that fills zero at the top for the
negative numbers. For positive numbers, it
works same like >> operator.
Inheritance Tree C++ creates a new inheritance tree Java uses a single inheritance tree always
always. because all classes are the child of Object
class in java. The object class is the root of
the inheritance tree in java.
Hardware C++ is nearer to hardware. Java is not so interactive with hardware.
Object-oriented C++ is an object-oriented language. Java is also an object-oriented language.

However, in C language, single root However, everything (except fundamental
hierarchy is not possible. types) is an object in Java. It is a single root
hierarchy as everything gets derived from
java.lang.Object.
Point To Remember :
 Java doesn't support default arguments like C++.
 Java does not support header files like C++. Java uses the import keyword to include different
classes and methods.
22
Review Questions of Chapter 2

MCQ Type
a) A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. Which of the
following is/are java platform component(s)?
a) HTML b) Java Virtual machine
c) Hot Java d) Java API
b) Which of the following provides run time environment for java byte code to be executed?
a) JVM b) JRE
c) JDK d) JAVAC
c) Which component is used to compile, debug and execute java program?

a) JVM b) JRE
c) JDK d) JIT
d) Which component is responsible for converting byte code into machine specific code?
a) JVM b) JRE
c) JDK d) JIT
e) Which component is responsible to run java program?

a) JVM b) JRE
c) JDK d) JIT
f) Which component is responsible to optimize byte code to machine code?

a) JVM b) JRE
c) JDK d) JIT
g) Which statement is true about java?

a) Platform dependent b) Platform independent
c) Code dependent d) Sequence dependent
h) What is the extension of java code files?

a) .java b) .class
c) .binary d) .obj
i) What is the extension of java byte code files?

a) .java b) .class
c) .binary d) .obj
j) Java language is
a) Robust b) Purely object oriented
c) Portable d) All of these
23
Short Type
2. Answer briefly
a) Define byte code.
b) Define JVM.
c) Why java is called a portable language?
d) Why java is called a robust language?
e) Why java is called a dynamic language?
f) Why java is architecture neutral?
g) What is JDK, JIT & JRE?
h) Define multithreading.
i) Who is the father of JAVA?
j) Why java is called a platform independent language?
k) Why java is called write once run anywhere language (WORA)?
l) Why java programs are secure over internet?
Long Type
a) Discuss the features of java which makes it a powerful language.
b) What is JVM? Explain the architecture of JVM with the help of a neat diagram.
c) Differentiate between C++ and JAVA in details.
*************
24
Chapter 3 BASIC ELEMENTS OF JAVA PROGRAMMING

First JAVA Program
Let us write our first JAVA program which will display the following message: Welcome to the JAVA world.
Program 3.1: Write a program to print a message “Welcome to the JAVA world”
Solution:
// First.java
class First
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
System.out.println("Welcome to the JAVA world ");
}
}
Output:
Welcome to the JAVA world
How to compile & execute the above program

Compilation:
To compile the above program, use the following syntax on the command line:
javac java_filename.java
Here we will use the following command to compile our program:
javac First.java
If successfully compiled, the compiler creates a file called First.class that contains byte code version of our
java program.
Execuation:
Now to run a java program, use the following syntax:
java java_filename
Here we will use following command to run the program:
java First
Explanation of the above program

class First
25
In a purely object oriented programming system, all our codes remain inside a class definition. Therefore,
our program begins with a class definition. Here class is a keyword used to define a class & First is the name
of our class.
{
Here this opening brace indicates the beginning of the class definition block.
public static void main(String args[])
All Java applications begin execution from main ( ) function. (This is just like C/C++.)
 The public keyword is an access specifier, which allows the programmer to control the visibility of
class members. When a class member is preceded by public, then that member may be accessed by
code outside the class in which it is declared.
 The keyword static allows main ( ) to be called without having to instantiate a particular instance of
the class.
 The keyword void simply tells the compiler that main ( ) does not return a value. As stated, main ( )
is the method called when a Java application begins. Keep in mind that Java is case-sensitive. Thus,
Main is different from main.
 String args[ ] declares a parameter named args, which is an array of instances of the class String.
This args parameter is essential when we enter some input through the command line while
executing a program.
{
Here this opening brace indicates the beginning of main method definition block.
System.out.println("Welcome to the JAVA world ");
This line outputs the string “Welcome to the JAVA world” followed by a new line on the screen.
Output is actually accomplished by the built-in println() method. In this case, println( ) displays the string
which is passed to it.
}
Here this closing brace indicates the end of main method definition block.
}
Here this closing brace indicates the end of the class definition block.
Data Types
Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be stored in the variable. There are two types of
data types in Java:
 Primitive data types: The primitive data types include boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float and
double.
 Non-primitive data types: The non-primitive data types include Classes, Interfaces, and Arrays.
26
Java Primitive Data Types
Category Data Type Default Value Default size
Boolean boolean false 1 bit
Character char '\u0000' 2 byte
Integer byte 0 1 byte
short 0 2 byte
int 0 4 byte
long 0L 8 byte
Float/ Real float 0.0f 4 byte
double 0.0d 8 byte
Note: In general, if n bits are required for a data type, then its range is −2 to 2 − 1.
Solved Question 3.2 Why char uses 2 byte in java unlike C/C++ which uses 1 byte of memory only and
what is \u0000?
Solution: It is because java uses Unicode system, not ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) code system. Unicode system represents a character set which can be used to represent all
languages available world. \u0000 is the lowest range of Unicode system.
JAVA Tokens
The smallest unit of code appearing in a program which is recognized by the compiler is called as token. A
token in a java program are of following types:
 Identifiers
 Literals/ Constant
 Keywords
 Operators
 Comment
 Special characters
Let us discuss all the tokens in details.
27
Identifiers
These are names assigned to variables, methods, classes, packages & interfaces. Following are the rules
to construct an identifier:
 An identifier contains alphabets (A − Z, a − z), digits (0 − 9), underscore (_) or dollar ($) only.
 The first character in an identifier must be an alphabet or underscore (_) or dollar ($).
 Blank spaces are not allowed within an identifier.
 Keywords can’t be identifiers.
 Identifier name are case sensitive.
 There is no limit on the length of a Java identifier.
Examples of some valid identifiers are 𝒙, 𝒂𝟏, $𝒂, 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒂, $𝒎𝒚𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 etc.
Literals or constant
Literals in Java are a sequence of characters (digits, letters, and other characters) that represent constant
values to be stored in variables. Java offers following types of literals:
 Integer literals: These are numeric values without a decimal point. Examples of integer literals are
1, −34, 1098 etc.
 Floating literals: These are numeric values with a decimal point. Examples of floating literals are
1.99, −34.07, 2000.99 etc.
 Character literals: Any single character enclosed in a single quote (‘ ’) is termed as a character
literal. Examples of character literals are ‘A’, ‘ + ’, ‘ ’, ‘. ’ etc.
 String literals: One or more character enclosed in a double quote (“ ”) is termed as a string literal.
Examples of string literals are "𝐽𝑎𝑣𝑎 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔", "5“, "𝐻𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜 𝐽𝑎𝑣𝑎" etc
 Boolean literals: These are literals which acquire Boolean values true or false.
 Null literals: The null in Java is a literal of the null type. It cannot be cast to a primitive type such as
int. float etc, but can be cast to a reference type. Also, null does not have the value 0 necessarily.
Keywords
Keywords or Reserved words are the words that represent some predefined actions. These words are
therefore not allowed to use as a variable names or objects. There are 49 keywords in java which are listed
below:
abstract Java abstract keyword is used to declare abstract class. Abstract class can provide the
implementation of interface. It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
boolean Java boolean keyword is used to declare a variable as a boolean type. It can hold True and
False values only.
28
break Java break keyword is used to break loop or switch statement. It breaks the current flow of
the program at specified condition.
byte Java byte keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold an 8-bit data values.
case Java case keyword is used to with the switch statements to mark blocks of text.
catch Java catch keyword is used to catch the exceptions generated by try statements. It must be
used after the try block only.
char Java char keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold unsigned 16-bit Unicode
characters
class Java class keyword is used to declare a class.
continue Java continue keyword is used to continue the loop. It continues the current flow of the
program and skips the remaining code at the specified condition.
default Java default keyword is used to specify the default block of code in a switch statement.
do Java do keyword is used in control statement to declare a loop. It can iterate a part of the
program several times.
double Java double keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 64-bit floating-point
numbers.
else Java else keyword is used to indicate the alternative branches in an if statement.
enum Java enum keyword is used to define a fixed set of constants. Enum constructors are always
private or default.
extends Java extends keyword is used to indicate that a class is derived from another class or
interface.
final Java final keyword is used to indicate that a variable holds a constant value. It is applied with
a variable. It is used to restrict the user.
finally Java finally keyword indicates a block of code in a try-catch structure. This block is always
executed whether exception is handled or not.
float Java float keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 32-bit floating-point number.
for Java for keyword is used to start a for loop. It is used to execute a set of
instructions/functions repeatedly when some conditions become true. If the number of
iteration is fixed, it is recommended to use for loop.
if Java if keyword tests the condition. It executes the if block if condition is true.
implements Java implements keyword is used to implement an interface.
import Java import keyword makes classes and interfaces available and accessible to the current
source code.
29
instanceof Java instanceof keyword is used to test whether the object is an instance of the specified
class or implements an interface.
int Java int keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 32-bit signed integer.
interface Java interface keyword is used to declare an interface. It can have only abstract methods.
long Java long keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 64-bit integer.
Native Java native keyword is used to specify that a method is implemented in native code using JNI
(Java Native Interface).
new Java new keyword is used to create new objects.
null Java null keyword is used to indicate that a reference does not refer to anything. It removes
the garbage value.
package Java package keyword is used to declare a Java package that includes the classes.
private Java private keyword is an access modifier. It is used to indicate that a method or variable
may be accessed only in the class in which it is declared.
protected Java protected keyword is an access modifier. It can be accessible within package and outside
the package but through inheritance only. It can't be applied on the class.
public Java public keyword is an access modifier. It is used to indicate that an item is accessible
anywhere. It has the widest scope among all other modifiers.
return Java return keyword is used to return from a method when its execution is complete.
short Java short keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 16-bit integer.
static Java static keyword is used to indicate that a variable or method is a class method. The static
keyword in Java is used for memory management mainly.
strictfp Java strictfp is used to restrict the floating-point calculations to ensure portability.
super Java super keyword is a reference variable that is used to refer parent class object. It can be
used to invoke immediate parent class method.
switch The Java switch keyword contains a switch statement that executes code based on test value.
The switch statement tests the equality of a variable against multiple values.
synchronized Java synchronized keyword is used to specify the critical sections or methods in
multithreaded code.
this Java this keyword can be used to refer the current object in a method or constructor.
throw The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception. The throw keyword is
mainly used to throw custom exception. It is followed by an instance.
throws The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. Checked exception can be
propagated with throws.
30
transient Java transient keyword is used in serialization. If you define any data member as transient, it
will not be serialized.
try Java try keyword is used to start a block of code that will be tested for exceptions. The try
block must be followed by either catch or finally block.
void Java void keyword is used to specify that a method does not have a return value.
volatile Java volatile keyword is used to indicate that a variable may change asynchronously.
while Java while keyword is used to start a while loop. This loop iterates a part of the program
several times. If the number of iteration is not fixed, it is recommended to use while loop.
Operators in Java
Operator in java is a symbol that is used to perform operations on one or more operands. Depending upon
number of operands, operators are classified as shown in the below table.
Type of operator Number of operands Example
Unary 1 −, ++, − − etc
Binary 2 +, −,∗, %, / etc
Ternary 3 ?:
Various types of operators in java are

 Arithmetic Operator
 Relational Operator
 Logical Operator
 Increment & decrement Operator
 Assignment Operator
 Ternary Operator
 Bitwise and Shift Operator
.
Arithmetic Operator
Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical expressions in the same way that they are used in algebra.
The following table lists various arithmetic operators:
Arithmetic operator Yields Example
Addition (+) addition result 2 + 9 = 11
Subtraction (−) difference result 23 − 7 = 16
Multiplication (*) product result 23 ∗ 7 = 161
31
Division (/) division result 23/7 = 3, 6/4 = 1.5 etc

Modular Division (%) remainder result 23%6 = 5, 6%10 = 6 etc
Relational Operator
These operators are binary operators that take two operands, whose values are being compared.
Comparison operators are used in conditional statements, especially in loops, where the result of the
comparison decides whether execution should proceed or not. They form the key to program flow control,
known as conditional processing.
The following table lists various relational operators:
Relational operator Meaning Example
> Strictly greater than 2>5 yields false
>= Greater than or equal to 5>=4 yields true
< Strictly less than 5<100 yields true
<= Smaller than or equal to 5<=5 yields true
== Double equal to 6==7 yields false
!= Not equal to 6!=7 yields true
Logical operator
Logical operators are used when we want to check multiple conditions together. The logical operators are
given below:
Operator Meaning
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
! Logical NOT
Logical AND Operator

We can combine many relational expressions using “Logical And” operators .The result will be a boolean
type. This operator is represented by the symbol “&&”.
Consider the operation “operand1 && operand2”
Here operand1 and operand2 can be relational expressions or boolean types. The result of the operation
“operand1 && operand2” will be
 “true” only if both operand1 and operand2 are “true”
32
 “false” if any of the operands (operand1 or operand2) is “false” or both the operands (operand1 or
operand2) are “false”.
[Truth Table of logical AND (&&) operator]
A B A&&B
true true true
true false false
false true false
false false false
Logical OR Operator
We can combine many relational expressions using “Logical OR” operators .The result will be a boolean
type. This operator is represented by the symbol “||”.
Consider the operation “operand1 || operand2”
Here operand1 and operand2 can be relational expressions or boolean types. The result of the operation
“operand1 || operand2” will be
 “true” if any of the operands (operand1 or operand2) is “true” or both the operands (operand1 or
operand2) are “true”.
 “false” only if both operand1 and operand2 are “false”
[Truth Table of OR (||)]
A B A||B
true true true
true false true
false true true
false false false
Logical Not Operator

Logical Operator can be used with a boolean type variable or with a relational expression or with a logical
expression. Logical not operator is denoted by the symbol “!”.
 Assume the original value is “true”. If we use this operator, the value will be changed to “false”.
 Assume the original value is “false”. If we use this operator, the value will be changed to “true”.
[Truth Table of logical NOT (!) operator]
A !A
true true
true false
33
Increment and Decrement Operator

 It is one of the variations of “Arithmetic Operator“.
 Increment and decrement operators are unary operators, which operates on one operand.
 Increment operator is used to increment value stored inside variable on which it is operating.
 Decrement Operator is used to decrement value of Variable by 1 (default).
Meaning
++ (Increment operator) increments the value by 1
− − (Decrement operator) decrements the value by 1
Pre-Increment Operator
 “++” is written before variable name. Value is incremented first and then incremented value is
used in expression.
 “++” cannot be used over “Constant” of “final Variable“.
Post increment: Increment value of a variable after assigning.
Pre Decrement
 “− −” is written before variable name. Value is decremented first and then decremented value is
used in expression.
 “− −” cannot be used over “Constant” of “final Variable“.
Post decrement: Decrement value of a variable after assigning.
Assignment Operator
Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables.
For example:
int age;
age = 5;
The assignment operator assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. Here, 5 is assigned to the
variable age using = operator.
Shorthand assignment operator: Operators like +=, -=, *=, /= etc are known as shorthand assignment
operator.
x+=1 is equivalent to x=x+1
y/=9 is equivalent to y=y/9
w*=2 is equivalent to w=w*2
p%=7 is equivalent to p=p%2 etc
34
Conditional operator
The conditional operator is also known as the ternary operator. This operator consists of three operands and
is used to evaluate Boolean expressions. The goal of the operator is to decide; which value should be
assigned to the variable. The operator is written as:
variable x = (expression)? value if true: value if false
Program 3.3: Write a program to demonstrate the use of conditional operator

Solution:
// Test.java
public class Test
{
{
int a, b;
a = 10;
b = (a == 1) ? 20: 30;
System.out.println("Value of b is: " + b);
b = (a == 10) ? 20: 30;
System.out.println(“Value of b is: " + b);
}
}
Output:
Value of b is: 30
Value of b is: 20
Bitwise and shift operator

Java defines several bitwise operators, which can be applied to the integer types, long, int, short, char, and
byte.
Bitwise operator works on bits and performs the bit-by-bit operation. Assume if a = 60 and b = 13; now in
binary format they will be as follows −
a = 0011 1100
b = 0000 1101
-----------------
a&b = 0000 1100
35
a|b = 0011 1101

a^b = 0011 0001
~a = 1100 0011
The following table lists the bitwise operators −
Operator Description Example
Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the (A & B) will give 12 which is 0000
& (bitwise and)
result if it exists in both operands. 1100
Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists (A | B) will give 61 which is 0011
| (bitwise or)
in either operand. 1101
Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is (A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011
^ (bitwise XOR)
set in one operand but not both. 0001
(~A ) will give -61 which is 1100
Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary
~ (bitwise compliment) 0011 in 2's complement form due
and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
to a signed binary number.
Binary Left Shift Operator. The left
A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111
<< (left shift) operands value is moved left by the number
0000
of bits specified by the right operand.
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left
operands value is moved right by the
>> (right shift) A >> 2 will give 15 which is 1111
number of bits specified by the right
operand.
Shift right zero fill operator. The left
operands value is moved right by the
A >>>2 will give 15 which is 0000
>>> (zero fill right shift) number of bits specified by the right
1111
operand and shifted values are filled up
with zeros.
Comments in JAVA
The java comments are statements that are not executed by the compiler and interpreter. The comments can
be used to provide information or explanation about the variable, method, class or any statement. It can also
be used to hide program code for specific time.
In Java there are three types of comments:
 Single line comments
 Multi line comments
36
 Documentation comments
Single line comments
A beginner level programmer uses mostly single-line comments for describing the code functionality. It is the
easiest type of comments.
Multi line comments
To describe a full method in a code or a complex snippet single line comments can be tedious to write, since
we have to give ‘//’ at every line. So to overcome this multi line comments can be used.
Documentation comments
Documentation comments starts with a forward slash followed by two asterisks, and ends with an asterisk
followed by a forward slash. This comment contains descriptions about the code and is used to create API
document. This comment is usually added in the beginning of the java file explaining why this program is
designed and how to use it.
Typecasting
The method of converting one primitive data type into another data type is called type casting. There are two
types of typecasting: implicit type casting and explicit type casting.
Implicit type casting or widening casting
This is the process of converting a smaller type to a larger type.
𝑏𝑦𝑡𝑒 → 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 → 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟 → 𝑖𝑛𝑡 → 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 → 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑡 → 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒
This is done automatically by the compiler. Hence it is also known as implicit type casting. The implicit type
casting is demonstrated below.
Program 3.4: Write a program to demonstrate the use of implicit type casting.
Solution:
// ImplicitTC.java
public class ImplicitTC
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int myInt = 9;
double myDouble = myInt; // Automatic casting: int to double
System.out.println(myInt); // Outputs 9
System.out.println(myDouble); // Outputs 9.0
}
}
37
Output:
9
9.0
Explicit type casting or narrowing casting

This type casting is done manually by placing the type in parentheses in front of the value. This is done
manually by the programmer. Hence it is also known as explicit type casting. The explicit type casting is
demonstrated below.
Program 3.5: Write a program to demonstrate the use of explicit type casting.
Solution:
// ExplicitTC.java
public class ExplicitTC
{
{
double myDouble = 9.78;
int myInt = (int) myDouble; // Manual casting:double to int
System.out.println(myDouble); // Outputs 9.78
System.out.println(myInt); // Outputs 9
}
}
Output:
9.78
9
Java’s Control Statements

The JAVA control statements inside a program are usually executed sequentially. Sometimes a programmer
wants to break the normal flow and jump to another statement or execute a set of statements repeatedly.
The statements which break the normal sequential flow of the program are called control statements. Java’s
program control statements can be put into the following categories: selection or decision making statement,
iteration or loop statement, and jump.
 A Selection or decision making statement allows program to choose different paths of execution
based upon the truth value of an expression.
38
 An iteration or loop statement allows program execution to repeat one or more statements many
number of time based upon some condition.
 Jump statements allows program to jump out of a loop before the normal exit of loop body.
Selection or decision making statements

Different types of selection or decision statements in java are:
 if statement
 if else statement
 if else if statement
Let us discuss all of these one by one.
if Statement
This statement is used when the decision is made taking only one condition into consideration.
Syntax:
if (condition)
{
//These codes are executed when condition is true
}
Program 3.6: Write a program to input an integer from keyboard and display it if it is positive.
Solution:
// DispPositive.java
import java.util.*;
class DispPositive
{
{
int n;
System.out.println("Enter an integer:");
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
n = input.nextInt();
if(n>0)
{
System.out.println("The integer = " + n);
39
}
}
}
Output:
Enter an integer:
7
The integer = 7
if else statement
This statement is used when the decision is made taking exactly two conditions into consideration.
Syntax:
if (condition)
{
//These codes are executed when condition is true
}
else
{
//These codes are executed when condition is false
}
Program 3.7: Write a program to input an integer from keyboard and check whether it is even or
odd.
Solution:
// IsEvenOdd.java
import java.util.*;
class IsEvenOdd
{
{
int n;
40
if(n%2==0)
{
System.out.println(n+" is an even integer");
}
else
{
System.out.println(n+" is an odd integer");
}
}
}
Output:
Enter an integer:
7
7 is an odd integer
if-else-if statement
This statement is used when the decision is made taking more than two conditions into consideration.
Syntax:
if (condition1)
{
//These codes are executed when condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2)
{
//These codes are executed when condition2 is true
}
………………………..
………………………..
else
{
//These codes are executed when all conditions are false
}
41
Program 3.8: Write a program to calculate division obtained by a student with his average mark
entered through the keyboard as per following rules:
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤 ≥ 𝟔𝟎, 1st division
𝟓𝟎 ≤ 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤 < 60, 2nd division
𝟒𝟎 ≤ 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤 < 50, 3rd division
𝟐𝟎 ≤ 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤 < 50, Fail
Solution:
//FindDivision.java
import java.util.*;
class FindDivision
{
{
int avg_mark;
System.out.println("Enter average mark:");
avg_mark = input.nextInt();
if(avg_mark >=60)
{
System.out.println("1st Division");
}
else if(avg_mark >=50 && avg_mark <60)
{
System.out.println("2nd Division");
}
else if(avg_mark >=40 && avg_mark <50)
{
}
else
{
System.out.println("3rd Division");
}
}
}
42
Output:
Enter average mark:
75
1st Division
Switch case statements

The switch statement is Java’s multi way branch statement. It provides an easy way to dispatch execution to
different parts of your code based on the value of an expression. As such, it often provides a better
alternative to a large series of if-else-if statements.
Syntax:
switch (expression)
{
case value1:
// These codes are executed when value of expression is value1
break;
case value2:
// These codes are executed when value of expression is value2
break;
...……………..
...……………..
case valueN:
// These codes are executed when value of expression is valueN
break;
default:
// These codes are executed when value of expression is other than above case values
}
Program 3.9: Write a program to display a month name, if its corresponding integer value is entered
through the keyboard. Integer 1 corresponds to January, 2 corresponds to February and so on.
Solution:
// FindYear.java
import java.util.*;
43
class FindYear
{
{
int m;
m = input.nextInt();
switch(m)
{
case 1:
System.out.println("January");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("February");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("March");
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("April");
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("May");
break;
case 6:
System.out.println("June");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println("July");
break;
case 8:
System.out.println("August");
break;
44
case 9:
System.out.println("September");
break;
case 10:
System.out.println("October");
break;
case 11:
System.out.println("November");
break;
case 12:
System.out.println("December");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid month");
}
}
}
Output:
Enter an integer:
9
September
Iteration or loop statements

Java’s iteration statements are for, while, and do-while. These statements create what we commonly call
loops. As you probably know, a loop repeatedly executes the same set of instructions until a termination
condition is met.
while loop
The while loop is Java’s most fundamental looping statement. It repeats a statement or block while its
controlling expression is true.
The condition can be any Boolean expression. The body of the loop will be executed as long as the
conditional expression is true. When condition becomes false, control passes to the next line of code
immediately following the loop.
Note: The curly braces are unnecessary if only a single statement is being repeated.
45
Syntax of while loop:

initialization;
while (condition)
{
// these codes are executed in each iteration of the loop
//increment or decrement statement which advances the loop;
}
Program 3.10: Write a program to display the square and cube of all integers from 1 to n, for any
positive integer.
Solution:
//SquareCube1toN.java
import java.util.*;
class SquareCube1toN
{
{
int n, i=1, s, c;
System.out.println("Enter a positive integer:");
System.out.println("Integer\t\tSquare\t\tCube");
while(i<=n)
{
s=i*i;
c=i*i*i;
System.out.println(i+"\t\t"+s+"\t\t"+c);
i++;
}
}
}
46
Output:
Enter a positive integer:
10
Integer Square Cube
1 1 1
2 4 8
3 9 27
4 16 64
5 25 125
6 36 216
7 49 343
8 64 512
9 81 729
10 100 1000
do while Loop
If the conditional expression controlling a while loop is initially false, then the body of the loop will not be
executed at all. However, sometimes it is desirable to execute the body of a while loop at least once, even if
the conditional expression is false to begin with. The do-while loop always executes its body at least once,
because its conditional expression is at the bottom of the loop.
Syntax of do while loop:

Initialization;
do
{
// body of loop
Increment/ decrement;
} while (condition);
Program 3.11: Write a program to find factorial of a positive integer given from the keyboard.
Solution:
//Factorial.java
47
import java.util.*;
class Factorial
{
{
int n, i=1;
long fact=1;
do
{
fact = fact * i;
i++;
} while (i <= n);
System.out.println("Factorial of " + n + " is: " + fact);
}
}
Output:
7
Factorial of 7 is 5040
for loop
This loop is the most popular loop.
Syntax of for loop:
for(initialization; condition; iteration)
{
// these codes are executed in each iteration of the loop
}
The for loop operates as follows:
48
 When the loop first starts, the initialization portion of the loop is executed. Generally, this is an
expression that sets the value of the loop control variable, which acts as a counter that controls the
loop. It is important to understand that the initialization expression is only executed once.
 Next, condition is evaluated. This must be a Boolean expression. It usually tests the loop control
variable against a target value. If this expression is true, then the body of the loop is executed. If it is
false, the loop terminates.
 Next, the iteration portion of the loop is executed. This is usually an expression that increments or
decrements the loop control variable. The loop then iterates, first evaluating the conditional
expression, then executing the body of the loop, and then executing the iteration expression with
each pass. This process repeats until the controlling expression is false.
Program 3.12: Write a program to print all even integers from 1 to n, for any positive integer n input
through the keyboard.
Solution:
//Integers1toN.java
import java.util.*;
class Integers1toN
{
{
int n, i;
System.out.println("Even integers from 1 to "+n+" are:");
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
if(i%2==0)
{
System.out.print(i+"\t");
}
}
}
}
49
Output:
25
Even integers from 1 to 25 are:
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Jump Statements
Java offers following jump statements:
break statement: A break statement takes the program control out of the loop. When break statement is
used, program control immediately jump to the statement immediately follows the loop statement.
continue statement: A continue statement takes control to the beginning of the loop.
Note: goto statement is not supported by java.
Program 3.13: Write a program to check whether an integer entered through keyboard is prime or
not.
Solution:
//checkPrime.java
import java.util.*;
class checkPrime
{
{
int n, i;
for(i=2; i<n; i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
{
System.out.println(n+" is not Prime");
break;
}
}
if(i==n)
50
System.out.println(n+" is Prime");
}
}
Output:
Enter an integer:
11
11 is Prime
Taking input from keyboard

Taking input from keyboard is one of the most essential parts of a programming language. In java, input can
be taken from the keyboard using either of these following methods:
a) Command line arguments
b) Scanner class
c) BufferedReader class
Command line argument method

The command line arguments are the arguments that we pass during the execution of a program. Accessing
command line arguments inside a java program is quite easy. They are stored in the String array (named
args[] in our examples. 1st argument is stored in args[0], 2nd argument is stored in args[1] and so on) which is
passed as a parameter to the main() method. It is clearly explained in the following example.
Program 3.14: Write a program to find addition of two integers, where the inputs are given as
command line arguments.
Solution:
//CommandLine.java
class CommandLine
{
{
int x, y, res;
x=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
y=Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
res=x+y;
System.out.println("Required addition result is "+res);
51
}
}
Output:
E:\JAVA>java CommandLine 65 111
Required addition result is 176
Explanation:
The inputs given during program execution get stored as string value in args[0] & args[1] respectively. Here
Integer.parseInt() method is used to convert string to its corresponding integer.
Scanner class method

Scanner is a class in java.util package used for obtaining the input of the primitive types like int, double, etc.
and strings. It is the easiest way to read input in a Java program, though not very efficient if we want an input
method for scenarios where time is a constraint like in competitive programming.
 To create an object of Scanner class, we usually pass the predefined object System.in, which
represents the standard input stream. We may pass an object of class File if we want to read input
from a file.
 To read numerical values of a certain data type xyz, the function to use is nextXyz(). For example, to
read a value of type short, we can use nextShort(). To read an integer value, we use nextInt(). To read
a long value we use nextShort(). To read a double value, we use nextDouble() and so on.
 To read strings, we use nextLine().
 To read a single character, we use next().charAt(0). next() function returns the next token/word in
the input as a string and charAt(0) function returns the first character in that string.
Program 3.15: Write a program to find addition of two integers, where the inputs are given from the
keyboard.
Solution:
//InputScanner.java
import java.util.*;
class InputScanner
{
{
int x, y, res;
System.out.println("Enter two integers:");
52

x = input.nextInt();
y = input.nextInt();
res=x+y;
System.out.println("Required addition result is "+res);
}
}
Output:
Enter two integers:
67 89
Required addition result is 156
BufferedReader class method

It is the most efficient method of reading inputs from the keyboard. This is the Java classical method to take
input, Introduced in JDK1.0. This method is used by wrapping the System.in (standard input stream) in an
InputStreamReader which is wrapped in a BufferedReader, we can read input from the user in the
command line. The main demerit is that wrapping code is hard to remember and we have to import built in
package java.io.
Program 3.16: Write a program to find addition of two numbers given from the keyboard, using
BufferedReader class method.
Solution:
import java.io.*;
class BufferedReaderAddition
{
{
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str;
int x, y, z;
try
{
System.out.println("Enter 1st number:");
53
str = br.readLine();
x=Integer.parseInt(str);
System.out.println("Enter 2nd number:");
str = br.readLine();
y=Integer.parseInt(str);
z=x+y;
System.out.print(“Addition Result is: ”+z);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Invalid Number ..Try Again!!!!!!!");
}
}
}
Output:
Enter 1st number:
45
Enter 2nd number:
89
Addition Result is: 134
54
Practice Questions
a) JAVA characters take __________memory.
a) 2 Bytes b) 1 Byte
c) 3 Bytes d) 4 Bytes
b) Which of the following is a class in java?

a) int b) float
c) char d) String
c) In java, which of the following data type groups are of same size?
a) int and long b) long and float
c) float and double d) int and float
d) Why an array is called “a homogeneous collection of data”?

a) It stores different types of data
b) Size of an array is limited
c) An array can store only one type of data
d) An array uses indices for addressing an item stored in it
e) Find the output of below code:

class Test
{
{
for(int i = 0; true; i++)
{
System.out.println("Hello");
break;
}
}
}
a) Hello b) Hello infinite number of times
c) Compilation Error d) None of these
f) Find the output of below code:

class Test
{
{
for(int i = 0; 1; i++)
{
System.out.println("Hello");
break;
}
}
}
55
a) Hello b) Hello infinite times

c) Compilation Error d) None of these
g) Which of these can be returned by the operator &?

a) Integer b) Boolean
c) Character d) Integer or Boolean
h) Which of these is long data type literal?

a) 0x99fffL b) ABCDEFG
c) 0x99fffa d) 99671246
i) Which of these operators is used to allocate memory to array variable in Java?

a) malloc b) alloc
c) new d) new malloc
j) Which of these is an incorrect array declaration?

a) int arr[] = new int[5] b) int [] arr = new int[5].
c) int arr[] = new int[5] d) int arr[] = int [5] new
k) What will this code print?

int arr[] = new int [5];
System.out.print(arr);
a) 0 b) value stored in arr[0].
c) 00000 d) Class name@ hashcode in hexadecimal form
l) Which of these is necessary to specify at time of array initialization?

a) Row b) Column
c) Both Row and Column d) None of the mentioned
m) Which one is a valid declaration of a boolean?

a) boolean b1 = 1; b) boolean b2 = ‘false’;
c) boolean b3 = false; d) boolean b4 = ‘true’
Short Type
2. Answer briefly
a) Why a java character takes 2 bytes of memory unlike C or C++?
b) Write the syntax to accept an integer input using scanner class.
c) What are different methods to accept input in java?
d) Name the data structure used to maintain recursive function calls in a program.
e) Define an array. How memory is allocated to an array dynamically?
f) Differentiate between = and ==.
g) Define conditional operator in java. Give its syntax.
h) What are different comment lines in java?
i) Define literals in java.
j) What are bit wise operators?
56
Long Type
a) Define tokens. Explain various types of tokens available in java in details.
b) Explain various loop control statements in java with examples.
c) Explain various selection control statement in java with examples.
d) Define operator. Explain various types of operator with examples.
Programming Exercise
4.
a) Write a program to find sum of first n natural numbers, where value of integer is supplied from the
keyboard.
b) Write a program to find sum of digits of an integer given through the keyboard.
c) Write a program to print first n terms of a Fibonacci sequence using a recursive function. Assume
first two terms of the Fibonacci sequence are 0 and 1.
d) Write a program to find GCD of two integers using recursive function. Your program should able to
pass the following test cases:
Input Output
5 7 1
20 0 20
0 7 7
9 6 3
5 h Invalid input
e) Write a program to print sum of even factors of an integer.
f) Write a program to check whether an integer is prime number or not.
g) Write a program to check whether integer is Armstrong or not.
h) Write a program to print the sum of all diagonal elements of a square matrix containing numeric
elements.
i) Write a program to multiply two n × n matrices.
j) Write a program to find maximum value from a list containing n numeric values.
*************
57

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2020

Chapter 1 Introduction to Programming Language 1

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Low Level Programming Languages

Advantages of Assembly Language

High Level Programming Languages

Few examples of High Level Programming Languages

Human instruction Machine Code Or

All High Level Object Code or

One line of High Output

Error Stop: Error Report

Scans the entire program and translates it as a

It takes large amount of time to analyze the source

Programming language like Python, Ruby use

Difference between Low-level & High-level Language

High-level Language Low-level Language

High-level programming languages

Categorization based on Application

Categorization based on Design paradigm

Advantages of Object Oriented Programming

Features of Object Oriented Programming

Few examples of class:

Syntax of above example:

Example of polymorphism in programming context:

Review Questions of Chapter 1

e) Which one of the following is/ are OOPs characteristics?

j) What is use of interpreter?

c) They are intermediated between JIT and JVM

Chapter 2 INTRODUCTION TO JAVA

JAVA Byte Code

JAVA Byte code

JVM- Java Virtual Machine

Sub System 1: ClassLoader

Extension Prepare Initialization

Sub System 2: Runtime Data Area

Thread 1 Thread n PCR for Thread 1

Method Heap . Native

LVA OS FD LVA OS FD PCR for Thread n

Sub System 3: Execution Engine

Subsystem 2: Runtime Data Area

Java Buzz words: Features of Java

Basic concepts of OOPs are:

Comparison between C++ & Java

Comparison C++ Java

Platform- C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.

dependent. output. Java is interpreted that is why it is

Hardware C++ is nearer to hardware. Java is not so interactive with hardware.

Object-oriented C++ is an object-oriented language. Java is also an object-oriented language.

Review Questions of Chapter 2

c) Which component is used to compile, debug and execute java program?

e) Which component is responsible to run java program?

f) Which component is responsible to optimize byte code to machine code?

g) Which statement is true about java?

h) What is the extension of java code files?

i) What is the extension of java byte code files?

Chapter 3 BASIC ELEMENTS OF JAVA PROGRAMMING

How to compile & execute the above program

Explanation of the above program

Java Primitive Data Types