2018 - VN Waste Project - JICA

Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
Ministry of Construction
Department of Construction, Hanoi People’s Committee
Hanoi Urban Environment Limited Company
People’s Committee of Thua Thien Hue Province
Socialist Republic of Viet Nam

The Project for Capacity Development
on Integrated Management
of Municipal Solid Waste in Vietnam
Final Report
February 2018
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Sustainable System Design institute

VT
Kokusai Kogyo Co., LTD.
JR
17-025
Contents
1. Project outline 1
1.1 BACKGROUND 1
1.2 PROJECT FRAMEWORK 1
1.3 COUNTERPARTS 3
1.4 TARGET WASTE 3
1.5 PROJECT DURATION 4
1.6 PROJECT MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE 4
2. Issues of Vietnam and solutions for Vietnam –Strategy

of “Vietnam Waste Project” 6
2.1 STEPS OF “VIETNAM WASTE PROJECT” 6
2.2 ISSUE STRUCTURE OF VIETNAM AND ADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGE
KEEPING THE EYES IN THE ENTIRE ASIA 6
2.3 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF VIETNAM 8
2.4 NECESSARY SOLUTIONS AND NECESSARY TOOLS FOR THE
SOLUTIONS 8
2.5 FUTURE FOCAL POINTS FOR IMPROVING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 9
3. Summary of the project activities (Output 1. Capacity

of MOC on management, policy-making, and support
system for local governments to execute the National
Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management is
enhanced, in particular for municipal solid waste
management) 11
3.1 ACTIVITY 1-1. REVIEW POLICIES, LEGISLATIONS, INSTITUTIONAL
FRAMEWORK, AND STANDARDS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS IF
NECESSARY. 11
3.2 ACTIVITY 1-2. REVIEW AND EVALUATE TRADITIONAL AND MODERN
TECHNOLOGIES ON TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT, AND TECHNICAL
REGULATIONS ON PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTING, AND THEN MAKE
RECOMMENDATIONS ON CRITERIA ON SELECTION OF SUITABLE
TECHNOLOGIES 17
3.3 ACTIVITY 1-3. DEVELOP A GUIDANCE FOR MAKING CONSTRUCTION
PLANS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES. 18
3.4 ACTIVITY 1-4. DEVELOP CAPACITY OF MOC TO SUPERVISE AND TO
MONITOR THE IMPLEMENTATION ON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 20
3.5 ACTIVITY 1-5. COLLECT DATA AND INFORMATION TO BE UTILIZED FOR
STRENGTHENING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NATIONAL
LEVEL, ANALYZE IT AND IDENTIFY PROBLEMS. 20
3.6 ACTIVITY 1-6. STUDY ON INVESTMENT MODELS AND MANAGEMENT
MODELS TO BE APPLIED TO THE INVESTMENT ON CONSTRUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT OF SWM COMPLEX. 21
i
3.7 ACTIVITY 1-7. STUDY AND MAKE GUIDANCE FOR FORMULATING
CONSTRUCTION PLANS ON INTER-PROVINCIAL MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
TREATMENT COMPLEXES. 22
3.8 ACTIVITY 1-8. ORGANIZE TRAININGS AND SEMINARS TO ENHANCE
PROPER MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ON LEGAL
FRAMEWORK, MANAGEMENT MECHANISM, TECHNOLOGIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES ETC. IN NATIONAL LEVEL AND SHARE EXPERIENCES
OF DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES. 22
3.9 ACTIVITY 1-9. ORGANIZE CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS AMONG
EXPERTS ON TECHNICAL, LEGISLATIVE AND SOCIAL ISSUES ON
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NATIONWIDE. 27
3.10 ACTIVITY 1-10. PROPOSAL ON THE NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR
DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 27
4. Summary of the project activities (Output 2. DOC of

Hanoi PC enhances the capacity on implementation of
municipal solid waste management) 29
4.1 ACTIVITY 2-1. REVIEW THE RESULTS OF PHASE 1 PROJECT FROM THE
SUSTAINABILITY POINT OF VIEW AND ALSO ANALYZE HANOI CITY
SITUATION AS A WHOLE SYSTEM ON ISWM. IDENTIFY LESSONS
LEARNED AND MAKE ADVICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29
4.2 ACTIVITY 2-2. (DELETED.) 32
4.3 ACTIVITY 2-3. MAKE ADVICE AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF HANOI SOLID WASTE TREATMENT MASTER PLAN,
INCLUDING PUBLIC AWARENESS RAISING ACTIVITIES 32
4.4 ACTIVITY 2-4. MAKE TECHNICAL ADVICE TO SELECT THE SITE FOR
TARGET SWM COMPLEXES IN ACCORDANCE WITH HANOI SOLID WASTE
TREATMENT MASTER PLAN, AND CONDUCT A PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY
FOR THE SELECTED TARGET SWM COMPLEX, IN PARTICULAR FOR
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE PART. 39
4.5 ACTIVITY 2-5. STUDY THE INVESTMENT PROMOTION FOR THE
CONSTRUCTION OF TARGET SWM COMPLEX, SUCH AS BOT, PFI, PPP
ETC. 41
4.6 ACTIVITY 2-6. LEARN THE LESSONS OF PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
OF HANOI SOLID WASTE TREATMENT MASTER PLAN, IN PARTICULAR ON
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT. 41
5. Summary of the project activities (Output 3. Technical

support capacity of MOC for preparation of ISWM
Master Plan, in particular for municipal solid waste
management sector, is enhanced through model
Province) 43
5.1 ACTIVITY 3-1. IMPLEMENT “CAPACITY ASSESSMENT” FOR EXISTING
SWM IN THE MODEL PROVINCE 43
5.2 ACTIVITY 3-2. PROVIDE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT OF THE MODEL PROVINCE ON THE
PREPARATION/UPGRADED OF ISWM MASTER PLAN IN PARTICULAR FOR
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR, WHICH WILL BE
SUBMITTED TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF SELECTED CITY/ PROVINCE 43
5.3 ACTIVITY 3-3. PROVIDE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR THE INITIATION OF

IMPLEMENTING ISWM MASTER PLAN IN PARTICULAR FOR MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR. 47
ii
5.4 ACTIVITY 3-4 FORMULATE THE GUIDING REFERENCE FOR ISWM
MASTER PLAN FORMULATION BASED ON THE ACTIVITIES OF 3-2 AND 3-
3 54
6. Summary of the project activities (Output 0. Project

management) 55
6.1 ACTIVITY 0-1. DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECT PUBLICITY MEDIA 55
6.2 ACTIVITY 0-2. CAPACITY ASSESSMENT 55
6.3 ACTIVITY 0-3. CONDUCT TECHNICAL TRAINING COURSES IN JAPAN 61
7. Publicity of the project 66
8. Considered points in the Project management 67
9. Achievement of the Project Purpose 68

9.1 RESULT OF THE MID-TERM REVIEW 68
9.2 RESULT OF THE TERMINAL EVALUATION 74
10. Recommendation for achievement of the Overall

Goals 79
11. Other related materials 81
Appendices 83
APPENDIX 1. MINUTES OF THE JOINT COORDINATING COMMITTEE
MEETING 85
APPENDIX 2. EXPERT ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULE 266
APPENDIX 3. EQUIPMENT LIST 269
iii
Activities and Products
Output Activity Sub-activity Annex

1 Capacity of 1.1 Review policies, 1.1.1 Review the legal ●Annex 1-1. Review on legal
MOC on legislations, institutional documents consistent to documents related to Solid
management, framework, and standards for "Decree on Waste and Scrap Waste Management (Review
policy-making, municipal solid waste Management" I)
and support management in central ●Annex 1-2. Review on legal
system for government and make documents related to Solid
local recommendations if Waste Management (Review
governments necessary II: Financial Aspects)
to execute the ●Annex 1-3. Review on legal
"National documents related to Solid
Strategy on Waste Management (Review
Integrated III: Planning Aspects)
Solid Waste ●Annex 1-4. Review on legal
Management" documents related to Solid
is enhanced, in Waste Management (Review
particular for IV: Major QCVN/ TCVN)
municipal solid ●Annex 1-5. Legal system
waste related to Solid Waste
management Management in Vietnam
1.1.2 Draft the revision of the ●Annex 1-6. Report for
Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP Decree 59 revision
1.1.3 Develop the draft ●Annex 1-7. Proposal on the
guidance on valuation legal documents for solid
method of solid waste waste treatment service
treatment service price and price
reflect comments on the draft ●Annex 1-8. Guiding
circular developed by MOC reference on a sound
financial system for solid
waste management
1.1.4 Develop the draft waste ●Annex 1-9. Proposal on the
generation index of domestic legal documents for
waste and land use criteria estimation of waste amount
for solid waste treatment ●Annex 1-10. Report on
facilities required land area for solid
waste treatment facilities
1.1.5 Formulate the draft ●Annex 1-11. Report on
standard contract form for standard contract form
SW collection, transportation development with solid
and treatment service waste management
companies
1.1.6 Formulate the draft ●Annex 1-12. Proposal on the
regulation on construction legal documents on proper
solid waste management management of construction
and demolition waste
1.1.7 Review and revise the ●Annex 1-13. Report for
planning criteria QCXDVN01 QCXDVN01 revision
(Chapter 6, solid waste
management)
1.2 Review and evaluate 1.2.1 Develop the draft ●Annex 1-14. Guidance
traditional and modern guiding reference on reference to select an
technologies on treatment technology selection appropriate technology for
and management, and treating domestic solid
technical regulations on waste
planning and constructing,
and then make
recommendations on criteria
on selection of suitable
technologies
1.3 Develop a guidance for 1.3.1 Formulate the draft ●Annex 1-15. Guiding
making construction plans for guiding reference for reference for construction
municipal solid waste construction plan planning for solid waste
treatment facilities treatment facilities
v
1.3.2 Formulate the draft ●Annex 1-16. Guiding
guiding reference for mid- reference for mid-term/long-
term/long-term facility term facility development
development plan plan for solid waste
treatment facilities
1.4 Develop capacity of MOC 1.4.1 Develop monitoring and ●Annex 1-17. Monitoring
to supervise and to monitor supervision plan of MP report on the progress in
the implementation on implementation, including Hanoi City and Thua Thien
municipal solid waste forms, through trial in Hanoi Hue Province
management by local & the Thua Thien Hue
governments Province (Act 3.3)
1.4.2 Prepare monitoring and
supervision report of MP
implementation in Hanoi and
the Thua Thien Hue Province
(by MOC)
1.5 Collect data and 1.5.1 Collect the solid waste ●Annex 1-18. Report on data
information to be utilized for data from 63 provinces and collection and monitoring of
strengthening municipal solid aggregate the data into domestic solid waste
waste management in database management
national level, analyze it and 1.5.2 Develop aggregation
identify problems data report from 63 provinces
1.6 Study on investment 1.6.1 Develop the draft ●Annex 1-19.
models and management guiding reference on Recommendations for
models to be applied to the investment model and encouragement of
investment on construction management and operation investment in construction
and management of SWM of solid waste treatment and management of solid
complex facilities waste management facilities
in Vietnam
●Annex 1-20. Guiding
reference for construction
investment and operation
management of domestic
solid waste treatment
facilities
1.7 Study and make - ●Compiled in Annex 1-15.
guidance for formulating
construction plans on inter-
provincial municipal solid
waste treatment complexes
(Combined with Act 1.3)
1.8 Organize trainings and 1.8.1 Develop "Co-learning ●Annex 1-21. Report of “Co-
seminars to enhance proper Study Session" program learning Study Session”
municipal solid waste 1.8.2 Implement the "Co-
management on legal learning Study Session" by
framework, management using the guidance reports
mechanism, technologies 1.8.3 Propose the possible ●Annex 1-22. Proposal report
and responsibilities etc. in certification programs for on certification program
national level and share local governments through
experiences of domestic and trials in CSS
international practices 1.8.4 Hold the seminars ●Annex 1-23. Workshop
and/or workshop report (1)
1.9 Organize conferences 1.9.1 Hold the conferences ●Annex 1-24. Workshop
and workshops among and workshops among report (2)
experts on technical, experts (combined with ●Annex 1-25. Workshop
legislative and social issues Act.1.8.2 &1.8.4) report (3)
on municipal solid waste ●Annex 1-26. Workshop
management in nationwide report (4)
(Combined with Act.1-8) ●Annex 1-27. Workshop
report (5)
●Annex 1-28. Report on the
activities with the academics
1.10 Draft the revision of - ●Annex 1-29. Report for
National Strategy on ISWM Decision 2149 revision
based on the review under
Activity 1-1 for submission to
the Prime Minister
vi
2 Capacity of 2.1 Review the results of 2.1.1 Review the 3R project ●Annex 2-1. Report on
Hanoi DOC on phase 1 Project from the evaluation of the 3R Project
implementation sustainability point of view
of ISWM is and also analyze Hanoi city
enhanced situation as a whole system
on ISWM. Identify lessons
learned and make advices
and recommendations
(Deleted) - ●-
2.3 Make advice and 2.3.1 Develop the ●Annex 2-2. Implementation
recommendations on the implementation plan (IP) plan with recommendations
implementation of Hanoi solid 2016-2020 of the Hanoi for solid waste management
waste treatment master plan, master plan for domestic in Hanoi City
including public awareness waste, construction waste
raising activities and septic tank sludge
2.3.2 Prepare proposal on ●Annex 2-3. Report on impact
domestic waste management of introduction of the source
as part of IP, including 5-year separation and change in
prioritized projects the collection system to the
total SWM cost and waste
reduction
2.3.3 Prepare proposal on ●Annex 2-4.
construction waste Recommendation paper on
management as part of IP, the proper management of
including 5-year prioritized construction and demolition
projects waste in Hanoi City
2.3.4 Prepare proposal on ●Annex 2-5.
septic tank sludge Recommendation report on
management as part of IP, septic tank sludge
including 5-year prioritized management in Hanoi City
projects
2.3.5 Implement the initial ●Annex 2-6. Waste treatment
stage of 5-year prioritized facility development plan for
projects regarding domestic domestic solid waste in
waste management ((a) Hanoi City
Improvement of collection ●Annex 2-7. Proposal on
and transportation (b) Hanoi’s Decision on
Comprehensive monitoring of domestic waste
Master Plan implementation, ●Annex 2-8. Monitoring on
(c) Proposal of required “waste crisis probability”
treatment facilities, (d)
Establishment of
"Modernizing Waste
Management Office for
Avoiding Crisis”)
2.3.6 Implement the initial ●Annex 2-9. Proposal of
stage of 5-year pilot projects Hanoi’s Circular on
((a) Establishment of construction waste
technical standards for ●Annex 2-10. Progress report
recycle products of on a recycling facility
construction waste, (b) development for
Construction, O&M of recycle construction waste
plants, (c) Utilization of
recycled products at
construction works)
2.3.7 Implement the initial ●Annex 2-11. Implementation
stage of 5-year pilot projects for Improving Septic Tank
((a) Clarify the availability of Sludge Management in
Can Dien Treatment Plant Hanoi City
(TP), (b) STS collection into
Can Dien TP, (c) Expansion
plan In whole Hanoi City) for
STS including sewage sludge
2.4 Make technical advice to 2.4.1 Select the site for the ●Annex 2-12. Study on
select the site for target SWM Pre-FS sustainable use of Soc Son
complexes in accordance 2.4.2 Develop the draft Pre- waste treatment complex
with Hanoi solid waste FS report
treatment master plan, and
vii
conduct a pre-feasibility
study for the selected target
SWM complex in particular
for municipal solid waste part
2.5 Study the investment 2.5.1 Study on the ●Compiled in Annex 2-12
promotion for the investment promotion
construction of target SWM (Combined with Act.2-4)
complex, such as BOT, PFI,
PPP etc.
2.6 Learn the lessons of 2.6.1 Draw the lessons from ●-
planning and implementation the planning and
of Hanoi solid waste implementation of MP
treatment Master Plan in
particular on municipal solid
waste management
3 Technical 3.1 Implement "Capacity - ●-
support Assessment" for existing
capacity of SWM in the model Province
MOC for 3.2 Provide technical - ●Annex 3-1. Thua Thien Hue
preparation of assistance for the local Province Solid Waste
SWM Master government of the model Treatment Master Plan till
Plan, is Province on the 2030 and vision 2050
enhanced preparation/upgrade of ISWM ●Annex 3-2. Planning notes
through model Master Plan, in particular for through formulating the Thua
Province. municipal solid waste Thien Hue Province Solid
management sector, which Waste Treatment Master
will be submitted to local Plan
government of selected
city/province
3.3 Provide technical 3.3.1 Monitor the initial stage ●Annex 3-3. Report on the
assistance for the initiation of of implementation of the progress of prioritize
implementing ISWM Master participatory 3R prioritized projects
Plan, in particular for projects regularly ((a) ●Annex 3-4. Expansion plan
municipal solid waste Promotion of community- for the prioritized projects
management sector based composting, (b)
Promotion of 3Rs through
collaboration with
businesses, (c) Pilot trial for
source separation)
conducted by TTH province
3.3.2 "Monitor the initial stage
of implementation of the
prioritized projects promoting
integrated solid waste
management regularly ((a)
Facility development,(b)
Cement feeding, (c) SW
Integral Committee,
(d)Instruction material for
implementation of Master
Plan*) conducted by TTH
province
3.4 Formulate the guiding - ●Annex 3-5. Guiding
reference for ISWM Master reference for formulation of
Plan formulation based on integrated solid waste
the activities of 3-2 and 3-3 management master plan
focusing on domestic solid
waste
0 Project 0.1 Develop the draft project - ●Annex 0-1. Newsletter Vol. 1
Management publicity media ●Annex 0-2. Newsletter Vol. 2
●Annex 0-3. Newsletter Vol. 3
●Annex 0-4. Vietnam Solid
Waste at a Glance (2015
Data)
●Annex 0-5. Vietnam Solid
Waste at a Glance (2016
Data) (Under development)
viii
●Annex 0-6. Handbook 1
“Domestic Solid Waste
Policy in Japan”
“Participatory Recycling – A
Step for Source Separation”
“Catalogue of ‘Guiding
References’ on Solid Waste
Management”
●Annex 0-9. Introduction of
“Key Legal System on Solid
Waste Management in
Vietnam”
●Annex 0-10. “Pamphlet on
issues and challenges of
domestic SWM in Vietnam”
0.2 Capacity Assessment - ●Annex 0-11. Capacity
Activity for indicators Assessment Report (1)
●Annex 0-12. Capacity
Assessment Report (2)
0.3 Conduct technical - ●Annex 0-13. Study tour in
training courses in order to Japan 2014 (1)
enhance knowledge of ●Annex 0-14. Study tour in
municipal solid waste Japan 2014 (2)
management of central and ●Annex 0-15. Study tour in
local government officials Japan 2015 (1)
●Annex 0-16. Study tour in
Japan 2015 (2)
Japan 2016 (1)
Japan 2016 (2)
Japan 2017 (1)
Japan 2017 (2)
ix
Abbreviations
ATI Administration of Technical Infrastructure

CSS Co-learning Study Session
DOC Department of Construction
ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management
JCC Joint Coordinating Committee
JET Japanese Expert Team
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
LCC Life Cycle Cost
LEP Law on Environmental Protection (Law No.
55/2014/QH13)
MOC Ministry of Construction
MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management
OVI Objectively Verifiable Indicator (of the PDM)
PDM Project Design Matrix
PFI Private Finance Initiative
PO Plan of Operation
ToT Training for Trainers
TTH Thua Thien Hue Province
URENCO Urban Environment One Member Limited Company,
Hanoi
VWP Vietnam Waste Project
xi
1. PROJECT OUTLINE
1.1 Background
In the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (hereinafter referred to as “Vietnam”), amount of solid
waste has increased sharply and it gets hard to find new final disposal sites in large cities due
to rapid urbanization and industrialization. Ordinary solid waste occupies approximately 80%
of the total solid waste. Mean collection service coverage over the nation is estimated at
approximately 75%. Most of final disposal sites, 70 – 80%, are inappropriately operated, that
is open dumping. Therefore, it is urgent at present to construct engineered landfills and to
minimize waste amount by means of source separation, recycling and intermediate treatment.
In 2007, Vietnamese Government enacted Decree No.59/2007/ND-CP on solid waste
management. This decree is fundamental one and provides the definition and classification of
solid waste, basic principles of solid waste management. The decree also provides the local
governments’ responsibility to establish solid waste master plans including development of
SWM related facilities.
In 2009, “National Policy on Integrated Solid Waste Management (Decision No.
2149/2009/QD-TTg) sets goals such as to achieve 85% collection rate of ordinary waste by
2015, to reach 35% reuse/recycling rate by 2015, and to formulate solid waste management
master plans in all urban cities. In addition, it clarifies responsibilities among public institutions
concerned in order to achieve the goals in cooperation.
In this circumstance, the Ministry of Construction, as a responsible authority of solid waste
management, has strengthened his will to establish a sound ordinary solid waste management
based on the citizens’ understandings, in which separate collection, recycling facilities and
sanitary landfills are well harmonized for waste minimization considering scale and
characteristic of each city. Furthermore, the ministry is planning to construct waste treatment
complexes for hazardous industrial wastes, healthcare wastes, etc. However, the ministry has
not yet realized such intentions due to lack of legal and institutional tools, technical knowledge,
etc.
In order to cope with the problems mentioned above, the Government of Vietnam has requested
the Government of Japan to provide a technical assistance aiming at improving solid waste
management capacity at the central government level and the local government level.
Consequently, it has been decided to implement this “Project for Capacity Development on
Integrated Management of Municipal Solid Waste in Vietnam” based on the Record of
Discussions and the Minutes of Meetings signed by the both sides on 17 June 2013, in which
the Ministry of Construction works as the main actor with other Vietnamese institutions
concerned, having the technical assistance of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
which is the responsible Japanese authority in international technical cooperation.
1.2 Project framework
(1) Overall goal
a) Long term overall goal (super goal)

 Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is established overall in Vietnam in accordance
with the National Strategy on ISWM.
▌ 1
b) Short term overall goal (5 years after the completion of the project)
 ISWM system on municipal solid waste is established in accordance with the National
Strategy on ISWM.
(2) Project purpose

 Capacity of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is developed comprehensively in
central and local governments.
(3) Outputs
 Output 1. Capacity of MOC on management, policy-making, and support system for local
governments to execute the National Strategy on ISWM is enhanced, in particular for
MSWM
 Output 2. Capacity of Hanoi DOC on implementation of ISWM is enhanced
 Output 3. Technical support capacity of MOC for preparation of ISWM Master Plan, in
particular for municipal solid waste management sector, is enhanced through model Province
 Output 0. Project management
(4) Activities
a) Output 1. Capacity of MOC on management, policy-making, and support system for

local governments to execute the National Strategy on ISWM is enhanced, in particular
for MSWM
 1-1. Review policies, legislations, institutional framework, and standards for municipal solid
waste management in central government and make recommendations if necessary.
 1-2. Review and evaluate traditional and modern technologies on treatment and management,
and technical regulations on planning and constructing, and then make recommendations on
criteria on selection of suitable technologies.
 1-3. Develop a guidance for making construction plans for municipal solid waste treatment
facilities.
 1-4. Develop capacity of MOC to supervise and to monitor the implementation on municipal
solid waste management by local governments.
 1-5. Collect data and information to be utilized for strengthening municipal solid waste
management in national level, analyze it and identify problems.
 1-6. Study on investment models and management models to be applied to the investment
on construction and management of SWM complex.
 1-7. Study and make guidance for formulating construction plans on inter-provincial
municipal solid waste treatment complexes. (Note: Activity 1-7 is combined with Activity
1-3)
 1-8. Organize trainings and seminars to enhance proper municipal solid waste management
on legal framework, management mechanism, technologies and responsibilities etc. in
national level and share experiences of domestic and international practices.
 1-9. Organize conferences and workshops among experts on technical, legislative and social
issues on municipal solid waste management in nationwide (Note: Activity 1-9 is combined
with Activity 1-8)
 1-10. Draft the revision of National Strategy on ISWM based on the review under Activity
1-1 for submission to the Prime Minister
2▐
b) Output 2. Capacity of Hanoi DOC on implementation of ISWM is enhanced
 2-1. Review the results of phase 1 Project from the sustainability point of view and also
analyze Hanoi city situation as a whole system on ISWM. Identify lessons learned and make
advices and recommendations.
 2-2. (Deleted.)
 2-3. Make advice and recommendations on the implementation of Hanoi solid waste
treatment master plan, including public awareness raising activities.
 2-4. Make technical advice to select the site for target SWM complexes in accordance with
Hanoi solid waste treatment master plan, and conduct a pre-feasibility study for the selected
target SWM complex in particular for municipal solid waste part.
 2-5. Study the investment promotion for the construction of target SWM complex, such as
BOT, PFI, PPP etc (Note: Activity 2-5 is combined with Activity 2-4)
 2-6. Learn the lessons of planning and implementation of Hanoi solid waste treatment Master
Plan in particular on MSWM
c) Output 3. Technical support capacity of MOC for preparation of ISWM Master Plan, in
particular for municipal solid waste management sector, is enhanced through model
Province
 3-1. Implement “Capacity Assessment” for existing SWM in the model Province.
 3-2. Provide technical assistance for the local government of the model Province on the
preparation/upgraded of ISWM Master Plan in particular for municipal solid waste
management sector, which will be submitted to local government of selected city/ province.
 3-3. Provide technical assistance for the initiation of implementing ISWM Master Plan in
particular for MSWM sector
 3-4. Formulate the guiding reference for development of Integrated SWM Master Plan based
on the experiences from Activities 3-2 and 3-3.
d) Output 0. Project management

 0-1. Develop the draft project publicity media
 0-2. Capacity assessment activity for indicator
 0-3. Organize study tours in Japan
1.3 Counterparts
 Ministry of Construction
 Department of Construction, Hanoi People’s Committee
 Hanoi Urban Environment One Member Limited Company
 Thua Thien Hue Province
1.4 Target waste

 “Municipal Solid Waste” in this project is defined as 1) Domestic solid waste generated from
daily activities in households, institutional (schools, government offices etc.), public areas
(roads, parks etc.) and commercial/service entities (shops, offices, restaurants, markets,
hotels etc.), 2) construction waste and 3) septic tank sludge.
 However, Output 3 targets “in particular municipal solid waste”, since the SWM Master Plan
targets all types of waste. The target wastes except municipal solid waste will be dealt with
by the model province in collaboration with related departments and JET will provide
technical advice.
▌ 3
1.5 Project duration
 March 2014 – March 2018 (Four years)
1.6 Project Management Structure

The Project is implemented under the management structure shown below.
Joint Coordination Committee (JCC)
Chairperson:
Ms. Phan Thi My Linh, Vice Minister,
MOC
Project Management Unit (PMU)
Project Director:
Dr. Tran Anh Tuan, Vice General Director of ATI, MOC
Taskforce in Hanoi
Taskforce in MOC Taskforce in Thua Thien Hue
Project Manager: Province
Project Manager: Mr. Tran Anh Tuan, Vice Project Manager:
Ms. Dang Anh Thu, Head of Director of Urban Technical Dr. Nguyen Dai Vien, Vice
Solid Waste Management Infrastructure Works Director, DOC, Thua Thien
Division, ATI, MOC Maintenance Unit, DOC, Hue Province
Hanoi
Figure 1-1 Project Management Structure
(1) Joint Coordinating Committee
a) Functions
 Joint Coordinating Committee (JCC) will meet at least once a year and whenever the
necessity arises. The main functions of JCC are shown below.
 To monitor the progress of the project activities according to the plan of operation (PO)
 To review and examine the framework of the project according to the Project Design Matrix
(PDM)
 To discuss and advise on major issues that arise during the project period
 To approve an Annual Plan of Operation
b) Members
i) Chairperson
 Ms. Phan Thi My Linh, Vice Minister, Ministry of Construction
ii) Vietnamese side
 Representative, Administration of Technical Infrastructure, Ministry of Construction
 Representative, International Cooperation Department, Ministry of Construction
 Representative, Department of Construction, Hanoi People’s Committee
 Representative, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi People’s
Committee
4▐
 Representative, Hanoi Urban Environment Limited Company
 Representative, Thua Thien Hue Province
 Other persons to be decided by the Vietnamese side
iii) Japanese side
 Chief Advisor of the project team
 Other Japanese expert(s) from the project team
 Chief representative, JICA Vietnam Office
 Other persons recommended by JICA
 Representative(s) of the Embassy of Japan in Vietnam (as observer(s))
(2) Project Management Unit
a) Function
 To coordinate the taskforces
 To manage the progresses of the activities in the taskforces
b) Members
 Project Director: Dr. Tran Anh Tuan, Vice General Director of ATI, MOC
 Project Manager 1: Ms. Dang Anh Thu, Head of Solid Waste Management Division, ATI,
MOC
 Project Manager 2: Mr. Tran Anh Tuan, Director of Urban Technical Infrastructure Works
Maintenance Unit, DOC Hanoi
 Project Manager 3: Dr. Nguyen Dai Vien, Vice Director, Department of Construction, Thua
Thien Hue Province
▌ 5
2. ISSUES OF VIETNAM AND SOLUTIONS FOR VIETNAM –STRATEGY OF
“VIETNAM WASTE PROJECT”
2.1 Steps of “Vietnam Waste Project”

The “Vietnam Waste Project” (VWP) started its
work from clarifying the issue structure of
Vietnam. Based on the issues, necessary Issue
structure
solutions were discussed. Furthermore, the
necessary tools including “Guiding References”
were developed for using for the Necessary
Cities/Provinces in “Co-learning Study solutions
Sessions (CSS)”.
Development
of necessary
tools
2.2 Issue structure of Vietnam and Figure 2-1 Steps of “Vietnam Waste
advantage/disadvantage keeping Project”
the eyes in the entire Asia
(1) Understanding of present situations

Pollution from existing landfills is recognized as serious issues in Vietnam. This unique
situation was originated from the Prime Minister Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg which
specified the 388 most polluted places (this Decision was revised as the Decision No.
1788/2013/QD-TTg later). This Decision well worked to foster the awareness that landfills have
to be improved, although some insufficient measures were taken due to their urgency.
Landfilling is also questioned in terms of its high consuming speed for untreated waste
landfilling and difficulties to get public consensus for new landfill construction.
(2) Current required actions

Intermediate treatment technologies such as incineration and composting are supposed to be
the key for avoiding pollution in the landfills. The technologies enable to expand the lifetime
of landfills through waste stabilization and high reduction rate. For solving solid waste
problems, it is wanted to construct the facilities smoothly and operate them stably.
(3) Bottleneck for the required actions

Are intermediate treatment facilities constructed steadily? Depending on the situations of the
provinces, the reality is that the necessity for the facilities is recognized but the progress is slow.
Why is facility development slow? It is pointed out that knowhow of the treatment facility
development is lacked due to no experience. Contributions from private investors are expected
too much and the important roles and responsibilities of the provinces as the project owners are
often forgot. To rely on private investors without enough contribution from the provinces is a
serious problem.
Financial shortage is often pointed out as one of the reasons why facility construction does not
proceed. In fact, the SWM cost will increase by intermediate treatment. However, the cost
increase is essential to improve the environment. If the environmental improvement was
6▐
selected as one of the policy choices, the financial shortage has to be considered as the budget
allocation issue.
(4) Solution for the current bottlenecks

The capacity development for provincial officials is the key for smooth facility development.
The capacities to be developed widely ranges from the direct capacities for facility development
such as facility planning and project management through negotiations with the private
investors, as well as the capacities to involve local residents and business entities. To involve
such final beneficiaries of the facility construction is very important for smooth facility
development.
Residents as waste discarders are the sole actor which can control the quantity and quality of
waste flowing to waste streams. Public involvement could finally result in improvement of
waste awareness which would enable smooth facility development.
SWM is often understood that to remove waste from towns securely and treat it properly.
However, SWM has to be upgraded to dynamic social infrastructure generation affairs to pull
out proactive contributions of residents toward waste conscious society through public
involvement. Departments in charge of SWM getting attention as the core of community
promoters would transform their necessary functions through comprehensive capacity
development including data/financial management capacity for accountability as well as waste
communication and information disclosure.
The pollutions in existing

<Understanding of
landfills have to be improved
present situations> and no more direct landfilling.
Intermediate facility
<Current required actins> development is the key.
No experience and know-how

to develop regular size
<Bottleneck for the
intermediate treatment and
required actions> too much expectations to
private investors’ contributions.
Capacity development of the

provincial officials. Capacities
<Solution for the
to promote facility
bottlenecks> development and public
involvement.
Figure 2-2 Issue structure of Vietnam and solutions
▌ 7
2.3 Advantage and disadvantage of Vietnam
(1) Advantage of Vietnam

The following points are the Vietnam’s advantages observed through the Project. These
advantages unique in Vietnam can be utilized as the resources for solving the SWM issues of
Vietnam.
 Community management consciousness exists with secure community governing system.
 The importance to control waste by generators is recognized.
 To avoid direct landfilling is wanted.
 The waste amount is measured by the weighbridges equipped in major landfills.
 Private investments in SWM are encouraged under the policy of socialization.
(2) Disadvantage of Vietnam

The following points can be pointed out as the disadvantages of Vietnam compared with other
Asian countries. These points have to be improved or any backup measures are necessary.
 Waste discarders are used to discard their waste at any time in street sweeping services or
stationary containers. These conventional ways cannot be changed easily.
 Waste stream control across a province is difficult, because in fact primary responsibilities
on SWM are posed on the provincial government, but some districts provide SWM because
of short distances to generators.
 SWM data is not managed well so as to utilize easily.
2.4 Necessary solutions and necessary tools for the solutions

For solving the above mentioned issues, VWP developed the series of tools shown in the
following table.
Table 2-1 Necessary solutions and necessary tools

Developed necessary tools for the
Classification Necessary solutions No. of Annex
solution
“Decree on planning, development
The policy framework for
and management of solid waste
supporting the Cities/Provinces
treatment facilities” to replace the
has to be formulated consistent to Annex 1-6
Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP
the new decree of Decree
consistent to Decree
No.38/2015/ND-CP
No.38/2015/ND-CP was proposed.
The Prime Minister Decision
The policy targets containing the “National Targets and Strategies on
Basic national
national numerical targets have to Domestic Solid Waste Management”
policy Annex 1-29
be set and the national targets containing the basic supporting
have to be monitored every year. policies and the national numerical
targets was proposed.
The data form for statistics was
developed and the collected data
The statistics system on solid Annex 1-18
was aggregated and “Vietnam Waste
waste management is necessary. Annex 0-4, 5
at A Glance” was developed for
publishing.
The amount of collected domestic
The Circular “Guiding Principles and
waste is the key data, but it is not
Methodology on Estimation the
necessarily monitored even by
Basic data Amount of Waste” containing how to Annex 1-9
the Cities/Provinces, although the
monitor the amount of waste was
weighbridge data are available in
proposed.
many Cities/Provinces.
8▐
Developed necessary tools for the
Classification Necessary solutions No. of Annex
solution
The knowhow to formulate master
The guiding reference for master
plans on solid waste management Annex 3-5
plan formulation was developed.
is necessary.
The knowhow for treatment
The guiding reference for mid-
facilities planning at the stage of
term/long-term facility development Annex 1-16
master plan formulation is
was developed.
necessary.
The knowhow for construction
plan formulation is necessary for The guidance manual for
Annex 1-15
promoting treatment facility construction plan was developed.
Planning
construction.
The technology selection
knowhow has to be accumulated
among the Cities/Provinces, as The guidance reference for
Annex 1-14
suitable treatment technologies technology selection was developed.
are not often selected by the
Cities/Provinces.
How to select, guide and The guiding reference for investment
coordinate with potential investors and operation for in construction and Annex 1-20
has to be considered. management was developed.
For achieving the sustainable
treatment, financial arrangement
The guiding reference on calculation
Finance is important. For this, tipping fees Annex 1-8
of service prices was developed.
paid to the treatment facilities
have to be estimated carefully.
Training programs for developing “Co-learning Study Session” for
Training the capacities of the intensive capacity development for Annex 1-21
Cities/Provinces are necessary. the City/Provinces was proposed.
The Pre-FS for Hanoi City and the
A case study of a treatment Annex 2-6,
facility development plan were
facility development is effective. 12
developed.
Case study “Integrated Solid Waste
A case study of master plan Management Master Plan” was
Annex 3-1
formulation is effective. developed for Thua Thien Hue
Province.
2.5 Future focal points for improving solid waste management
(1) Setting up and regular operation of capacity development system for provincial
officials
VWP developed the following six “Guiding References”.
 Guiding Reference for Formulation of Integrated Solid Waste Management Master Plan
 Guiding Reference for Mid-term and Long-term Facility Development Plan
 Guiding Reference to Select Technology
 Guiding Reference for Construction Planning
 Guiding Reference for Investment and Management of Domestic Waste Treatment Facilities
 Guiding Reference for Establishing a Sound Financial Management System
VWP was focusing on developing such guiding references be used for capacity development
for the provincial officials and used in the “Co-learning Study Sessions”. A kind of this
activities is expected to be continued.
(2) Improvement of the master plan contents and necessity to develop the planning
manual
As stated already, the master plans in Vietnam have the tendency to focus on facility locations.
It is important to consider the concept of chronological waste stream formulation as the standard
▌ 9
contents of master plans of Vietnam, as they were considered in the master plan for Thua Thien
Hue Province. The master plan for Thua Thien Hue Province consisted of
 Reasonable scientific waste amount projection
 Pubic involvement strategy for involving residents and business entities
 Exploration of the optimal waste collection system by means of the waste collection
simulator
 Regional waste management through development of regular scale intermediate treatment
facilities
 Landfilled waste minimization through collaboration with industrial sectors
 Cross-sectional institutional formation in the Province and vertical institutional involvement
with the districts
This contains various holistic and integrated aspect, while the common characteristics of
present master plans are to focus on only facility location. The master plan developed for Thua
Thien Hue Province is expected be used as a model.
(3) The policy cycle “policy setting  implementation  monitoring  feedback” in MOC
Through the secure combination of target setting and monitoring system, the policy cycle
including the supporting policies and implementation to localities in order to bury the gap
between the targets and the present situations has to be developed.
To set the national SWM targets and the monitoring system is the most important fundamental
infrastructure for considering any supporting measures from the central government to the
provincial governments. From these points of view, VWP proposed to revise the National
Strategy on ISWM and established a data collection/aggregation/publication system. The data
management activities are expected to be continued.
Training course for developing

Capacity development of
the capacities of provincial
provincial officials is
officials will be set up toward
necessary.
regular operation.
Verification of the
The verification of the
effectiveness of the master
effectiveness of the
plan of Thua Thien Hue
integrated SWM is
Province through its
necessary.
implementation.
The national target

Operation of the national
setting with the
statistics with necessary
monitoring system is
improvement.
necessary.
Figure 2-3 Strategy of the “Vietnam Waste Project”
10 ▐
3. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT ACTIVITIES (OUTPUT 1. CAPACITY OF
MOC ON MANAGEMENT, POLICY-MAKING, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO EXECUTE THE NATIONAL STRATEGY ON
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IS ENHANCED, IN
PARTICULAR FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT)
3.1 Activity 1-1. Review policies, legislations, institutional framework, and

standards for solid waste management in central government and make
recommendations if necessary.
(1) Activity 1-1-1. Review on legal documents
a) Legal document database

There are approximately 80 legal documents related directly or indirectly to SWM. The
collected all documents were put in a database with using an application, “Evernote” for
practical uses.
Figure 3-1 Images of the application for the laws/ regulations database
b) Legal document classification

The legal documents were classified by the following categories, and reviewed category by
category divided by three groups. Three reports of Annex 1-1, 1-2, 1-3 and 1-4 were developed
for each group.
i) The target of Annex 1-1
 General/ Strategy
ii) The target of Annex 1-2
 Fee/ Public utility
 Investment/ Incentive
iii) The target of Annex 1-3
 Planning
▌ 11
 SEA/ EIA
 Wastewater
 Hazardous/ Medical waste
 Pollution/ Sanction/ Import control
iv) The target of Annex 1-4
 All QCVNs/TCVNs related to solid waste management
c) Legal review
The legal documents are connected with each other as shown in the following figure. This figure
structure gives the groupings of the legal documents. Based on the groupings, the legal
documents were reviewed.
The legal documents were reviewed by the groups, focusing on the specific issues of the groups.
The specific issues were drawn from the current situations with which the Cities/Provinces face.
The legal documents were evaluated whether they contribute to improve the current local issues.
The review results can be seen in Annex 1-1, 1-2, 1-3 and 1-4.
LEP LEP
Other
No.55/2014 No.52/1993
Laws /QH13 /2005/QH11
Ordinance
No. 38/2001/
PL-
UBTVQH10
Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree Decree
No.24/ No.57/ No.130/ No.62/ No.29/ No.108/ No.215/ No.177/ No.38/ No. 59/ No.15/ No.87/ No.19/ No.75/ No.67/ No.69/
2006/ 2002/ 2013/ 2013/ 2008/ 2006/ 2013/ 2013/ 2015/ 2007/ 2015/ 2010/ 2015/ 2011/ 2011/ 2008/
ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP ND-CP
Directive Decision Decision Decision Decision Decision Decision Decision Decision

No.13/ No. 59/ No.72/ No.798/ No.37/ No.31/ No.64/ No.58/ No. 38/
2002/ 2010/ 2013/ 2011/ 2011/ 2014/ 2003/ 2008/ 2011/
CT-TTg QD-TTg QD-TTg QD-TTg QD-TTg QD-TTg QD-TTg QD-TTg QD-TTg
Joint Circular Circular Joint Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular
Circular
No.92/ No.63/ No.45/2010/ No.06/ No.02/ No.25/ No.56/ No.121/ No. 08/ No. 101/ No.230/ No. 35/ No.159/ No.152/ No.156/ No.135/
under
2008/TTLT- 2002/ TTLT-BTC- 2008/ 2014/ 2014/ 2014/ 2008/ 2008/ 2010/ 2009/ 2012/TT 2012/ 2011/TT 2014/ 2008/
BTNMT drafting
BTC-BTP TT-BTC TT-BXD TT-BTC TT-BTC TT-BTC TT-BTC TT-BTC TT-BTC TT-BTC -BTC TT-BTC -BTC TT-BTC TT-BTC
Fee/ Investment/
General
Public Utility Incentive
Figure 3-2 Relations among legal documents (example)
d) Summary of legal structure

The legal structure was summarized in Annex 1-5 for any practical uses.
(2) Activity 1-1-2. Revision of Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP
a) MOC’s role under Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP

The new Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP with the name of the “Decree on Waste and Scrap
Management” was enacted on 15 June, 2015 under the amendment Law of the “Law on
Environmental Protection” (Law No. 55/2014/QH13).
This fundamental Decree on solid waste management contains a lot of contents which give
impacts on the MOC’s policies and the Project. From this point of view, the Decree No.
38/2015/ND-CP was studied.
Decree No. 38 stipulates the MOC’s roles as
 Domestic waste
- Investment promotion
12 ▐
- Guidance on waste generation rate
- Guidance on investment rate
- Guidance on service price
- Guidance on standard contract
 New regulation on construction waste management
One important thing regarding the enactment of Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP, some articles of
Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP were still valid as stipulated by Decree No. 38. The valid articles
are related to the following matters.
 Matters related to solid waste management planning
 Matters related to development of solid waste treatment facilities through construction
planning
 Matters related to promotion of investment and management in solid waste management
facilities
Thus, MOC’s roles are important in the field of domestic waste management even after the
enactment of Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP.
Figure 3-3 MOC’s roles under Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP
b) Proposal of the revision of Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP

For the future revision of Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP consistent to the provision in Decree No.
38/2015/ND-CP, the Project prepared the draft of the decree for MOC’s reference.
i) Shortage of the preset Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP
 No clear definition of solid waste management master plan
 Insufficient contents of master plan such as financial aspect, institutional aspect, and master
plan management
 No clear steps to formulate master plan
 No mentioning to master plan implementation
 No mentioning to master plan revision
▌ 13
 No clear steps for investment promotion and investor selection
 No mentioning to construction and operation management
 No mentioning to policy induction
 No compatibility to newly issued legal documents
 Too much consideration on inter-provincial solid waste treatment master plan
ii) Proposed structure
The Decree may cover what to do throughout a treatment facility project composed of:
 General provisions
 Master plan for solid waste management
 Planning for treatment facility development for solid waste management
 Management and operation of solid waste treatment facilities
 Policy development and Monitoring
(3) Activity 1-1-3. Proposal on the legal documents for solid waste treatment service
price
The report on waste treatment service price attached with the legal document was developed.
The main concept is how to smooth the fluctuation of the annual cost as shown in Figure 3-4.
Especially, the key point is how to consider future repair costs under high inflation rates.
Figure 3-4 Annual fluctuation of Life-cycle cost of an intermediate treatment facility and its
smoothed cost
(4) Activity 1-1-4. Waste generation index and land use criteria for treatment facilities
a) Proposal on the legal document for estimation of waste amount

In the Chapter 9 of the QCVN 07/2010/BXD shows the standard values of waste amounts as
shown in Table 3-1. These values are generally quite large.
Based on the fact, this report proposes to use weighbridge data for estimating the present
amount of waste. For provinces or districts where weighbridges are not available, the
14 ▐
conversion from the number of transportation trips by setting the bulk density of 0.3-0.4
ton/cu.m was proposed. This idea was described in the form of the Circular.
Table 3-1 Amount of generated domestic waste stipulated by QCVN07/2010/BXD

Amount of domestic waste
Urban type
(kg/capita/day)
Special, I 1.3
II 1.0
III, IV 0.9
V 0.8
b) Required land area as one of the criteria for solid waste treatment facilities
This report contains the required area for incineration facilities and composting facilities. The
raw data were collected from Asian countries and Japan.
25,000
20,000 Saitama1995
Hiroshima2003
Kanagawa1995
Required building area (sq.-m)
Fukuoka2001
15,000 Hyogo2005
Phuket2010 Y=102*Scale^0.72
Aichi2002
Kochi2001
Kanagawa1995
10,000 Chiba1994
Okinawa2006
Kanagawa1991
Okayama2001
Hiroshima2013
Hyogo1999
Fukushima1996
Shizuoka1981
Aichi1992
Hokkaido1996
Samui1998 Bangkok2015
5,000 Langkawi2011
Hiroshima1988
Okayama1994
Wakayama1998
Chiba1986
Ibaraki1984
Chiba1984
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Scale (ton/day)
Figure 3-5 Required building area for incineration facility
▌ 15
25,000
Bangkok2010
20,000
Required building area (sq.-m)
Y=35*Scale^0.94
15,000
10,000 Hanoi2002
Sabah2009
5,000
HCMC2012
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Scale (ton/day)
Figure 3-6 Required building area for composting facility
The standard required areas were given as shown in the following tables.
Table 3-2 Standard required areas for incineration facilities

Minimum Standard Maximum
Required building area (sq. m) 72*Scale0.72 102*Scale0.72 133*Scale0.72
Required land area (sq. m) 108*Scale0.72 179*Scale0.72 266*Scale0.72
Note: Scale (ton/day)
Table 3-3 Standard required areas for composting facilities

Minimum Standard Maximum
Required building area (sq. m) 24*Scale0.94 35*Scale0.94 45*Scale0.94
Required land area (sq. m) 36*Scale0.94 61*Scale0.94 90*Scale0.94
Note: Scale (ton/day)
(5) Activity 1-1-5. Standard contract form contracted with solid waste management
Companies
The Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP requests MOC to prepare standard contracts for solid waste
management. This report proposed the standard contracts between contractors and public
sectors for domestic solid waste management. Three types of contracts: 1) domestic waste
collection, 2) domestic waste treatment and 3) domestic waste management were proposed.
Also, the contract used for PFI projects in Japan was referred upon requested by MOC.
The contracts cover how to share various risks regarding solid waste management among
contractors and contractees.
(6) Activity 1-1-6. New legal document development for construction waste
The Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP requests MOC to stipulate construction solid waste. This
16 ▐
report introduced Japanese policies on construction waste for solving the issues in Vietnam
regarding construction waste.
The overall new policies on construction waste management including responsible actors, roles
of public sectors and licensing system were proposed and compiled as the style of the Circular.
Estimation formula for construction waste amount was also proposed, referring to the formula
used in Japan.
(7) Activity 1-1-7. Review and revision on QCXDVN01

This QCXDVN contains the following basic norms regarding domestic solid waste
management.
 Regulations on selection of location of solid waste treatment facility
 Required performance for solid waste treatment technologies
 Standard waste amount
 Requirements for transfer stations
 Regulations on environmental safety distance of solid waste treatment facility
 Handling of hazardous solid waste
The contents of QCXDVN was reviewed and how to modify those norms was proposed..
3.2 Activity 1-2. Review and evaluate traditional and modern technologies on
treatment and management, and technical regulations on planning and
constructing, and then make recommendations on criteria on selection of
suitable technologies
(1) Activity 1-2-1. Development of a guiding reference for treatment technology selection
The guiding reference for technology selection was developed. The technology evaluation table
(Table 3-4) was introduced and cost analysis method was contained in the guideline.
Table 3-4 Technology evaluation on incinerator and composting (example)

Factors to
Sub-item Incinerator Composting
consider
1. Technological 1-1. Number of existing ●Some facilities with the ●Many facilities with the
stability similar size facilities in similar size capacities in similar capacities in
Vietnam Xuan Son, Hanoi Vietnam, for example Cau
Dien, Hanoi, Nam Ding
and Hue.
1-2. Number of existing ●Some facilities with the ●Many composting facilities
similar size facilities in similar capacities in with similar capacities in
Asian countries Phuket, Thailand and Asian countries
Langkawi, Malaysia
1-3. Number of existing ●Many facilities including ●Many facilities exist.
similar size facilities in the in Japan
world
2. Technology 2-1. Recycling rate (%) ●Heat recovery is ●Composts are produced at
performance (recovered recyclables possible. the rate of around 30%.
divided by inputted waste)
2-2. Residue rate (%) ●Around 20% when ●Around 30% when applied
(residue divided by applied to non-separated to non-separated waste
inputted waste) waste
2-3. Consumption of ●Chemical 70,000VND/ton ●Sub materials
major utilities per inputted ●Electricity 110kWh/ton 60,000VND/ton
waste ●Utilities (fuel and
electricity) 80,000VND/ton
▌ 17
Factors to
Sub-item Incinerator Composting
consider
2-4. Required land area ●6000 m2 ●10,000 m2
(m2)
2-5. Required operator ●17 persons ●50 persons
(persons)
3. Technological 3-1. Kinds of waste to be ●Basically all kinds of ●Basically all kinds of waste
availability applied waste which do not because mechanical
contain mercury sorting processes are
(mercury cannot collect basically equipped with
in the gas cleaning the facility.
process.) ●Waste containing mercury
●However, it is more is not welcome, because it
efficient to incinerate only contaminates the compost
combustible waste produced.
3-2. The most common ●100-1000 t/d (200t/d is in ●20-several hundred t/d
capacity range per day the range.) (200t/d is in the range.)
4. 4-1. The most important ●Dioxins emissions have ●Bad odor and flies have to
Environmental/ environmental/social to be avoided by proper be avoided by proper
Social impacts impacts and mitigation gas cleaning devices and operation.
measures proper operation.
5. Treatment 5-1. Total treatment cost ●280 – 640 thousand ●130 – 430 thousand
cost per inputted waste with a VND/ton VND/ton
range (tipping fee)
5-2. Total amount of ●18 – 38 billion VND/year ●8 – 25 billion VND/year
money to be paid by the
city/province
3.3 Activity 1-3. Develop a guidance for making construction plans for
municipal solid waste treatment facilities.
(1) Activity 1-3-1. Development of a guiding reference for construction planning

The draft “Technical guideline – Construction planning for solid waste treatment facilities” was
developed. Steps in the detailed solid waste treatment construction planning are shown in the
figure. In the guideline, the planning contents, planning methods with points to consider are
explained in accordance with the steps.
18 ▐
Step 1. Develop construction planning
Step 2. Identify boundary, survey and analyze

current status of the area site
Step 3. Identify size, capacity, technology

alternatives and technical norms
Develop planning assignment
Step 4. Land use and landscape architectural

space planning
Step 5. Technical infrastructure planning
Step 6. Strategic environmental assessment (SEA)
Step 7. Commenting on planning
Step 8. Prepare documents for appraisal and

approval of the planning
Figure 3-7 Steps in the detailed solid waste treatment construction planning
(2) Activity 1-3-2. Development of a guiding reference for mid-term/long-term facility

development plan
The draft “Guiding reference for mid-term/long-term facility development plan” was developed
aiming at securing the facility development in the mid-term and long-term. In the manual,
projection method of the future amount of waste, zoning of the target city/province and how to
formulate facility development planning were shown.
Step 1: Projection of the future

amount of waste to be treated by
cities/districts in the city/province
Step 2: Zoning of the target areas to

be covered by the facility
Step 3: Determination of the target

year and the size of the facility plan
preparation at each zone
Figure 3-8 Steps for mid-term and long-term facility development plan
▌ 19
3.4 Activity 1-4. Develop capacity of MOC to supervise and to monitor the
implementation on municipal solid waste management by local
governments
(1) Activity 1-4-1. Development of monitoring and supervision plan for Hanoi City and
Thua Thien Hue Province
For monitoring and supervising Hanoi City and Thua Thien Hue Province, a monitoring and
reporting form was developed.
(2) Activity 1-4-2. Monitoring and supervision report

Monitoring and reporting of Hanoi City and Thua Thien Hue Province were conducted basically
once in three months.
3.5 Activity 1-5. Collect data and information to be utilized for strengthening
municipal solid waste management in national level, analyze it and
identify problems.
(1) Activity 1-5-1. Data collection

Data were collected from all Cities/Provinces three times in 2015, 2016 and 2017, using a data
collection form. The form was improved every year based on the previous years’ experience.
The data were collected in the schedule shown below.
Figure 3-9 Data collection schedule in 2016
For compiling the data from 63 provinces contained by 63 spreadsheet files, the computer
software using Microsoft ® Visual Studio 2013 was developed. The sample flowchart is
exemplified in Figure 3-10.
20 ▐
Workbook
Workbook(k) (“VietnamStatistics”)
Putting out
a workbook(k) Parasite Worksheets
Worksheet(k, i)
Data folder “DataListingData(n)”
Workbook(k) Detect result,

changing the
DataListingLogic referred cell Record
Workbook(k)
Worksheet(k, i) in an
Array
Next
Next
Fixed on Excel
Dispose Worksheets
Output folder “DataListingResult(n)”
Save
Figure 3-10 Structure of “DataListing” module of the computer software for compiling data
from 63 provinces
(2) Activity 1-5-2. Data aggregation

The collected data were aggregated and expressed in tables and figures. Some of the aggregated
data were publicized as “Vietnam Solid Waste at a Glance” twice in 2016 and 2017. The
document published in 2016 and 2017 contain 2015 data and 2016 data respectively. It contains
distribution and average values of 1) domestic waste amount, 2) domestic waste collection, 3)
domestic waste treatment facilities and 4) financial data.
3.6 Activity 1-6. Study on investment models and management models to be

applied to the investment on construction and management of SWM
complex.
(1) Activity 1-6-1. Development of a guiding reference for investment promotion and
securing of sustainable operation for treatment facilities
This guiding reference aims at giving the Cities/Provinces the hints for smooth treatment
facility development. In Vietnam, the Cities/Provinces do not take many initiatives in promoting
facility development and have a tendency to rely on investors’ proposals too much. These could
cause inefficient facility development falling to any unexpected delays in facility development.
Based on this opinion, apart from various legal requirements in every steps of facility
development, this guiding reference highlights how the Cities/Provinces take initiatives with
any commitment in every steps of the facility development ranging from investor selection to
daily operation shown in the following figure.
▌ 21
Figure 3-11 Treatment facility development steps
3.7 Activity 1-7. Study and make guidance for formulating construction plans
on inter-provincial municipal solid waste treatment complexes.
This activity is combined with activity 1-3, according to Plan of Operation.
3.8 Activity 1-8. Organize trainings and seminars to enhance proper

municipal solid waste management on legal framework, management
mechanism, technologies and responsibilities etc. in national level and
share experiences of domestic and international practices.
(1) Activity 1-8-1. Development of programs for “Co-learning Study Session”
a) Objective of the “Co-learning Study Session”

A series of meetings of “Co-learning Study Session” was proposed aiming at sharing the issues
and challenges among the participants and discussing solutions for solving the issues through
inputs from Japanese experts. The capacity development for MOC to guide provinces was also
considered.
The guiding references developed so far were distributed for their uses and reviews.
b) CSS programs
Three times CSSs were proposed.
22 ▐
i) The first CSS
 Issue segmentation for master plan formulation
ii) The second CSS
 Waste amount projection
 Treatment facility planning
 Development of “Request for Proposal” for calling investors
iii) The third CSS
 Evaluation on proposals from investors
 Determination of service prices
(2) Activity 1-8-2. Implementation of “Co-learning Study Session”

The CSSs were conducted as shown in the following table.
Table 3-5 CSSs held in the VWP

Area Members Date & Place Program
North-East - Hanoi (DOC, 25 Oct. 2017 - Waste amount projection
URENCO) In Hanoi - Treatment facility planning
- Hai Duong - Development of request for proposal
- Nam Dinh - Evaluation on proposals from investors
- Thai Binh 26 Oct. 2017 - Determination of service prices
- Thanh Hoa In Hanoi - Site visit
North-West - Dien Bien 1 Dec. 2017 - Waste amount projection
- Lai Chau - Treatment facility planning
- Son La - Development of request for proposal
- Hoa Binh - Evaluation on proposals from investors
- Determination of service prices
Central - Khanh Hoa 11 Nov. 2016 - Local issue segmentation
- Binh Dinh - Site visit
- Binh Thuan 22 June 2017 - Waste amount projection
- Lam Dong - Treatment facility planning
- Phu Yen - Development of request for proposal
- Ninh Thuan 17 Nov. 2017 - Evaluation on proposals from investors
South - Can Tho 16 Dec. 2016 - Local issue segmentation
- Long An - Site visit
- Kien Giang 16 June 2017 - Waste amount projection
- Vinh Long - Treatment facility planning
- Hau Giang - Development of request for proposal
- An Giang 10 Nov. 2017 - Evaluation on proposals from investors
- Site visit
Note: The practice of “Issue segmentation” was skipped in the north-east and north-west due to shortage of the
time.
(3) Activity 1-8-3. Proposal of a certification program for Cities/Provinces

The future certification program starting from CSS program for capacity development of the
provinces was proposed. Effective training programs with the achievement check test toward a
certification program were proposed as below based on the experiences in the CSSs so far.
a) Course
 Course 1: Master plan formulation course
 Course 2: Facility planning course
 Course 3: Facility development course
▌ 23
b) Necessary days
 Three days for one course
c) Target group
 Cities/Provincial officials, for example directors or vice-directors in charge of solid waste
management
 Arround10 persons for one course
d) Necessary tools
 Ten personal computers
 One projector with a screen
 One white board
 Desks and chairs
e) Training programs
i) Master plan formulation course
Table 3-6 Training programs for “Master plan formulation course”

Day a.m. (8:00-11:30) p.m. (13:00-17:00)
● Explanation of the guiding reference
● Practice for estimation of present waste
The first day ● Lecture on issue segmentation
amount and future amount of waste
● Practice for issue segmentation
● Practice for setting of SWM system
The second day options ● Practice for waste stream simulator
● Practice for waste collection simulator
The third day ● Practice for master plan integration ● Examination test for certification
* Three successive days are better.
Table 3-7 Achievement check toward a certification program (for “Master plan
formulation course”)
Please rewrite the following description into a “Segmented” style.
In my province, the amount of waste per day is 600 ton. All of them are landfilled in a landfill
with the capacity of 300,000 cu.m. Due to the shortage of the remained capacity, the landfill
will remain only 5 year capacity. The province needs to construct an intermediate treatment
facility using a high advanced technology for reducing the volume of waste to be landfilled.
Please project the future amount of waste by year 2030 by using linear regression based on
the following data.
Number of transportation Population

2010 80 trips/day 550,000
2011 90 trips/day 560,000
2012 95 trips/day 562,000
2013 92 trips/day 570,000
2014 99 trips/day 572,000
Please propose three system options with material balance for domestic solid waste
management based on the following data, and compare the options.
Target waste composition

Organic 70%
24 ▐
Paper 5%
Plastics 10%
Wood 5%
Inorganic 10%
ii) Facility planning course
Table 3-8 Training programs for “Facility planning course”

Day a.m. (8:00-11:30) p.m. (13:00-17:00)
● Explanation of the guiding references
● Practice for estimation of present waste
The first day ● Lecture on some regular technologies
amount and future amount of waste
to share
● Practice for when and how large facility
The second day ● Practice for technology selection
to be developed
The third day ● Practice for call for investors ● Examination test for certification
Table 3-9 Achievement check toward a certification program (for “Facility planning
course”)
Please project the future amount of waste by year 2030 by using linear regression based on
the following data.
Number of transportation Population

2010 80 trips/day 550,000
2011 90 trips/day 560,000
2012 95 trips/day 562,000
2013 92 trips/day 570,000
2014 99 trips/day 572,000
Please estimate the timing of construction and facility scale to be constructed subject to the
following conditions.
Waste amount above

Remained capacity of landfill 1,000,000 cu.m
Please propose a practical schedule for facility construction proposed above.
iii) Facility development course
Table 3-10 Training programs for “Facility development course”

Day a.m. (8:00-11:30) p.m. (13:00-17:00)
The first day ● Explanation of the guiding references ● Practice for development of “Request
● Lecture on some regular technologies for Proposal”
to share
The second day ● Practice for evaluation on “Project ● Practice for making a contract
Proposal”
The third day ● Practice for development for “Operation ● Examination test for certification
Plan”
▌ 25
Table 3-11 Achievement check for a certification program for “Facility development
course”
Please develop a “Request for Proposal”
Please evaluate the project proposals.

(Two proposals will be given.)
f) Other possible courses for the future

Depending on the current focal issues, various training courses can be proposed exemplified
below.
 Public involvement courses for public education
 Public consensus making course
 Financial management courses
 Data management course
(4) Activity 1-8-4. Seminars and workshops
a) Public outreach
The workshops were held five times as shown in the table.
Table 3-12 Workshops

Number of
No. Duration Subject
participants
1 11 Aug. 2014 Workshop for sharing of solid waste management issues 170
Worldwide trend of solid waste management and applicability to
2 14 Jan. 2015 147
Vietnam
3 15 Jan. 2016 Effective management and sustainable development 77
4 9 Nov. 2016 Integrated approach for treatment facility development 74
5 8 Jan. 2018 Wrapping up and Introduction of Products of the Project 80
b) Working with advisors

The academic experts were invited from Japan. The activities are summarized in the following
table.
Table 3-13 Activities of the academic experts

No. Academic expert Duration Major activities
15th-20th Aug - Composition analysis on the separated domestic waste
1 Dr. Kosuke Kawai
2014 in the pilot areas of the JICA 3R Project
- Site visit to source separation areas, Xuan Son landfill
and incinerator in Hanoi
22nd-30th Aug - Opinion exchange with Prof. Nguyen Thi Kim Thai
2 Prof. Yoshifumi Fujii
2014 - Site visit to facilities in Thua Thien Hue
- Lecture and discussion in the taskforce meeting of
Hanoi
- Site visit to transfer stations in Hanoi city, Dan Phuong
dumping site, Nguyen Khe landfill site for construction
waste, craft village
- Yen So sewage sludge treatment plant, Vinh Quynh
26th- 30th Oct landfill site for construction waste, Van Noi landfill site
3 Mr. Keizo Shimada
2014 for construction waste, Nguyen Khe landfill site for
construction waste
- Construction site (shopping mall), Demolition site
(residential house), Construction site (road, bridge),
Supplier of construction materials
17th – 22nd
4 Prof. Yoshifumi Fujii - Observe the Pre-FS activity on landfill mining and MBT
Aug 2015
26 ▐
No. Academic expert Duration Major activities
- Meeting with Dr. Lieu from Hue University on source
separation
- Meeting with NGO on possibility of community-based
composting
- Workshop on applicability of policy mix in Thua Thien
Hue
- Seminar on Japanese construction waste management
4th – 8th Oct for MOC and Hanoi
5 Mr. Keizo Shimada
2015 - Consultation to URENCO on how to treat sludge from
subway construction
- Site visits in Thua Thien Hue Province regarding
23rd - 24th community-based composting
6 Prof. Yoshifumi Fujii
Aug. 2016 - Lecture on “How to design the source separation in
Hue”
- Presentation on “Introduction of the Fukuoka Method”
10 January
7 Dr. Masato Yamada - Technical advice on the closure of Thuy Phuong Landfill
2017
- Site visit at existing and planned landfill sites
Mr. Hirota and
Konosu from 21st – 22nd - Workshop on waste feeding to cement factory:
8
Mitsubishi Material April 2017 - Meeting with two cement factories
Corporation
3.9 Activity 1-9. Organize conferences and workshops among experts on

technical, legislative and social issues on municipal solid waste
management in nationwide.
(1) Activity 1-9-1. Conferences and workshops among experts

This activity was combined in the activity of 1.8.2 and 1.8.4.
3.10 Activity 1-10. Proposal on the national strategies for domestic solid waste
management
The existing national strategy containing the targets was reviewed by comparing the data
collected in Activity 1-5 and the targets regarding domestic waste management were too
ambitious. Also, some targets have no monitoring measures.
After referring to the Japanese policies including numerical targets, they are quite realistic and
well monitored. Based on these findings, the numerical targets stated in the national strategy of
“Decision No. 2149/2009/QD-TTg” were reviewed and the new targets were proposed.
For proposing the targets, the following conceptual model was proposed and the waste stream
control direction was set as below.
The control directions for the conceptual model can be summarized below.
 Minimization of “D”: Direct discarding without any treatment should be minimized.
 Control on “W”: Amount of waste should be minimized as possible.
 Maximization of “RD&R”: Waste reduction including recycling should be maximized.
 Minimization of “LD” by maximization of “RD&R”: Collected waste has to be reduced and
stabilized by treatment and the amount of waste going to landfills is to be minimized.
The target values were set as Table 3-14 based on the conceptual model. Also, the data collected
in Activity 1-5 was considered.
▌ 27
RD&R
W Public solid waste LD

People’s activity p management
service
The Earth
Figure 3-12 Conceptual model for domestic waste management
Table 3-14 Proposed future target values

2015
Symbol Index Area 2020 2025 2030
(current)
Whole Province 61% 52% 43% 34%
Self-management
D(SMR) C&T 22% 15% 7% 0%
rate
RD 64% 55% 46% 37%
Whole Province 39% 48% 57% 66%
Waste collection
D(CR) C&T 78% 85% 93% 100%
rate
RD 36% 45% 54% 63%
W(GDP) Waste amount per GDP 8692 g/mVND 8201 7726 7284
Amount of Whole Province 725 g/c/d 800 853 890
W(Capita) collected waste per C&T 875 966 1030 1074
capita per day RD 697 769 820 855
RD&R Waste reduction & recycling rate 44% 51% 58% 65%
LD Landfill rate 56% 49% 42% 35%
Legend: “C&T”: City and Town
“RD”: Rural District
28 ▐
4. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT ACTIVITIES (OUTPUT 2. DOC OF HANOI
PC ENHANCES THE CAPACITY ON IMPLEMENTATION OF MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT)
4.1 Activity 2-1. Review the results of Phase 1 Project from the sustainability
point of view and also analyze Hanoi city situation as a whole system on
ISWM. Identify lessons learned and make advices and recommendations
(1) Activity 2-1-1. Review on the 3R Project
a) Outline of the 3R Project

Source separation program was tried in the 3R Project. The target areas are shown in Table 4-1
and the system outline is shown in Table 4-2.
Table 4-1 Profile of model areas in the 3R project

Model areas Phan Chu Trinh Nguyen Du ward Thanh Cong ward Lang Ha ward
ward (Hai Ba Trung (Ba Dinh district) (Dong Da district)
(Hoan Kiem district)
district)
Area (km2) 0.44 0.38 0.96 0.65
Population 8,224 11,140 24,872 28,584
Number of Around 1,900 Around 2,000 Around 7,000 Around 7,300
households
Number of 29 43 137 117
residential groups
Number of clusters 10 8 13 16
Enterprise in Enterprise 2 Enterprise 3 Enterprise 1 Enterprise 4
charge of collection
Number of Organic: 36 Organic: 52 Organic: 101 Organic: 97
containers Inorganic: 56 Inorganic: 63 Inorganic: 108 Inorganic: 114
(Note) The number
of handcarts is not
included.
Number of 34 44 58 79
discharge point
Number of loading 16 23 16 25
points
(Note) Night time
only
(Note) About the information of the area (km2), population, number of households, number of residential groups
and number of clusters: as of around 2006
About the information of the number of containers, discharge points and loading points: as of 2013, Hanoi
URENCO
Table 4-2 Source separation system applied to the model areas

Components of the SS Description
system
Category of waste to Organic waste (green)
separate (symbolic color Inorganic waste (orange)
for each category of *In the project, green color-containers (12L) and orange color-containers
waste) (12L) are distributed to each household of each ward in order for them to
separate waste at home.
In addition, residents were recommended to separate and sell/give
recyclables (symbolic color: blue) to conventional recyclers or give to
collection workers.
Frequency of waste Everyday
collection
▌ 29
Components of the SS Description
system
(Note) In the first year of the model project of the SS in Phan Chu Trinh ward
and Nguyen Du ward, the collection frequency of inorganic waste was just 4
days while everyday collection was applied to organic waste. However, one
year later when Thanh Cong ward and Lang Ha ward started the SS, it was
changed into everyday collection because enough cooperation from residents
had not been gained.
Discharge place (point) Designated places
*Green color-container (240L) for organic waste and Orange color-containers
(240L) are placed during specific time only.
*Residents are required to bring separated waste to designated discharge
points, and discharge organic waste into green color-containers and inorganic
waste into orange color-containers during specific time.
Time to discharge waste From 6:00P.M. to 8:30P.M.
*Collection workers take collection containers from storages to designated
places by the start time to discharge waste (6:00P.M.), and take them to
loading points to load waste into waste collection vehicles after finishing time
to discharge waste (8:30P.M.), and then take them back to storages of
containers.
b) Current situations of the SS in the model areas

Based on the observation of discharge and collection of waste in the 4 model areas, and
interviews with Hanoi URENCO, including enterprises to collect waste from the 4 wards,
current conditions of the SS in the model areas are as follows:
 Especially, residents in Thanh Cong ward and Lang Ha ward do not separate waste. In Phan
Chu Trinh ward Nguyen Du, some residents still keep the SS.
 Comparatively many residents keep time and place to discharge waste. But still some of
residents throw waste on the road or pavement.
 At lots of discharge points, waste discharged into containers is mixed. But some of residents
address the SS.
 Number of containers in some discharge points is not enough. Waste is scarred surrounding
containers.
 At some discharge points, only orange color-containers for inorganic waste are provided.
 An enterprise of Hanoi URENCO has encouraged residents to keep the SS by approaching
clusters of residential groups.
The current conditions of the SS in each model area are shown in the following table.
Table 4-3 Current situations of the SS in each model area

district)
Conditions of ++ ++ + +
waste separated ● Some residents ● Some residents ● Waste ● Waste
into collection still separate still separate discharged into discharged into
containers waste. waste. containers is containers is
almost mixed. almost mixed.
Conditions of ++ ++ + +
waste discharged ● Comparatively ● Comparatively ● Waste is ● Waste is
on the road few people few people scattered scattered
discharge waste discharge waste especially especially
on the road or on the road or surrounding surrounding
pavement. pavement. markets. markets.
Activities of ++ +++ ++ ++
communities ● A residential
group keeps
self-instruction
at their
discharge point.
*Now this
activity is not
30 ▐
district)
conducted
because of
relocation of the
residential area.
Collection service ++ ++ + +
● Sometimes ● Sometimes ● Almost of days, ● Almost of days,
collection of collection of collection of collection of
waste starts waste starts waste starts waste starts
before finish before finish before finish before finish
time of waste time of waste time of waste time of waste
discharge. discharge. discharge. discharge.
● The number of ● The number of ● The number of ● The number of
collection collection collection collection
containers is containers is containers is containers is
lack (due to lack (due to lack very much lack very much
budgetary budgetary (due to (due to
issue). issue). budgetary budgetary
issue). issue).
● In comparatively ● In comparatively
many points, many points,
only orange only orange
color-containers color-containers
are provided. are provided.
Activities of ++ +++ ++ ++
enterprise ● Enterprise 3
holds events to
encourage
residents to
separate waste
or not to
discharge waste
on the road in
collaboration
with clusters of
residential
groups.
(Note) ++++: excellent, +++: some good points, ++ fair or some bad points, +: poor or bad
(2) Measures for improvement

 Establishment regular tasks of ward and district for the SS
 Establishment of a concrete formation to implement the SS
 Change in the contract for the SS
 Change in job description of collection workers from sweeping waste to instruction to waste
generators
 Recruit and training of collection workers for instruction to waste generators
 Reconsideration of the type of collection containers and the whole collection system
 Improvement of collection service by carrying waste to transfer stations or pre-treatment
facilities
 Introduction of economic incentives to composting plants
 Enhancement of Environmental Education
 Enhancement of instructions to large-scale establishments
 Establishment of instructions to collective housings
 Introduction of economic incentives to residents for the SS
 Budgetary arrangement for the SS
▌ 31
4.2 Activity 2-2. (Deleted.)
This activity in which the master plan development was stated was deleted, because it has been
developed before the project was commenced.
4.3 Activity 2-3. Make advice and recommendations on the implementation

of Hanoi solid waste treatment master plan, including public awareness
raising activities
(1) Activity 2-3-1. Development of an implementation plan for Hanoi City

The implementation plan for 1) domestic waste, 2) construction waste and 3) septic tank sludge
was developed according to the target wastes of this Project. The contents can be summarized
below.
(2) Activity 2-3-2. Proposal on domestic waste management
a) “Waste Crisis” in Hanoi

Hanoi City is facing the shortage of landfill capacity. It is very critical for Hanoi City to secure
treatment capacities so as to maintain solid waste management, based on the Master Plan. If the
facilities can be constructed in accordance with the Master Plan, sold waste management in
Hanoi City would be sustainable. However, it should not be forgot that any SWM treatment
facilities have a risk not to be constructed in an expected schedule due to various reasons
including difficulties in public consensus making.
Any delays of treatment facility constructions in Nam Son SWM Complex and other complexes
might result in shortage of the total landfill capacity. Under this circumstances, waste cannot be
treated properly. Wastes might be uncollected and left in towns, and even if they are collected,
they would be piled up somewhere. This can be called as a “Crisis”.
In this report, the probability of “Crisis” was estimated by giving various parameters related to
landfill capacities in 15 years. The crisis risk of the Hanoi Master Plan case as the base case
was estimated to be 90%. This means that the total landfill capacity would likely be short due
to any unexpected delays of complex constructions and other various conditions.
32 ▐
1.0
0.9
0.8
Accumulated Probability
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Standard Value=-14million cu.m/15 years
Expected Value=-103 million cu.m/15 years 0.1
0.0
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100
Balance (million cu.m/15 years)
Figure 4-1 Risk curve of Master Plan implementation (which shows the probability of
“Crisis” happening)
For avoiding such crisis, combination of two measures can be proposed. They are 1)
constructing 1.5 times capacity of intermediate facilities, and 2) one year earlier opening of
landfills than intermediate treatment facilities in a complex. By these measure, the “Crisis” risk
can be reduced to nearly zero.
Figure 4-2 Risk curve taking the measures in addition to the Master Plan
The crisis probability depends on various conditions. All of these parameters have to be
monitored and controlled in order to avoid the crisis. It is recommendable to set up a taskforce
to monitor and control all related parameters including the progresses of the complex
▌ 33
development as well as waste reduction projects. By considering the seriousness, it can be
proposed that the taskforce will be chaired by a top management of Hanoi City.
b) Domestic waste collection and transportation

This report addresses how Hanoi city and its subsidiary organizations find implications and
make decision on introduction of the new collection and transportation systems including
source separation and transfer station. Cost simulation tools were developed and utilized for
optimal solution. The conclusion and proposal can be summarized below.
i) About the source separation (SS)
 Compared to composting of commingled-waste without the SS, around 10% of the total
SWM cost is reduced by introduction of the SS. If this 10% gap can be felt bigger, the SS
should be introduced.
 Under the condition that collection areas are thinly-populated and distance from collection
areas to a facility is comparatively shorter, collection cost would be increased very much by
introduction of the SS because the ratio of collection distance in a collection area per trip to
transportation distance from a collection area to a facility is higher. Therefore, in rural areas
which are thinly-populated, not the SS with collection service but on-site composting would
be cost-effective approach.
ii) About transfer station
 It is difficult to expect great reduction in collection cost by introduction of a transfer station.
There may be possibility to increase in total collection cost according to higher initial cost
of a transfer station.
 If reduction in collection cost is required, a transfer station should be built at minimum
facility cost and located near collection areas as close as possible. It should be located from
collection areas averagely from several kilometers within 10 kilometers.
 However, advantages to introduce a transfer station are not only to reduce cost but also to
reduce burden of drivers of collection vehicle. Even though it is difficult to secure cost
reduction in waste collection, to introduce a transfer station may be meaningful if it
contributes to improvement of working conditions of drivers who are engaged in waste
collections service. It may also become an incentive for them to keep collection time of the
SS.
iii) Waste pre-treatment such as composting and incineration
 In order to reduce transportation cost more, pre-treatment facilities, such as composting or
incinerators, should be built comparatively near collection areas same as transfer stations.
 If location of a waste treatment complex with technological combination, including a transfer
station, is already decided, collection areas where waste is collected and transported to the
complex should be selected from areas located within several or 10km from the complex.
 Technological combinations should be carefully designed in consideration of initial and
running cost of each technology in order to avoid increase in the total SWM cost.
 Even though the total SWM cost is increased by introduction of a technological combination,
if the additional cost is acceptable and higher reduction rate of landfilled waste is expected,
investment for the technological combination should be facilitated.
(3) Activity 2-3-3. Construction waste
a) Estimation of the amount of construction waste

The amount of construction waste can be estimated as shown in Table 4-4. For this estimation,
the formula developed in this report was used.
34 ▐
Table 4-4 Estimation of construction waste in Hanoi in 2013
Ton per year Ton per day
Component rate
(million ton) (thousand ton)
Waste from public civil works Unsure Unsure -
Waste from private civil works 1.1-3.2 2.9-8.8 40-52%
Waste from new buildings 0.23 0.62 4-5%
Waste from building demolishing works 1.4-2.8 3.8-7.6 44-51%
Total 2.7-6.2 7.3-17.0 100%
b) Issues and solutions on construction waste

The issues regarding construction waste management in Hanoi were identified through data
analysis and site visits. They can be summarized as:
 Some of them are dumped illegally, but the amount if unsure,
 Even in the registered landfills for construction waste, some polluted places are observed,
and
 The technical standard for recycling construction waste such as mixed waste of concrete,
bricks and soil does not exist.
The implications for solving these issues were discussed and the target waste and target path
were identified as shown in Figure 4-3.
The implications were drawn as:
 Understanding on the current situations more,
 Generating discarding rules including source separation program,
 Legal arrangement ranging from discarding to final disposal, and
 Developing any required facilities.
The report on the issues and implications was developed.
Figure 4-3 Target construction waste and target flow for change in Hanoi
(4) Activity 2-3-4. Septic tank sludge

In the same manner as the construction waste in Hanoi, the issues and implications were
▌ 35
identified. The amount of generated septic tank sludge is estimated as 500 ton per day, but only
50 ton per day is collected and treated in the treatment facility in Cau Dien. The current flow of
the septic tank sludge in Hanoi is summarized as the following figure. The target septic tank
sludge is the one collected by private collectors and to induce them to the treatment facility in
Cau Dien.
The implications were drawn as:
 Talking with the private collectors,
 Raising public awareness,
 Monitoring the treatment facility in Cau Dien for evaluation,
 Development of regulations in Hanoi,
 Strengthening inspection system, and
 Future facility development.
Appropriate
Septic tank sludge Collected by treatment
generation URENCO (Cau Dien TP,
landfill)
Compost
Fish farm
Collected by
private collectors
Illegal discharge into

rivers, ponds and
lakes
Figure 4-4 Current flow of septic tank sludge in Hanoi City
(5) Activity 2-3-5. Implement the initial stage of 5-year prioritized projects regarding
domestic waste management ((a) Improvement of collection and transportation (b)
Comprehensive monitoring of Master Plan implementation, (c) Proposal of required
treatment facilities, (d) Establishment of "Modernizing Waste Management Office for
Avoiding Crisis”)
a) “Facility Development Plan”

Hanoi City is facing the shortage of landfill capacity. It is very critical for Hanoi City to secure
treatment capacities so as to maintain solid waste management, based on the Master Plan. Any
delays of treatment facility constructions in Nam Son SWM Complex and other complexes
might result in shortage of the total landfill capacity. Under this circumstances, waste cannot be
treated properly. Wastes might be uncollected and left in towns, and even if they are collected,
they would be piled up somewhere. This can be called as a “Crisis”.
For Hanoi, the “Facility Development Plan” was developed for avoiding the crisis. The plan
can be summarize below.
i) Proposed required facilities
 The following facilities are necessary to be constructed.
Site Proposed capacity Expected open year
Soc Son 2,000 t/day 2020
Ta Thanh Oai 1,500 t/day 2021
36 ▐
Site Proposed capacity Expected open year
Xuan Son 500 t/day 2022
Dong Ke 1,500 t/day 2022
ii) Staff to be assigned by Hanoi for construction and operation

 The following numbers of persons have to be assigned by Hanoi for their constructions and
operations.
Site Required man-power
(Persons)
Soc Son 10
Ta Thanh Oai 10
Xuan Son 8
Dong Ke 10
iii) Required investment cost and budget sources

 The following investment costs are necessary to construct the facilities.
 30 % of the total investment cost has to be covered by equity and remaining 70 % has to be
covered by soft loans.
 The equity can be divided to investors, ODA donners and Hanoi City.
Investment cost
Site
(B VND)
Soc Son 4,400
Ta Thanh Oai 3,300
Xuan Son 1,100
Dong Ke 3,300
Total 12,100
iv) Operation cost

 Total operation cost for four incinerators is 1,270 billion VND per year.
 The service price to be paid to the investors is 800 thousand VND per waste-ton.
v) Crisis avoidance probability
 The crisis avoidance probability considering any delays of those project was estimated to be
50 %.
vi) Recommendations
 The proposed facility development have to be realized for avoiding waste crisis.
 Hanoi City has to show its commitments including man-power assignment, participation in
investment by equity payment and ODA mobilization.
b) Development of Hanoi’s Decision on domestic waste management

The facility development cannot solely solve the Hanoi’s solid waste issues. Comprehensive
approach for making the most of the facilities to be developed is important. Also, under the new
Decree of No. 38/2016/NĐ-CP, it is necessary to amend the Hanoi’s Decision on solid waste
management so as to be consistent to the new Decree.
From these contexts, the draft decision for Hanoi was proposed. The proposals can be
summarized below.
Table 4-5 Fundamental principles and major activities to modernize DSWM in Hanoi
Components of the decision Principles with recommendations
of DSWM
(PI) Planning and Development of workable countermeasures is the most important purpose
implementing DSWM of planning of DSWM.
 Stipulate activities that are financially practical and can be yearly
monitored with indicators.
(MS) Management of DSW Management of discharge of DSW at source is the foundation for all of
at source DSWM.
 Thoroughly implement management of discharge of DSW at source
▌ 37
Components of the decision Principles with recommendations
of DSWM
(including reflection of instruction by DSW collection companies to waste
generators to the contract).
Instructions to big waste generators at source are effective to prevent

generation of DSW in quantitative terms.
 Oblige big waste generators to submit a plan on business’s DSW
reduction at source (Plan on 3R@Source).
Countermeasures for new collective housings in planning stage of their

buildings are effective to control future amount of DSW.
 Regulate necessary equipment and facilities to manage DSW at source
of new collective housings with financial mechanism.
(PI) Public Involvement Introduction of intensive activities for public involvement effectively
enables to realize a specific purpose.
 Conduct PR and EE to intensively promote management DSW at
source in addition to national level and city-level legal documents and
plans.
(IP) Investment promotion Establishment of investment environment by clarifying criteria and
procedures is contributes to calling good investors.
 Develop a guidance manual for investors of DSW treatment facilities.
(CR) Cost recovery Clarification of cost recovery contributes to smooth financial arrangement.
 Develop a cost recovery table to clarify cost based on the service price
and how to recover the cost which are born by waste generators and
subsidized by districts or Hanoi city.
(IS) Incentive system In addition to direct regulations, application of incentive systems enable to
effectively motivate stakeholders to practice appropriate DSWM.
 Design and introduce mechanisms to award or recognize individuals,
organizations and communities that contribute to good practices in DSWM
(Green awards/ 3R promotion business entities).
 Economic incentive should be studied and considered.
(MI) Monitoring and Intensive monitoring and inspection based on information from field is
inspection effective.
 Develop a monitoring and inspection system by collecting information
from filed, especially for discharge of waste on pavements or roads.
(AE) Affairs of EIA Secure implementation of EIA promotes understanding of residents for
DSW treatment facilities.
 Certify and adjust certification related to DSW treatment facilities under
EIA.
(FS) Financial scheme Establishment of a funding scheme for enhancing capacity of treatment of
DSW is urgently required.
 Establish a funding scheme for district level and inter-district level for
DSWM.
Advanced knowledge ensures dissemination of advanced treatment

technologies and management of DSW.
 Arrange budget to accumulate knowledge and information on
technology and management of DSW treatment in Hanoi city.
(RS) Reporting system Comprehensive and integral reporting system of data and information
DSWM enables swift and appropriate making decisions on issues of
DSWM.
 Establish monthly and annual reporting system by clarifying contents
and formation.
 Publish a white paper on DSWM in Hanoi.
(IA) Institutional Intensive enhancement and strengthening of organizations secure
arrangements implementation of countermeasures corresponding to priority issues.
Establish Hanoi Modernizing Waste Management Committee under
chairperson of HPC and establishment of Solid Waste Management
division under DOC.
 Reinforce needed personnel and enhance capacity of staff to soundly
arrange investment of DSW treatment facilities.
 Strengthen roles of districts, wards and social unions to promote
management of DSW at source.
Source: JET of VWP
38 ▐
c) Updating of “Waste Crisis Probability” in Hanoi
The calculation method of the “Waste Crisis Probability” mentioned above was shared with
Hanoi City and updated basically once in three months under supports from JICA Experts.
(6) Activity 2-3-6. Implement the initial stage of 5-year pilot projects ((a) Establishment of
technical standards for recycle products of construction waste, (b) Construction, O&M
of recycle plants, (c) Utilization of recycled products at construction works)
How to realize the recycling plant proposed as the prioritized project in the phase I of VWP was
discussed, and the document of “Call for Proposal” for the investment of the recycling plant
was developed. Also, the Hanoi’s regulation for construction waste was drafted. Both
documents were incorporated in the report on construction waste of Annex 2-9.
(7) Activity 2-3-7. Implement the initial stage of 5-year pilot projects ((a) Clarify the
availability of Cau Dien Treatment Plant (TP), (b) STS collection into Cau Dien TP, (c)
Expansion plan in whole Hanoi City) for STS including sewage sludge
Based on the report in the phase I of VWP, the series of discussions on how private collectors
were involved were made. In the report, one meeting inviting the private collectors was
proposed, but through the discussions later, it is better to visit the private collectors and explain
them the importance to transport septic tank sludge to the Cau Dien Treatment Facility.
However, such visiting activities are not made so far. Seeking any chances to visit the private
collectors will be continued.
4.4 Activity 2-4. Make technical advice to select the site for target SWM
complexes in accordance with Hanoi solid waste treatment master plan,
and conduct a pre-feasibility study for the selected target SWM complex,
in particular for municipal solid waste part.
(1) Activity 2-4-1. Selection of the target site for the Pre-FS
The Pre-FS was conducted targeting Soc Son. The summary is shown below. This study
proposes to carry out two projects step by step as described below.
(2) Activity 2-4-2. Development of the Pre-FS
a) Outline
i) Project A
 component: 500 ton/day incineration plant with energy recovery accompanied by LFMR
 project site: within the area of 17 ha, Phase II North, planned for treatment facilities
 schedule: 2016-18 design and construction; 2019 operation start
ii) Project B
 component: 1000 ton/day incineration plant with energy recovery
 project site: the same as Project A
 schedule: 2019-2021 design and construction; 2022 operation start
▌ 39
b) Effects
i) Life period of the landfill
 Prolonged until 2030 (assumption: landfill capacity expansion within the complex be carried
out and other treatment facilities planned in the Hanoi Master Plan be developed.)
ii) GHG
 Project A reduces 1.9 million tCO2e and Project B does 4.0 million tCO2e for 20 years.
c) Feasibility
i) Cost
 Project A: 4,940,965 million VND
construction 2,338,082 million VND
operation and maintenance 2,602,883 million VND for 20 years
 Project B: 7,724,572 million VND
construction 3,740,928 million VND
operation and maintenance 3,983,644 million VND for 20 years
ii) Additional cost
Comparing to the current cost for landfilling, additional costs of 88,000 million VND/year from
2019 and 166,130 million VND/year from 2022 will incur in the case of 50% subsidy for
construction cost and 6.5% IRR.
d) Tipping fee
Unit: VND/waste- ton
Project Year 1-5 Year 6-10 Year 11-20
A 710,000 1,065,000 1,278,000
B 445,000 668,000 801,000
In the case of 50% subsidy for construction cost and 6.5% IRR
e) Necessity of subsidy and preferential loan

Construction of the incineration plants is quite costly. It is considerably difficult for investors
to procure enough money for covering the whole construction cost, and it is quite risky. Use of
Official Development Aid, whichever bilateral or multilateral, will be a solution. For example,
Japanese ODA offers preferential loan, 0.3% or less, for projects in the field of Global
Environmental Problems and Climate Change. In addition, Joint Crediting Mechanism may be
applicable, and reduction of GHG emissions can be counted as credits in the future.
f) Public Private Partnership

A new norm on PPP has come into effect, Decree 15/2015/ND-CP. The projects can be carried
out in this scheme. In the process of implementation of the projects, detailed norms and/or
guidelines to be applied for other large scale incinerators with energy recovery can be developed.
Also, knowledge and skills acquired by persons concerned will be utilized for other projects.
g) As a Model Project
The projects will function as model projects. Especially Project A, it will be the first large scale
incinerator with energy recovery, the first PPP project supported by ODA and the first JCM
applied project in the field of solid waste treatment. And above all, it will function as a model
of environmentally sound incinerators and earn the trust of citizens in the solid waste
management of the Hanoi City.
40 ▐
4.5 Activity 2-5. Study the investment promotion for the construction of target
SWM complex, such as BOT, PFI, PPP etc.
This activity will be implemented based on the result of Activity 2-4.
4.6 Activity 2-6. Learn the lessons of planning and implementation of Hanoi
solid waste treatment master plan, in particular on municipal solid waste
management.
(1) Domestic solid waste
a) Bridging plan between the master plan and feasibility studies is necessary.
For Hanoi City, it is very important to bridge the master plan and facility designs to be planned
as pre-feasibility studies or feasibility studies. A plan to bridge these two steps is important.
Many facilities are planned in the master plan, but any specific scales and development timings
are not clearly mentioned. This would be reasonable, because the purpose of the master plan is
just to show the directions.
Feasibility studies specify details such as scales, development timings and required costs. But
they do not give the optimal development orders from the perspective looking over all required
facilities. It is very important to consider which facility is to be developed first and when to be
developed. This is also very important from the financial viewpoints. How to allocate the budget
to the years for development has to be considered from the efficient point of view, avoiding any
concentration of money input.
From the above context, the “Facility Development Plan” was developed in this Project for
bridging the master plan and the feasibility studies before focusing on one facility. In any
cities/provinces which need to develop the series of facilities in the area, such facility
development plan would be effective for specifying the facility development orders. After
development of such plan, the facility developments can proceed to the next step.
b) Condition arrangements for functioning the treatment facilities are necessary.

There are so many things to do for securing the proper facility operations. What kind of source
separations are necessary? How can be the target wastes reduced? How and where are the waste
transported? These points have to be secured under the master plan. However, as mentioned
above, the master plan can specify only the direction. Here, it is pointed that any specific matters
have to be made clear by other means.
From this context, in this Project, a Hanoi’s Decision was proposed and drafted. The draft
mentions to management of waste at sources, public education, cost recovery and monitoring
system. One of the highlighted points is that it mentions to the waste handling in large buildings.
In Japan, the bylaws of cities specify the responsibilities of building owners in terms of waste
management. Building owners have to submit their waste handling plans containing waste
manager assignments and preparation of waste storage yard inside the buildings.
The needs to control big buildings will be higher in accordance to the increasing needs to reduce
waste.
c) “Crisis probability” is a good tool for managing the master plan implementation.
In Hanoi City which is facing the shortage of the landfill capacity, the treatment facility
development is an urgent policy issue. If the facilities are to be developed according to the
▌ 41
master plan, no crisis in solid waste management happens. However, it is reminded that any
solid waste treatment facilities development will be delayed due to various reasons including
public protests, shortage of money and investor selections. Facility developments imply any
uncertain factors.
These uncertainties can be described with probabilities for calculating one index of “Crisis
Probability”. This index can express the overall situations numerically to be useful for the
policy makers.
(2) Construction waste
a) Construction waste can be used as recycled materials.

Demolition waste stream is presently unsure, while road constructions buy natural materials. If
the demolition waste is treated properly, the road constructions can receive it as the recycled
materials with the same price. Also, the recycling plant could get the same price as paid to the
construction waste landfill.
According to the money balance estimation, such recycling plants are possible economically. It
is recommendable to develop such recycling plants covering the whole Hanoi.
b) Bricks mixed in demolition waste have to be considered when recycled.

It is pointed out that the demolition waste of Vietnam contains a lot of bricks. This point has to
be considered when the recycling plant is planned. Also, related standards of the recycled
materials have to consider this point.
c) Any new regulations are necessary for changing the construction waste steam.
Not all construction waste is disposed of the specific landfill. Much of them might be used for
informal land reclamations. Without controlling this waste stream, the recycling plan will not
be able to get enough construction waste. It is very important to regulate demolition sites for
controlling the waste stream from the sites.
(3) Septic tank sludge
a) Directory development of the private collectors is the first step.

Septic tank sludge is conventionally collected by individual collectors or small private
companies. The waste stream after collected is also unsure. Even their profiles including office
locations are not sure. It is very important to develop the directory of them first.
b) Regulations on the private collectors are not easy.

Considering the nature of such collectors, it is very difficult to control their behavior. Only
regulation including restriction cannot work well. It is recommendable to start from pulling up
some good collectors which can be connected with some registrations or licensing systems.
42 ▐
5. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT ACTIVITIES (OUTPUT 3. TECHNICAL
SUPPORT CAPACITY OF MOC FOR PREPARATION OF ISWM MASTER
PLAN, IN PARTICULAR FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SECTOR, IS ENHANCED THROUGH MODEL PROVINCE)
5.1 Activity 3-1. Implement “Capacity Assessment” for existing SWM in the
model Province
Several provinces were evaluated and Thua Thien Hue Province was selected as the model
province in the first JCC meeting.
5.2 Activity 3-2. Provide technical assistance for the local government of the
model Province on the preparation/upgraded of ISWM Master Plan in
particular for municipal solid waste management sector, which will be
submitted to local government of selected city/ province
(1) Thua Thien Hue Province Integrated Solid Waste Management Master Plan
a) Conditions for the formulation

The Master Plan for Thua Thien Hue Province was formulated under the following conditons.
 Target area: The whole Thua Thien Hue Province
 Target waste:
- Domestic waste (ordinary domestic waste and hazardous domestic waste)
- Ordinary industrial and medical waste
- Hazardous industrial waste
- Hazardous medical waste
- Hazardous agricultural waste
- Construction waste
- Septic tank sludge
- Drainage sludge.
 Target year: 2030 toward year 2050
b) Contents
The Master Plan contains not only facility construction project but also public involvement,
emphasizing the importance on such educational programs. Also, the management aspects such
as the institutional aspects, the financial aspects, the data management and the master plan
rolling were emphasized.
In the Master Plan, eight prioritized project toward the integrated solid waste management were
proposed.
 Chapter 1. Foreword
 Chapter 2. Natural and socio-economic conditions
 Chapter 3. Current solid waste management system
 Chapter 4. Summary of related strategies, plans and regulations of solid waste treatment
 Chapter 5. Planning criteria and technical standards
▌ 43
 Chapter 6. Master plan on solid waste management till 2030, vision to 2050
- Conceptual model for planning
- Planning for domestic waste management
- Planning for hazardous waste management
- Planning for other waste management
- To be achieved by year 2030
- Prioritized projects till 2020
 Chapter 7. Master plan implementation
- Master plan management
- Institutional management
- Financial management
- Data and information management
- Public involvement
- Disbursement plan
- Expected Investment cost for construction and implementation financial source
 Chapter 8. Strategic environmental assessment
c) Summary map
In the Master Plan, two centralized complexes composed of a composting/incineration and a
landfill were proposed in Phu Son (to be opened in 2018) and Huong Binh (to be opened in
2021).
44 ▐
Figure 5-1 Summary map of the Thua Thien Hue Master Plan
▌ 45
d) Prioritized project list
The following prioritized projects were proposed.
 Prioritized Project 1. Promotion of community-based composting
 Prioritized Project 2. Promotion of 3Rs through collaboration with businesses
 Prioritized Project 3. Pilot trial for source separation
 Prioritized Project 4. Facility development in Phu Son and Huong Binh
 Prioritized Project 5. Cement feeding
 Prioritized Project 6. SW Integral Committee for implementation of the master plan
 Prioritized Project 7. "White Paper" development
 Prioritized Project 8. Introduction of comprehensive financial system
(2) Planning notes through formulating the Master Plan in Thua Thien Hue Province
This report contains the following recommendation points found through planning activities for
the solid waste management master plan of Thua Thien Hue Province.
 to improve master plans so as to make master plans more effective
 to add some implication to be considered in master plans referring to Japanese experiences
 to consider toward more comprehensive and integrated master plans
In detail, the following points were mentioned.
 Planning notes regarding amount of waste
- Planning criteria should be set properly.
- Why are not weighbridge data used to estimate the present amount of waste?
- Why are generation rates fixated so much?
- How is the collection rate defined?
- How is the amount of collected (discarded) waste per capita per day calculated?
 Planning notes regarding master plan frameworks
- It is not a solid waste planning but a sectorial urban planning.
- How much resources are to be allocated to explain regional situations?
 Planning notes regarding numerical targets
- Numerical targets have to be set so as to see the roadmap to achieve.
- Numerical targets have to be set comprehensively by using a concept model so as to cover
all policies.
- Numerical target indexes have to be set so as to monitor them.
 Planning notes regarding contents of master plans
- Is the description of a SWM system to be generated by the target year enough?
- Master plans should contain not only facility construction plans but also various necessary
measures for improving solid waste management.
- Are site selections must?
- Source separation programs themselves cannot be a target, but it is an instrument.
- Public involvement is the key for Vietnam.
 Planning instruments
- A spreadsheet describing the “waste stream” can be utilized as an effective planning
instrument.
- Simulation models including the waste collection simulator are used for the power tools
for planning.
 Planning notes for institutional aspects
- How to coordinate with districts coordinated by provinces?
 Planning notes for formation for master plan formulation
- Whose master plan?
46 ▐
5.3 Activity 3-3. Provide technical assistance for the initiation of
implementing ISWM Master Plan in particular for municipal solid waste
management sector.
(1) Activity 3-3-1. Monitor the initial stage of implementation of the participatory 3R
prioritized projects regularly ((a) Promotion of community-based composting, (b)
Promotion of 3Rs through collaboration with businesses, (c) Pilot trial for source
separation) conducted by TTH province
The progress of the Prioritized Project can be summarized in the following table.
Table 5-1 Progress of the Prioritized Project in Thua Thien Hue Province (1)
Project/ Target site Progresses as of Dec. 2017 Future issues as
Implementation of Dec. 2017
1-1. Promotion of ● Huong Xuan ● Households were asked to separate ● How to utilize the
community-based Commune (80 organic waste. compost may be
composting households) ● Organic waste is collected by the effective for
commune three times a week by a special further
bicycle. participation.
● Collected organic waste is sent to the

compost bin inside the commune.
● The commune managed the compost bin.
● Organic waste inside the bin is being

fermented.
● Good quality compost is being produced.
▌ 47
● Quang Tho ● The local market inside the commune was ● The amount of
Commune (270 involved as an organic waste source. collected organic
households) waste is small,
what results in
low fermentation
temperature.
● The similar
collection system
to Huong Xuan is
expected.
● The kindergarten inside the commune

was involved as an organic waste source.
● Different from Huong Xuan Commune,

organic waste is collected together with
waste. At the loading place to
transportation vehicles, organic waste is
taken out and sent to the compost bin.
1-2. Promotion of ● Recyclables ● Office workers were asked to separate ● Going well
3Rs through separation in their recyclables into beverage containers
collaboration with offices in HCC and paper.
businesses building ● Two collection boxes for recyclables were
placed in each floor.
● The boxes were placed in a higher place
for differencing from the waste box. This
differentiation policy were intended to
appeal their minds.
● Office paper ● Two kinds of boxes were placed inside ● Going well
separation in rooms. One is for single-side used paper
Department of and another one is for both-side used
Construction of paper. Using empty boxes for copy paper
Thua Thien were prepared.
Hue Province
48 ▐
● End-of-life dry ● A collection container for end-of-life dry ● Going well

battery battery was placed inside the office of
collection in HEPCO.
HEPCO
● The workers of HEPCO were asked to

bring their end-of-life dry batteries from
their houses.
● Residents living in the surrounding area
were also involved.
● End-of-life dry ● A collection container for end-of-life dry ● Going well
battery battery was placed inside the hotel.
collection in a
hotel of “La
Residence”
● The workers of the hotel were asked to

their houses.
● This program was managed as one of the
CSR program of the hotel.
● End-of life dry ● This hotel was introduced by “La ● Going well
battery Residence” hotel.
collection in a ● A collection container for end-of-life dry
hotel of battery was placed inside the hotel.
“Indochine
hotel”
● The workers of the hotel were asked to

their houses.
▌ 49
● Waste ● Waste separation boxes were placed ● Separation
separation in a inside the classrooms. system has to be
secondary ● The students were asked to bring their improved.
school of waste containers separately. ● More
“Nguyen Tri participatory
Phuong” programs are
possible to
educate the
students.
● Beverage containers were also collected

in the canteen.
● The school linked to other related

activities such as a design contest for the
waste bins and crafts using recyclables.
● DOET (Department of Education and

Training) of Thua Thien Hue Province
disseminated to other schools.
1-3. Pilot trial for ● Recyclable ● Before the program, the waste ● The system has
source separation separation in management situation was bad. to be monitored
an apartment and improved, as
of “VICOLAND” this program has
(300 just started.
households)
50 ▐
● Beverage containers, metals and paper

were targeted.
● The waste bin was cleaned up.
(2) Activity 3-3-2. "Monitor the initial stage of implementation of the prioritized projects
promoting integrated solid waste management regularly ((a) Facility development,(b)
Cement feeding, (c) SW Integral Committee, (d) Instruction material for
implementation of Master Plan*) conducted by TTH province
Table 5-2 Progress of the Prioritized Project in Thua Thien Hue Province (2)
Project/ Progress as of Dec. 2017 Future issues as of Dec. 2017
Implementation
4. Facility development in Phu ● Zoning plans for Phu Son and ● Final selection of an investor for
Son and Huong Binh Huong Binh a treatment facility in Phu Son
● Investor selection for a treatment ● Conclusion of a kind of
facility in Phu Son “Memorandum of Understanding”
● Coordination with Fukuoka between Fukuoka Prefecture and
Prefecture regarding semi- Thua Thien Hue Province
aerobic landfill development in regarding the future cooperation
Phu Son (phase 2) and Huong from Fukuoka Prefecture
Binh
● Technical workshop inviting
Japanese experts
5. Cement feeding ● Coordination with Luks Cement ● Further discussion on cement
feeding after completion of a
treatment facility in Phu Son
▌ 51
Project/ Progress as of Dec. 2017 Future issues as of Dec. 2017
Implementation
● Chemical analysis on incineration
ash for feeding to a cement
manufacturing process
● Technical workshop inviting
Japanese experts
6. SW Integral Committee for ● Three times committee ● Final committee to be held in
implementation of the master Jan. 2018
plan
Instruction 7-1. “Data ● Development of “Data Book ● Continuous data compilation
materials Book” 2015” and “Data Book 2016” ● Full utilization of data books
for development containing data/information on
implement solid waste management of Thua
ation of Thien Hue Province
master 7-2. ● Proposal of a financial system for ● Building of a financial system for
plan Introduction of a regional solid waste Phu Son and Huong Binh
comprehensive management
financial
system
(3) Future expansion plan of the prioritized projects

The Steering Committee for the implementation of the master plan concluded to continue and
expand the prioritized projects. The expansion plan is attached as Annex 3-4 summarized in the
following table.
The required cost to expand the prioritized project was estimated and incorporated in the Annex.
Here, the Steering Committee (corresponding to “6. SW Integral Committee”) is a meeting
chaired by the Vice Chairperson of Thua Thien Hue Province, composed of related department
and aiming at implementing the solid waste management master plan.
52 ▐
Table 5-3 Expansion plan for the prioritized project
Program Commenced in 2018 2019 2020
the project
PP1 Community- ● Huong Xuan Two more Two more Two more
based ● Quang Tho communities communities communities
composting
PP2-1 Recycling in Nguyen Tri Two more Two more Two more
schools Phuong schools schools schools
Secondary
School
PP2-2 Dry-battery ● La residence Three more Three more Three more
collection hotel entities entities entities
● Indochina hotel
● HEPCO
PP2-3 Separation in HCC building Two more Two more Two more
office buildings buildings buildings buildings
PP2-4 Paper separation DOC Several Half provincial All provincial
in governmental departments offices offices
offices
PP3 Separation in Vicoland One more One more One more
apartments apartment apartment apartment
PP4 Treatment facility ● Landfill ● Expected open Preparation for Start construction
development construction in year for Phu Huong Binh in Huong Binh
Phu Son Son Treatment (PMU) (PMU)
● Calling for Facility (PMU)
investors for ● Calling for
Phu Son proposals for
● Zoning plan for Huong Binh
Huong Binh (PMU)
● Collaboration
with Fukuoka
Prefecture for a
semi-aerobic
landfill in Huong
Binh
PP5 Cement feeding ● Chemical ● Consultation Cont. Discussion on
analysis with a cement feeding from
● Consultation factory based Huong Binh
with cement on the residue
factories itself
● Negotiation on
the cost
● Feeding started
after test
feeding
PP6 Databook Databook 2015 ● Development of ● Development of ● Development of
Databook 2017 Databook 2018 Databook 2019
● Experience ● Experience ● Experience
exchange exchange exchange
meeting meeting meeting
PP7 Regional financial Basic design Detail design for Cont. Detail design for
system for Phu Phu Son and Huong Binh
Son and Huong application
Binh
ST Steering Two times Two times Two times ● Two times
Committee ● Evaluation on
MP
(4) “Experience Exchange Meeting” among participants

A workshop was held on November 27, 2017 for sharing the experiences of the participants in
the participatory recycling of community-based composting, 3Rs in business entities and source
separation in an apartments.
The place was selected from a participants: “La Residence” Hotel.
After the meeting, the participants visited the Thuy Phuong Landfill for sharing the situation.
▌ 53
Figure 5-2 Participants in the “Experience Exchange Meeting”
5.4 Activity 3-4 Formulate the guiding reference for ISWM Master Plan
formulation based on the activities of 3-2 and 3-3
It is pointed out that most of the master plans in Vietnam only specify the locations of the
facilities to be constructed. Specific scales and timing of development securing the systematic
approach to facility developments are not mentioned. Also, analysis on future waste amount
projection and comparison of possible SWM options are not scientific. Thirdly, some important
aspects such as public participation are lacked.
Through the experiences to develop a comprehensive master plan in Thua Thien Hue Province
in VWP, this guiding reference was developed for the Cities/Provinces, covering the above
mentioned points.
The guiding reference explains how and what to be planned along the following planning steps.
Some scientific planning tools used for Thua Thien Hue Province were introduced. Many
examples drawn from the master plan of Thua Thien Hue Province were incorporated for easier
understanding of the users.
 Step 1: Identification of the segmented issues
 Step 2: Calculation and projection of the amount of waste
 Step 3: Solutions to each segmented issue
 Step 4: Numerical targets setting
 Step 5: Integration of all solutions in the form of MP
 Step 6: Financial and institutional arrangement
 Step 7: Prioritized projects
54 ▐
6. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT ACTIVITIES (OUTPUT 0. PROJECT
MANAGEMENT)
6.1 Activity 0-1. Development of project publicity media

Several paper media were developed. They are 1) the newsletter of this Project, 2) “Vietnam
Waste at a Glance” which contains the some aggregated data obtained by the data collection
form and 3) “Handbooks” introducing SWM related information.
Three volume of newsletters were issued. Two materials of “Vietnam Waste at a Glance”
containing 2015 data and 2016 data were issued. Three kinds of “Handbooks” and two more
documents were printed. They are
 Handbook 1 “Domestic Solid Waste Policy in Japan”
 Handbook 2 “Catalogue of ‘Guiding References’ on Solid Waste Management”
 Handbook 3 “Participatory Recycling – A Step for Source Separation”
 Introduction of “Key Legal Documents on Solid Waste Management in Vietnam”
 Pamphlet “Issues and Challenges of domestic SWM in Vietnam”
All documents were developed in Vietnamese and English.
6.2 Activity 0-2. Capacity assessment
(1) Capacity assessment (1)

The capacity assessment was conducted to the counterparts including Thua Thien Hue Province.
a) Capacity assessment plan

Capacity assessment plan was developed as summarized below.
i) Capacities to be developed
Based on the PDM, the capacities to be developed can be condensed as below.
 For MOC
Capacity to identify local issues and draw solutions
Capacity to propose supporting policies
Capacity to monitor progresses of policies
Capacity to review local policies
 For Hanoi and Thua Thien Hue
Capacity to identify local issues and draw solutions
Capacity to implement local policies
ii) Measurement methodology
The capacities will be evaluated in individual level, organizational level, and
institutional/societal level by each questionnaire.
b) Result of capacity assessment

According to the capacity assessment plan, the baseline survey was conducted from September
to October 2014, and progress check was conducted in January 2016
▌ 55
i) Individual level capacities
The individual level capacities were monitored and recorded. In the baseline survey, the
capacity to identify the present issues was focused. In the second year, the capacity to draw
policies and solutions was focused depending on the governmental levels of the central
government and the City/District level.
ii) Organization and institution/society level capacities
In the baseline survey, the respondents were asked to rate the organization level and
institution/society level capacities and the results were shown below.
<MOC>
The focal capacities to be developed were surveyed. The following capacities have to be
developed for MOC.
 Monitoring on localities are the most important to be developed.
 Support to localities has to be enhanced.
 Institutional management and training to localities has to be enhanced.
Figure 6-1 Capacity assessment in organization and institution/society level in MOC (2014
and 2015)
<Hanoi City>
The focal capacities for Hanoi to continue to review are:
 Public involvement,
 Publicity,
 Collaboration among departments and
 Issue identification and decision making.
56 ▐
Figure 6-2 Capacity assessment in organization and institution/society level in Hanoi City
(2014 and 2015)
<Thua Thien Hue Province>

The capacities to be focused for Thua Thien Hue Province are:
 Publicity
 Public involvement
 Future facility/equipment arrangement
 Public satisfaction
 Institutional arrangement
Figure 6-3 Capacity assessment in organization and institution/society level in Thua Thien
Hue Province (2014 and 2015)
▌ 57
(2) Capacity assessment (2)
Recommended by the Joint Terminal Evaluation Study Team, The JICA Expert Team proposed
a revised capacity assessment sheet to the PMU and conducted the capacity assessment (2) at
the event of the Project closing in January 2018. The following results were obtained.
Table 6-1 Capacity Assessment result conducted in January 2018 <MOC>

Ms.Dang Anh Thu
Respondent (Name Manager of Solid waste management Division - Administration of Technical Infrastructure
& Position) → (MOC)
Manager of Output 1 - Vietnam Waste Project
Capacity
Grade scale (1-5)
Assessment Item
1. Existence of 2. Contents of the 5. The Guiding
the Guiding Guiding 3. The Guiding 4. The Guiding References are
References is References are References are Reference are revised by ATI Remarks (if any)
1. Guiding known by more known by more utilized for guiding utilized for guiding basically every
References than 80% staff of than 80% staff of Cities/Provinces Cities/Provinces year based on
Solid Waste Solid Waste at least once a more than a few guiding
Management Management year. times a year. experiences to
Division of ATI. Division of ATI. Cities/Provinces.
Utilization of the
Guiding
References
(Please enter any
numbers or letters +
in the
corresponding
cell.)
4. The aggregated
2. Data are 3.Data are 5. The analysis on
1. Data are not data with analysis
collected every aggregated every data is utilized for
2. Data management collected every are compiled and Remarks (if any)
year, but not year, but not monitoring and
year. published
aggregated. published. planning policies.
annually.
Data collection,
aggregation and
publication
(Please enter any
in the
corresponding
cell.)
58 ▐
Table 6-2 Capacity Assessment result conducted in January 2018 <Hanoi City>
Respondent (Name Mr.Nguyen Van Quy
& Position) → Vice Manager of Technical Infrastructure Division - Hanoi Department of Construction
Capacity
Grade scale (1-5)
Assessment Item
3. More than two 4. At least one 5. Some
1. No incinerator 2. An incinerator
incinerator incinerator (more incinerators (more
construction construction Remarks (if any)
1. Domestic solid construction then 1000 t/d) is than 1000 t/d) are
project (more than project (more than
waste project (more than under construciton under construction
1000 t/d) is 1000 t/d) is
1000 t/d) is or operated or operated
formulated. formulated.
formulated. already. already.
Regular scale
incinerator
construction
(Please enter any
in the
corresponding
cell.)
2. Less than five 3. All big
4. A recycling 5. More than one
big construction construction sites
1. No action is plant for recycling plant for
(except individual (except individual
2. Construction taken for construction construction
houses) sites are houses) are Remarks (if any)
waste construction waste are under waste are under
monitored and monitored and
waste. construction or construction or
controled by controled by DOC
operated. operated.
DOC. regularly.
Policies for
construction
waste (Please
enter any
in the
corresponding
cell.)
3. Septic tank 5. Hanoi City
4. The Cau Dien
sludge treated in introduces a
2. DOC has Treatment Plant is
1. DOC has not the Cau Dien comprehensive
periodical fully used and
3. Septic tank sludge talked with private Treatment Plant is policy for proper Remarks (if any)
meetings with new treatment
collectors. more than 150 t/d management of
private collectors. facilities are
(half of the septic tank
planned.
capacity). sludge.
Improvement of
septic tank sludge
management
(Please enter any
in the
corresponding
cell.)
▌ 59
Table 6-3 Capacity Assessment result conducted in January 2018 <Thua Thien Hue
Province>
Mr.Nguyen Dai Vien
Respondent (Name
Vice Director of Department of Construction - Thua Thien Hue Province
& Position) →
Manager of Output 3 - Vietnam Waste Project
Capacity
Grade scale (1-5)
Assessment Item
4. How to improve
5. The revision of
the Prioritized
the Master Plan is
1. Steering 3. The committee Project is actively
discussed in the
Committee ("SW 1. The committee monitors the discussed in the Remarks (if any)
2. The committee committee based
Integral Committee") is not held every implementation of committee and the
is held every year. on the
for Mater Plan year. the Prioritized committee can
implementation of
implementation Projects. instruct the
the Prioritized
direction
Projects.
appropriately.
Roles of the
Steering
Committee
(Please enter any
in the
corresponding
cell.)
1. The key points 2. The key points
for calling, for calling,
selecting and selecting and 5. The know-how
3. Calling, 4. Calling,
surpervising surpervising and procedures to
selecting and selecting and
investors and for investors and for call, select and
supervising supervising
establishing a establishing a surpervise
investors with a investors with a
financial system financial system investors with a
financial system financial system
2. Required for securing for securing financial system
for securing for securing Remarks (if any)
treatment facilities enough amount of enough amount of for securing
enough amount of enough amount of
waste to be waste to be enough amount of
waste to be waste to be
treated are treated are waste to be
treated are being treated are done
understood by understood by treated are shared
tried at least in at least in one
less than 50% more than 50% among related
one facility. facility.
staff of staff of departments.
departments in departments in
charge. charge.
Progress of the
developments of
required
treatment facilities
(Please enter any +
numbers or letters
in the
corresponding
cell.)
4. Databooks are 5. Databooks are
utilized for fully utilized for
1. No databook is 2. Databooks are 3. Databooks are
people's people's
3. Databook developed every developed every published every Remarks (if any)
awareness raising awareness raising
year. year. year.
at least once a more than once a
year. year.
Utilization of
Databooks
(Please enter any
in the
corresponding
cell.)
60 ▐
6.3 Activity 0-3. Conduct technical training courses in Japan
Four times training courses in Japan were conducted in the first phase, and another four times
training courses were conducted in the second phase. The participants and programs are shown
in Table 6-4 and Table 6-5.
Table 6-4 Participants in the study tours

Organization The first The The The The fifth The The The
course second third fourth course sixth seventh eighth
course course course course course course
MOC 4 5 4 3 6 6 6 5
Other related 2 2 1 - - - - 2
ministries
Hanoi DOC 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 1
Hanoi URENCO 2 2 1 1 - 1 １ 1
Hanoi other - - 1 2 - - - -
related agencies
Thua Thien Hue 2 1 2 2 1 - - 1
Province
Other Provinces - - 3 5 4 3 5 2
Total 12 13 14 15 12 11 14 12
Table 6-5 Programs of the study tours in Japan

Date a.m. p.m.
Nov. 2 Departure for Japan (VN310)
(Sun.) Arrival in Japan, NARITA
Nov. 3 Briefing about the study tour Lecture: Program Orientation 1
(Mon.) by JICA “Integrated SWM - How it works”
at TIC SR410 by Dr. Mitsuo Yoshida, JICA
Lecture: Program Orientation 2
by Mr. Hideki Wada, JET
at TIC SR410
Nov. 4 Lecture 1: SWM policy making and law mechanism in Japan
(Tue.) Lecture 2: Plan making mechanism in Japan
Lecture 3: Waste reduction policy implementation mechanism in Japan
Lecture 4: Solid waste treatment facility mechanism in Japan
Lecture 5: Monitoring mechanism in Japan
The first course 2014
by Ryuji Tomisaka, Jun Daito, and Naruo Arakaki

Ministry of Environment at TIC SR409
Nov. 5 Lecture: Recycle policy and mechanism in Lecture: Construction material
(Wed.) Japan recycling law and policy mechanism in
by Dai Shiota, Ministry of Economy, Trade Japan
and Industry by Manabu Doi, Ministry of Land,
at TIC SR409 Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
at TIC SR409
Nov. 6 Leave TIC by mini bus Site visit: Construction waste recycling
(Thu.) Lecture: Outline of Super Eco Town and facility
system at Tokyo Super Eco Town
at Tokyo Metropolitan Government Site visit: Information equipment waste
facility
at Tokyo Super Eco Town
Nov. 7 Leave TIC by mini bus Presentations from the participants
(Fri.) Lecture: Waste management master plan at TIC SR407
and management system in Chuo-ku, Tokyo
Site visit: Chuo clean factory
Nov. 8 Departure for Hanoi (VN311)
(Sat.) Arrival in Hanoi
Nov. 15 Departure for Japan (JL752)
course 2014
The second
(Sat.)
Nov. 16 Arrival in Japan
(Sun.)
▌ 61
Date a.m. p.m.
Nov. 17 Briefing about the study tour Lecture: Program Orientation 1
(Mon.) by JICA “Integrated SWM - How it works”
at TIC SR302 by Dr. Mitsuo Yoshida, JICA
Lecture: Program Orientation 2
by Hideki Wada
at TIC SR302
Nov. 18 Lecture 1: SWM policy making and law mechanism in Japan
(Tue.) Lecture 2: Plan making mechanism in Japan
Lecture 3: Waste reduction policy implementation mechanism in Japan
Lecture 4: Solid waste treatment facility mechanism in Japan
Lecture 5: Monitoring mechanism in Japan
by Ryuji Tomisaka, Jun Daito, and Naruo Arakaki
Ministry of Environment
at TIC SR408
Nov. 19 Lecture: Recycle policy and mechanism in Lecture: Construction material
(Wed.) Japan recycling law and policy mechanism in
by Dai Shiota, Ministry of Economy, Trade Japan
and Industry by Manabu Doi, Ministry of Land,
at TIC SR302 Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
at TIC SR302
Nov. 20 Leave TIC by mini bus
(Thu.) Site visit: Collection sites (2 points)
Lecture: Policy mechanism and management system in Chigasaki city
at Chigasaki city garbage office
Site visit : Incineration treatment facility at Chigasaki city
Site visit : Landfill site at Chigasaki city
Site visit to Samukawa recycle center
Site visit: Samukawa cho night soil treatment facility
Q&A at Chigasaki city garbage office
Nov. 21 Leave TIC by mini bus Site visit
(Fri.) Site visit Composting facility
Food waste primary treatment, Transfer at Sanmu, Chiba, Watami Ecology Co.,
station Ltd.
at Adachi ku, Tokyo, Watami Ecology Co., Move
Ltd.
Move
Nov. 22 -
(Sat.)
Nov. 23 -
(Sun.)
Nov. 24 -
(Mon.)
Nov. 25 Leave TIC by mini bus Site Visit
(Tue.) Lecture: Complex facility mechanism and Saitama Prefectural Environmental
system Management Center (Landfill)
at Saitama Prefectural Environmental SAI-no-KUNI Resource Recycling
Management Center Factory Complex (Recycle)
Nov. 26 Leave TIC by mini bus Lecture: Management between Hidaka
(Wed.) Lecture: Solid waste management linkages city and Cement factory
among municipalities Site visit:
Site visit: Incinerator facility Chichibu Taiheiyo Cement Co., Ltd.
at Osato municipal association
Nov. 27 Leave TIC by mini bus Site visit:
(Thu.) Site visit: Construction waste facility, TAKEEI
RPF, Ichikawa Kankyo Engineering Co., Ltd.
Nov. 28 Preparation of presentations Presentations from the participants
(Fri.) at TIC SR302 at TIC SR302
Nov. 29 - Departure for Hanoi (JL751)
(Sat.) Arrival in Hanoi
1 July Departure from Noi Bai Briefing by JICA
(Wed.) Arrived at Narita
The third course
2 July Briefing by JET Lecture on “private initiative for SWM”

(Thu.) Lecture on facility development promotion and discussion by expert
2015
policy in Japan by MOE, Japan

3 July Lecture on history, site selection, operation Lecture on regional management on
(Fri.) and management by Musashino Clean solid waste by Fujimi sanitation
Center association
(Chofu city and Mitaka city)
62 ▐
Date a.m. p.m.
4 July -
(Sat.)
5 July -
(Sun.)
6 July (Mobilization by Shinkansen) Lecture on facility development plan by
(Mon.) Shizuoka city
7 July Site visit to collection, transportation, (Mobilization by Shinkansen)
(Tue.) incineration, landfill site in Shizuoka city
8 July Lecture on PFI and contract by Hiratsuka Site visit to incinerator in Hiratsuka
(Wed.) city environmental center
9 July Lecture on PFI and contract by Kimitsu city Site visit to Kazusa clean center in
(Thu.) Kimitsu city
10 July Presentation
(Fri.)
11 July Departure from Narita
(Sat.) Arrived at Noi Bai
13 Oct Departure from Noi Bai
(Tue.) Arrived at Narita
14 Oct Briefing by JICA Visit to Edo- Tokyo Museum, Japanese
(Wed.) at TIC history in Japan
(part of waste management)
15 Oct Briefing by JET Lecture on waste management
(Thu.) at TIC planning and enforcement in Japan by
MOE
at TIC
16 Oct Lecture on waste treatment planning, Lecture on training and qualification
(Fri.) regional planning, and source separation system by Japan Environmental
promotion planning by Kanagawa Prefecture Sanitation Center
at Yokohama at Yokohama
17 Oct -
(Sat.)
18 Oct -
(Sun.)
19 Oct Lecture on waste management planning and Site visit to sea area disposal, recycling
(Mon.) implementation by Kawasaki city facility (bin, plastic, paper etc.),
collection site and vehicle in Kawasaki
The fourth course 2015
city
20 Oct Lecture on master planning formulation in Site visit to non-burnable waste
(Tue.) Ichikawa city treatment facility
Site visit to incinerator and thermal usage
facility
21 Oct Briefing, DVD Lecture on waste reduction policy in
(Wed.) Site visit to incinerator, bulky waste Hino city
treatment facility
22 Oct -
(Thu.)
23 Oct Move to Saku city by bus Lecture on waste management
(Fri.) planning in Saku city
Site visit to composting facility
24 Oct -
(Sat.)
25 Oct - Lecture on management of companies
(Sun.) and consumers by Nippon Association
of Consumer Specialists (NACS)
Move to Tokushima city by airplane
26 Oct Lecture on Zero waste policy in Kamikatsu Site visit to source separation sites and
(Mon.) town recycle business, etc.
27 Oct Lecture on waste management planning in Move to Tokyo by airplane
(Tue.) Tokushima prefecture
28 Oct Lecture on policy of construction waste in Site visit to mixed construction waste
(Wed.) Japan by Mr. Shimada facility
at TIC at Tokorozawa city
29 Oct Site visit to new construction site at Tokyo Site visit to concrete recycling facility at
(Thu.) Tokyo
▌ 63
Date a.m. p.m.
30 Oct Preparation for presentation Presentation from the participants
(Fri.) (8 groups; 20min for presentation and 5
min for comment each)
Evaluation Meeting
at TIC
31 Oct Departure from Narita
(Sat.) Arrived at Noi Bai
28 Aug. Departure from Noi Bai -
(Sun.) Arrived at Narita
29 Aug. Briefing by JICA Lecturer by Toyoshima, Kato, and Hata
(Mon.) Orientation by JET (Ministry of Environment) on “SWM
treatment facilities in Japan (general
information)”
The fifth training course 2016
30 Aug. Lecturer by Mr. Kondo, Hitachi Zosen Site visit to the Sumida Incineration
(Tue.) Corporation on “Incineration (general Plant in Tokyo
information and technical points)”
31 Aug. Site visit to Yokohama environmental Lecturer by Mr. Shimada, Miraie
(Wed.) protection Company in Kanagawa pref. Corporation on “Composting
(Composting Plant) technology (general information and
technical points)”
1 Step. Lecturer by Dr. Yamada, National Institute Site visit to Urawa Phoenix (Landfill)
(Thu.) for Environmental Studies on “Sanitary and Osaki Incineration Plant in Saitama
landfill (general information and technical pref.
points)”
2 Sep. (Preparation for presentations) Presentation from participants and
(Fri.) discussion
3 Sep. Site visit for domestic waste collection -
(Sat.)
4 Sep. Departure for Noi Bai
(Sun.)
27 Nov. Departure from Noi Bai -
28 Nov. Briefing by JICA Sit visit to the landfill site of Tokyo
(Mon.) Orientation from JET coordinated by Tokyo Environmental
The sixth training course in 2016
Public Service Corporation

29 Nov. Lecture on “Facility construction and Site visit to Meguro Incineration Plant
(Tue.) operation in the regional SWM body of Coordinated by Clean Authority of
Tokyo” by Clean Authority of TOKYO Waste TOKYO Waste Disposal of Tokyo 23
Disposal of Tokyo 23 Cities Cities
30 Nov. Lecture on “History of the pioneer source Lecture on “Policy making for facility
(Wed.) separation program for recyclables” by development” by Ministry of the
Kawaguchi City Environment, Japan
1 Dec. Waste handling in large buildings for Lecture on “Introduction of the unit
(Thu.) businesses coordinated by Chiba City pricing system for domestic waste” by
Chiba City
2 Dec. (Preparation for presentations) Presentation from participants and
(Fri.) discussion
3 Dec. Departure for Noi Bai
(Sat.)
16 Apr. Departure from Noi Bai -
17 Apr. Briefing by JICA Orientation by JET
The seventh training course in 2017
(Mon.) Discussion with private companies in

Kobe for any cooperation
18 Apr. Lecture on “Waste management including Site visit to waste management facility
(Tue.) disaster waste treatment” by Kobe City including waste sorting, transfer and
landfill operated by Kobe City
19 Apr. Lecture on “Policy on citizen involvement in Site visit to the first waste treatment
(Wed.) waste management, such as citizen (sorting) facility having public
researcher system” by Suita City awareness facility and laboratory in
Japan operated by Suita City.
20 Apr. Lecture on “Public awareness of waste Site visit to waste to energy facility
(Thu.) reduction including tourist waste reduction” operated by Kyoto City
by Kyoto City
21 Apr. (Preparation for presentations) Presentation from participants and
(Fri.) discussion
22 Apr. Departure for Noi Bai -
(Sat.)
64 ▐
Date a.m. p.m.
24 Sep. Departure from Noi Bai -
25 Sep. Briefing by JICA Orientation by JET
(Mon.)
26 Sep. - Site visit to the incineration facility of
(Tue.) Musashino City
27 Sep. Lecture on “Planning of a new facility Site visit to the present incineration
(Wed.) (Planning, design, selection of constructor, facility (including a lecture on facility
siting, public consensus making)” by operation contracted with private
Kamakura City companies)
28 Sep. Discussions Lecture on “Operation management by
(Thu.) a private company” by Ebara
Environmental Plant
29 Sep. Site visit to a private food waste recycling Site visit to a recycling facility for
(Fri.) planof “Takematsu Shouji” in Yokohama City concrete aggregates from construction
works of Eco-Factory and Kawakami
The eighth training course in 2017
Shouten
30 Sep. -
(Sat.)
1 Oct. -
(Sun.)
2 Oct. Lecture on “Selection of investors for facility Site visit to a New North Incineration
(Mon.) construction and operation” by JET Plant (including a lecture on facility
construction and operation by DBO
method) of Funabashi City
3 Oct. (Preparation for presentations) Presentation from participants and
(Tue.) discussion
4 Oct. Departure for Noi Bai -
(Wed.)
▌ 65
7. PUBLICITY OF THE PROJECT
The project website shown below was opened in April 2014 and about over 11,000 persons
visited this site so far (as of Nov. 2017). The website is arranged by both English and
Vietnamese. The website was visited by Vietnamese the most, Russian was the second most
and Japanese was the third most often visiting country.
Figure 7-1 Project Website (http://vietnamwastepj.blogspot.com/)
Germany , 197, Others, 327, 5%

3%
France, 194, 3%
USA, 575, 8%
Vietnam, 2827,
42%
Japan, 966, 14%
Russia, 1726,
25%
Figure 7-2 Proportion of the countries of the visitors to the website (as of Nov. 2017)
66 ▐
8. CONSIDERED POINTS IN THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT
(1) Bottom-up approach

For proposing SWM policies in the central government, the agenda were sought and found in
the real issues which cities/provinces faced with.
(2) Utilization of the result of “Capacity Assessment”

The focal capacities to be developed were also specified by the results of the capacity
assessment.
(3) Full utilization of Japanese experience

The Japanese experiences were fully utilized for improving the situations in Vietnam. Japanese
documents such as the legal documents, the national plan, local master plans, the facility
development plan and the statistical system were translated and introduced. Also, the short-
term Japanese experts were deployed depending on the topics so as to cover various topics.
(4) Development of supporting policies from the central government to the

Cities/Provinces
The policies of the central government were considered from the viewpoints whether they will
help the Cities/Provinces or not.
(5) Development of practical tools for capacity development for the Cities/Provinces
The guiding references on how to select a technology, how to plan treatment facilities, how to
formulate construction plans were developed as practical tools for capacity development. These
were fully utilized in the CSSs.
(6) Utilization of the “Co-learning Study Session” (CSS)

The CSS was formulated for discussing their confronting issues and the CSS was used for
discussing the draft guidance manuals and an appropriate data collection form. By this, the
proposals to the central government were reviewed.
The master plan to be formulated in Thua Thien Hue Province was introduced in the CSS and
its applicability was discussed among other cities/provinces.
▌ 67
9. ACHIEVEMENT OF THE PROJECT PURPOSE
The study by the mid-term review mission was conducted in August 2016 and the study by the
terminal evaluation mission was conducted September 2017. The results are summarized below.
9.1 Result of the mid-term review
(1) Relevance: The Project is still relevant.
a) Necessity
i) Relevance with the needs of Vietnam
The Overall Goal is still relevant with the needs of Vietnam. Establishment of ISWM system is
one of the general objectives to 2025 in the National Strategy on ISWM (up to 2025, with a
vision to 2050). For reference, under the ISWM system, solid waste will be sorted at source,
collected, reused, recycled and thoroughly treated with advanced and appropriate technologies
to minimize the burial of waste, save land resources and mitigate environmental pollution.
Hazardous solid waste is managed and treated with appropriate methods.
ii) Relevance with the needs of Target Groups
The Project Purpose is still relevant with the needs of MOC, and DOCs Hanoi and TTH, which
are responsible for management of municipal solid wastes.
b) Priority
i) Relevance with national plan of Vietnam
The Overall Goal is relevant with Viet Nam Sustainable Development Strategy for the 2011-
2020, in which effective management of solid and toxic wastes is listed as one of the priorities
of sustainable development in the field of resources and environment.
ii) Relevance with ODA policies of Japan
The Overall Goal and the Project Purpose are still relevant with the latest Country Assistance
Policy for Viet Nam (2012), in which “Response to the Negative Impacts Brought by Economic
Development” is listed as one of the priority areas for supporting sustainable development and
importance of addressing emerging urban environmental issues is highlighted. They are also
relevant with JICA Country Analytical Paper for Viet Nam (March 2014).
c) Adequacy as Means
i) Technological Advantage of Japan
Judging from the assessment of the Vietnamese project personnel on the transferred methods
and JICA experts, technical advantages of Japan are confirmed. JICA had assisted solid waste
management in Hanoi through the improvement of solid waste management in Vietnam since
Implementation support for 3R INITIATIVE of Hanoi City for Cyclical Society．Information
and lessons accumulated the past assistance were also applicable in the current Project.
68 ▐
(2) Effectiveness (Prospects): Effectiveness of the Project is not able to be assessed
according to the Indicators since the Indicators need to be modified.
a) Achievement level of the Project Purpose & contribution of the Outputs

Progress has been made towards achievement of the Project Purpose. Achievement of the
Project Purpose is assessed based on the achievement of the Indicators for the Project Purpose.
Exact degree of achievement could not be assessed, however, because most of the Indicators
appeared in the PDM are not appropriate for the Project Purpose; they are more appropriate for
the Outputs.
Achievement level of the Project Purpose would be able to be assessed properly if the Indicators
of the PDM would be modified to reflect the contents of the Project Purpose more precisely.
Meanwhile, all of the Outputs have contributed to the achievement of the Project Purpose.
b) Important Assumptions
There are editorial mistakes regarding the important assumptions in the PDM. The assumptions
for the Project Purpose in the PDM are actually those for the Outputs. Similarly, the
assumptions for the Overall Goal in the PDM (“Most counterpart staff continues working for
the Project” and “The new Law on Environmental Protection does not change the MOC’s role”
are those for the Project Purpose, which have been satisfied so far.
c) Promoting: Other /hampering factors

Specific factors have not been identified.
(3) Efficiency: The Project has been mostly efficient.
a) Production level of Outputs

Steady progress has been made towards production of the Outputs. The Outputs have been
moderately achieved for the whole Project period.
b) Important Assumptions
As mentioned in Effectiveness above, there are editorial mistakes regarding the important
assumptions in the PDM. The assumptions for the Outputs are not stated in the PDM but the
assumptions for the Project Purpose in the PDM (“Necessary budget for related activities is
secured by concerned agencies” and “Draft master plan of solid waste treatment of Hanoi city
is prepared in the beginning stage of the project by HPC”) are actually those for the Outputs.
The first one has been satisfied so far. The second one had been satisfied prior to the
commencement of the Project.
c) Inputs: Vietnamese side

i) Counterparts
 Timing, duration, number: Generally appropriate. In case of DOC Hanoi, Vice Director had
decided to reorganize the implementation system for the second half of the Project. The C/Ps
for Output 2 for the second half had not been officially assigned as of August 2016 so that
JET was not able to discuss the details of the priority projects. Since all of the staff, engaged
in the Project on part-time basis, have some other duties in the office, they are sometimes
too busy to concentrate on the activities of the Project.
 Quality: Officials with the relevant background, appropriate experiences, and sufficient
technical level have been assigned to the Project.
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ii) Building, and facilities
 Timing: In Hanoi, office space for JET has been provided at the commercial building close
to the headquarters of MOC and DOC Hanoi since the beginning of the Project. DOC TTH
is preparing an office room for JET at its premise. Construction work is expected to be
completed by the end of August 2016.
 Quantity & quality: Appropriate.
iii) Financial inputs
 Timing and quantity: Vietnamese side has allocated necessary budget for the Project
activities. Rental cost for the Project office in Hanoi has been provided since the second year
as per the M/M signed in June 2013.
d) Input: Japanese side

i) Expert
 Timing, duration and number: Dispatch of the experts has been planned in accordance with
the contents and schedule of the activities approved by JCC. Dispatch of experts was delayed
in the second quarter of 2016 due to contractual reasons of JICA. As for duration, most of
the C/Ps felt an average dispatch period of approximately one month was too short.
 Field: Some C/Ps commented that, in some activities, it would have been more efficient if
accredited professionals required in the Vietnamese context had been dispatched. It is noted,
with mutual efforts of Vietnamese side and JET, this matter has not affected the production
of the Outputs seriously.
 Quality: The experts with adequate background, relevant experiences in Japan and sufficient
technical level have been dispatched.
ii) Training in Japan
 Timing, duration, number: Timing, duration and the number of the Vietnamese personnel
have been decided based on discussions with the Vietnamese side so that they are considered
appropriate. Study tours in Japan have been implemented mostly as planned. A study tour
originally scheduled in June 2016, however, had to be postponed until August due to delay
in contractual procedures of JICA with JET.
 Field, contents, quality: Fields and contents of the training have been decided based on
discussions with the Vietnamese side so that they are considered relevant with the needs of
the Project. Quality of training has been appropriate.
 Utilization: Most of the training participants are still engaged in the field of solid waste
management. The participants interviewed by the Review Team have applied skills and
knowledge acquired in the activities and have shared them with their colleagues.
iii) Equipment for JET
 Timing, quality, quantity: The equipment necessary for the office work has been delivered
and installed in time, and has been utilized in the Project activities fully.
e) Local cost
 Timing, quantity: Necessary amount of the local cost has been disbursed in time.
 Utilization: Local assistants hired by the JICA expert team have facilitated the activities at
the field level as well as day-to-day coordination of logistics. Local consultants (or
consulting firms), contracted for collection and aggregation of data in Output 1 and for
assistance in preparation of Master Plan in Output 3, have been instrumental. In this regard,
some C/P felt it would have been more efficient if utilization of local consultants (or firms)
had been promoted more since they are supposedly well-acquainted with the MSWM
situation in Vietnam, including laws and regulations, from their past experiences.
 Others: It is noted that, due to difficulty in arrangement of Vietnamese State budget for the
first year of the Project, the Japanese side provided rental fee for the Project office for the
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first year as per the M/M signed in June 2013. In addition, the Japanese side provided travel
expenses for participants from other provinces in organizing CSS and project seminars.
i) Precondition
Precondition is a condition which has to be met prior to the commencement of the Project by
definition. The one mentioned in the PDM (“There is no substantial decrease in the budget of
MOC, Hanoi DOC”) had been satisfied prior to the commencement of the Project.
ii) Other promoting/ hampering factors
Specific factors have not been identified.
(4) Impacts: Some positive impacts have been already observed. Negative impacts have
not been observed so far. In future, there should be attention to potential negative
environmental and social impacts.
a) Impact at the Overall Goal level

i) Likelihood of achievement of the Overall Goal
It is too early to forecast the likelihood of achievement of the Overall Goal.
ii) Important Assumption
As mentioned already, there are editorial mistakes regarding the important assumptions in the
PDM. The assumptions for the Overall Goal in the PDM are actually those for the Super Goal.
The assumptions for the Project Purpose in the PDM (“The Vietnamese government mandates
the policy of ISWM on municipal solid waste” and “The Vietnamese government allocate
budget and mobilize other sources for ISWM on municipal solid waste” should be those for the
Overall Goal. The first assumption is likely to be satisfied.
Note: As per the Evaluation Guideline for the Project, the Joint Review Team is required to
assess if the Important assumptions for Overall Goal would be satisfied after the end of the
Project. The Team could not reach an agreement on the text regarding the second assumption.
<Japanese side>
It is not certain if the second assumptions would be satisfied at this moment.
<Vietnamese side>
In order to fulfill the second assumption for the Overall Goal, central and local government
should develop specific plans and allocate sufficient resource for implementation.
b) Other impacts
i) Positive impacts:
 Some impacts have been observed already. For example, two legal documents have been
developed (i.e. Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP and QCVN No7:2016/BXD) through the Project.
The Project plans to organize CSS in some other Provinces and cities. Perception/awareness
on ISWM has been raised in various departments of MOC and DOCs through their
participation in Taskforce meetings.
 Implementation of the priority projects proposed under Hanoi Master Plan of Solid Waste
Treatment of DOC Hanoi, and Master Plan of DOC TTH developed through the Project, is
expected to improve environmental quality.
ii) Negative impacts:
 Negative impacts have not been observed so far. In future, there should be attention to
potential negative environmental and social impacts associated with implementation of
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Hanoi Master Plan of Solid Waste Treatment of DOC Hanoi, which was already developed
before the Project. There might be also potential negative environmental and social impacts
associated with the Master Plan of TTH Province developed through the Project.
 It is noted that Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) was conducted for the Master
Plan of TTH Province and mitigation measures are proposed. In case of the priority projects
proposed in the Implementation Plan of DOC Hanoi and the Master Plan of TTH Province,
social and environmental assessments have not been conducted.
(5) Sustainability: It is not certain if the sustainability would be ensured since the
organizational strategies for the post-project period is yet to be developed.
a) Institutional & Organizational Aspects

i) Policy supports
Policy and legal supports for ISWM are likely to continue.
ii) Assignment of personnel
The staff members of MOC, DOC Hanoi, and DOC TTH, involved in the Project, are permanent
employees of the governments, which ensures their continuous employment. They are likely to
be assigned to the relevant posts after the end of the Project so that they will be able to fully
utilize the knowledge and skills acquired through the Project in their work.
iii) Post project strategy
 MOC：According to MOC, utilization of the project results in the post-project period is
positive. In terms of collection and aggregation of the data and maintenance of the database,
it will be conducted as per the MOC’s responsibility as assigned by the government.
Utilization of various documents produced by the Project, continuation of CSS, publication
of the aggregated data, and proposed certification program will be integrated into MOC’s
program at the appropriate stage. Various documents produced by the Project will be used
as reference, reviewed and integrated in relevant policies and legal documents where
appropriate.
 DOC Hanoi: The Implementation Plan (2016-2030) of the ISWM Master Plan, with
proposals on 3 priority projects, was developed in December 2015 through the Project. This
Plan is expected to serve as a post-project strategy.
 DOC TTH: The Master Plan (2016-2030 with a vision to 2050), approved by the PPC and
its comprehensive Implementation Plan of the first cycle (2016-2020) in preparation, which
is expected to be submitted to the PPC for approval in September 2016, shall serve as the
post-project strategy.
iv) Financial Aspects
Vietnamese side has allocated necessary budget to implement the Project Activities. Budget
constraint, however, may be a concern for the sustainability of the Project.
 MOC:
1) During the implementation of the Project, the budget for some activities is supported by
the Japanese side, including collection and aggregation of more than 80 items of data
nationwide as well as publication of the aggregated data. So far, travel costs for local
governments to participate in CSS have been supported by the Japanese side.
2) After the Project is completed, MOC will allocate certain amount of the budget according
to its annual budget plan for continuation of data collection and aggregation according to the
requirement of MOC management, maintenance of the database, organization of seminars
and workshops on solid waste management. Funding for travel costs for local governments
will be decided at the time of seminars/workshops.
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 DOC Hanoi and DOC TTH: Though some of the components of the priority projects
proposed in the Implementation Plan of DOC Hanoi and the Master Plan of TTH Province
require certain investment, their funding sources have not been clarified yet.
b) Technical Aspects
i) Technical capacity of the Target Group
The primary roles of the technical staff of MOC in the Project in the first half of the Project
have been (i) provision of comments on the documents and other deliverables prepared by JET
through Taskforce meetings and drafting the document with comments from JET, (ii) provision
of information/materials upon request by JET, (iii) coordination of the Project activities, and
(iv) co-organization of the seminars/workshops.
Basically, roles of the technical staff of DOCs in Hanoi and TTH Province in the Project in the
first half of the Project are (i) provision of comments on the documents and other deliverables
prepared by JET, (ii) provision of information/materials upon request by JET, (iii) coordination
of the Project activities, and (iv) participation in and co-organization of the seminars/workshops
organized by the Project.
The technical staff have been gaining better understanding on ISWM. Depending on the roles
and responsibilities that they are expected to assume in the post-project period, further capacity
development might be necessary in the remaining period.
ii) Utilization and dissemination of the transferred techniques and project deliverables
The knowledge and skills transferred through the Project are considered to be adaptable and
relevant with the needs with the Target Group (MOC, DOCs Hanoi and TTH), judging from the
intended degree of utilization and appreciation expressed by the officers interviewed by the
Review Team. The draft guidance prepared through the Project, would be locally adaptable
because they are expected to be finalized through trials in CSS. The Implementation Plan of
DOC Hanoi developed through the Project, as well as the priority projects proposed in the
Implementation Plan of Hanoi DOC and the Master Plan of TTH Province, is expected to
become more feasible because lessons learnt from their implementation in the second half of
the Project would be analyzed and be utilized in modification as appropriate.
(6) Conclusion
The Project has been implemented as planned in PO through mutual collaboration. Steady
progress has been made towards achievement of the Outputs and the Project Purpose.
As for the five evaluation criteria, the Project is still relevant. After two years of implementation,
the Project has achieved certain accomplishment. However, in order to assess the effectiveness
more accurately, the Indicators need to be modified. The Project has been mostly efficient.
Some positive impacts have been already observed. Negative impacts have not been observed
so far. In future, there should be attention to potential negative environmental and social impacts
associated with implementation of Hanoi Master Plan of Solid Waste Treatment of DOC Hanoi,
which was already developed before the Project. There might be also potential negative
environmental and social impacts associated with the Master Plan of TTH Province developed
through the Project. Sustainability depends on the organizational commitment and strategy to
sustain the effect of the Project in the post-project period.
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9.2 Result of the terminal evaluation
(1) Relevance: High

Results are summarized below:
a) Consistency of the policies of the Government of Vietnam and the Government of Japan
 The Project is consistent with the Decree No.59/2007/ND-CP on SWM which stipulates the
local governments’ responsibility to establish solid waste master plans including
development of SWM related facilities. The Project is in line with the National Strategy on
ISWM up to 2025 vision to 2050(Decision No.2149/2009/QD-TTg), which aims for
establishing the ISWM system. It also sets such goals as to achieve an ordinary waste
collection rate of 85% by 2015, to reach a reuse/recycling rate of 35% by 2015, and to
formulate SWM master plans in all urban cities. In accordance with the revised
Environmental Protection Law (2014), the Decree No.38/NC-CP on waste and scrap
management came into force on June 15, 2015, which stipulates the role and responsibilities
of MOC. According to this Decree No. 38/NC-CP, MOC’s role and responsibilities related
to planning of SWM, planning of construction of solid waste treatment facilities and
investment and management of SWM facilities are not changed. Therefore, the Project is
still relevant with the latest policies of the Government of Vietnam.
 According to Japan’s Country Assistance Policy for Vietnam (2012) and the Official
Development Assistance Rolling Plan of Japan for Vietnam (2014), “response to the negative
impacts brought by economic development” is one of the three priority areas for assistance.
The Project is one of the programs of urban environment management. The JICA Country
Analytical Paper (2014) focuses the support to improving urban environment management
based on Japan’s experience, technologies and know-how. Thus the Project is consistent with
these Japanese aid policies.
 JICA has consistently provided support and assistance to the SWM sector in Vietnam
through undertakings including “Implementation support for 3R initiative in Hanoi City to
contribute to the development of a sound material-cycle society”, so called “3R project (2006
– 2009)”.
b) Necessity of the Project

 It was urgent for the MOC and the Hanoi DOC as well as the TTH PPC to establish the
ISWM system at the national and city/provincial levels as per the National Strategy National
Strategy on ISWM up to 2025 vision to 2050 (Decision No.2149/2009/QD-TTg) and other
relevant legal documents. Thus, the Project meets the urgent needs of these organizations to
improve their capacity to establish the ISWM system.
(2) Effectiveness: Moderately high
a) Achievement of the Project Purpose and contribution of Outputs

 All three Outputs have been almost achieved, which have contributed to the attainment of
the Project Purpose. However, the PDM does not have any Outputs to improve the capacity
of staff of TTH Province stated in the Indicator 4 of the Project Purpose.
 The Team was unable to assess the exact extent of achievement of the Project Purpose
because all four Indicators of the Project Purpose in the PDM have some drawbacks.
However, the substantial purpose of developing capacity of MSWM has been on track.
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b) Effects generated by the Project and Factors that promoted the effectiveness of the
Project
 The most significant effect of the Project is that the Project has drafted the new legal
documents and amended the existing ones related to SWM by identifying some areas of the
overlap and the gaps in legal provisions between SWM-related legal documents. The Project
has also contributed to QCVN/:07, 2016/BXD (National Technical Regulations on Urban
Infrastructure) and the Decree No.38/NC-CP on waste and scrap management by providing
comments, which serves as the fundamental legal basis for mandates of MOC in accordance
with the revised Environmental Protection Law (2014).
 The Project has brought about other various effects including the following: 1) developing
the data management of national SWM statistics; 2) developing the guiding references on
waste management including the formulation of ISWM Master Plan; 3) developing the
Implementation Plan for Hanoi City; 4) developing the ISWM Master Plan in TTH Province;
5) enhancing the capacity of MOC, the Hanoi DOC and the TTH Province; and 6) sharing
the knowledge and know-how of ISWM with other cities/provinces; and 7) providing the
platform in which participants of CSS can discuss issues and challenges they encountered as
well as possible measures of SWM.
 All of the above has helped enhance the overall effectiveness of the Project. Thus, the
effectiveness of the Project was assessed as moderately high.
(3) Efficiency: Medium to Moderately high

 All of the inputs from both the Vietnam and the Japanese sides were provided as scheduled.
During the first phase of the Project1, the Project has produced various and many deliverables
including several drafts of legal documents, the drafts of guiding references covering various
areas of ISWM, the Implementation Plan in Hanoi City, the ISWM Master Plan in TTH
Province, and the draft of “Vietnam Waste at a Glance”. That is because 14 experts who were
assigned for this period have taken the lead in these activities. This has contributed to
enhancing the efficiency of the Project.
 However, some of the Project activities have not been fully completed, which affected the
achievement of the three Outputs. The Team has identified the several factors which might
have affected the efficiency of the Project. First, the less number of experts, i.e., 7 experts
were assigned in the second phase based on the design of the Project2. Second, the second
phase started two months behind schedule because of the delay in the contract procedures
with the JET within the JICA, which forced the Project to postpone the training in Japan
from June 2016 to August 2016. Third, the design of the Project in the second phase, which
focuses on the implementation of priority projects in the Hanoi DOC and the TTH Province,
requires more coordination and cooperation among various stakeholders. Fourth, as several
counterparts and the JET pointed out, the communication and coordination problems were
sometimes arisen between two parties. This might also affect the efficiency of
implementation of activities to some extent (See also 3. Implementation).
 Considering the above, the Project’s efficiency as a whole is medium to moderately high.
1 The Project has two phases: the first phase from March 31, 2014 to March 18, 2016; and the second phase
from May 25, 2015 to March 15, 2018.
2 The total person-months were 116.97 M/M for the first phase and 47.95 M/M for the second phase. It should
be noted that the first phase was deigned to identify issues of SWM, develop the tools including legal
documents and guiding references for addressing these issues, and to develop the Implementation Plan in
Hanoi City and the ISWM Master Plan in TTH Province. The second phase was planned to disseminate the
tools developed and implement the determined activities in the above-mentioned plans. Based on the design
of the Project, the number of experts and the person-months were determined.
▌ 75
(4) Impact (Prospects): Some positive impacts have emerged.
a) Prospect of achievement of the Overall Goal

 At the time of the Terminal Evaluation, it was too early to predict the achievement of the
Overall Goal. That is because the guiding references described in the Indicator 1 has yet to
be finalized and distributed. Furthermore, this Indicator alone is not enough to measure
whether the ISWM system on municipal solid waste is established in accordance with the
National Strategy on ISWM.
b) Ripple effects and positive impacts

By the time of the Terminal Evaluation, the following impacts have already emerged:
 The Project has been involved in drafting or commenting eight legal documents, of which
the following four legal documents have already come into force: 1) Decree
No.38/2015/ND-CP dated on 24/4/2015 of the Government on Waste and Scrap
Management; 2) Circular No.07/2017/TT-BXD dated on 15/5/2017 on guiding the
determination of service price for domestic solid waste treatment service; 3) Circular
No.08/2017/TT-BXD dated on 16/5/2017 on management of construction waste; and 4)
QCVN07:2016/BXD National Technical Regulations on Technical Infrastructure Works.
 The Project has coordinated with and facilitated the TTH PPC and Fukuoka Prefectural
Government in Japan to discuss the technical support for construction of a semi-aerobic
landfill in Huong Binh. As a result, both parties have exchanged the official letters for this
cooperation. The Memorandum of Understanding is expected to be signed after the field
surveys in October 2017.
(5) Sustainability (Prospects): Not predictable
a) Policy aspect: High

 The MOC and the Hanoi DOC as well as the TTH Province have demonstrated a policy
commitment with a sense of ownership to aim for establishing the ISWM at the national and
city/provincial levels. The Project has largely contributed to establishing the policy and legal
framework for effective implementation of ISWM by drafting legal documents on SWM.
The current policy is expected to be sustained after the completion of the Project. However,
it should be noted that the current scope of work for the MSWM are still overlapped within
the central agencies as well as provincial agencies. At the time of the Terminal Evaluation,
it was not clear whether the mandate of these agencies including the MOC will be drastically
changed. Thus, it is fair to say that the sustainability of the policy aspect is likely to be high
if the important assumption is met.
b) Institutional aspect: Not predictable

 Drafting the new legal documents and amending existing ones on SWM in the Project have
contributed to strengthening the institutional framework in the field of SWM at the national
and provincial levels. Such an institutional framework will be sustained because some of
legal documents have already come into force.
 The data system of the national SWM statistics and the dissemination of guiding references
on waste management are likely to be sustained because the MOC has just started to consider
the institutionalization of these activities. Concerning the CSS, most of the counterparts
highly appreciated its effectiveness and had the strong willingness to continue such activities.
However, some of them were concerned about its sustainability because the MOC has no
exclusive budget line for this. Others pointed out that CSS is less likely to be sustained if it
is considered as formal training programs of SWM. That is because the MOC has no mandate
of provision of such training.
76 ▐
 As the counterparts of the Hanoi DOC pointed out, the sustainability of the priority projects
in the institutional aspect seems to largely depend on the availability of budget.
 The TTH Steering Committee is likely to be sustained even after the termination of the
Project because the Vice Chairperson and its members have the strong willingness to keep it
in place for the implementation of the Master Plan. However, it was hard to predict the
sustainability of priority projects in the institutional aspect because they just started one year
ago.
 Given the above, it is hard to predict the sustainability in the institutional aspect at the time
of the Terminal Evaluation.
c) Organizational aspect: Moderately high

 The MOC, the Hanoi DOC and the TTH DOC have the sense of ownership and responsibility
for SWM. Most of the counterparts of the Project are likely to keep working for SWM even
after the completion of the Project. As many counterparts mentioned, each agency has the
limited number of staff who are in charge of SWM. They need to work other tasks, too. If
the budget is available, some tasks are contracted out to local consultants.
 The workload of each agencies in terms of ISWM is highly expected to increase in the future.
 Considering the above, it is fair to say that the sustainability of the organizational aspect is
likely to be moderately high.
d) Financial aspect: Not predictable

 As mentioned before, the MOC does not have any exclusive budget line for CSS. At the time
of the Terminal Evaluation, it was unlikely to allocate the minimum budget for this after the
termination of the Project. According to the counterparts of MOC, the data management
system of the national SWM statistics and the use of guiding references on waste
management will not require much budget.
 The budget allocation is a key issue for the sustainability of the implementation and
expansion of priority projects in both the Hanoi DOC and the TTH Province. However, it
was not clear how much the budget needed to be allocated and how it needed to be secured.
e) Technical aspect: Not predictable

 By the time of the Terminal Evaluation, about 100 people in total including central and
provincial agencies attended the training in Japan. Even after the completion of the Project,
they were most likely to apply their knowledge and experiences obtained by these training
programs since some of them have already initiated to apply what they learned to the
respective works.
 The JET has started to transfer the sills and knowhow of data management of SWM statistics.
Several counterparts trained by the JET noted that they were confident of dealing with the
data aggregation and analysis after the completion of the Project.
 The counterparts of MOC are likely to acquire the knowledge and know-how of CSS
programs to be organized four times by the end of the Project.
 The counterparts of the Hanoi DOC and the TTH Province have steadily enhanced their
capacity to manage ISWM through the Project activities. However, whether they can take
initiatives in conducting the priority projects after the end of the Project still remains a
concern. That is because the JET has taken the lead in undertaking most of activities even
during the second phase.
 Overall, the capacity of counterparts of the Project has been gradually enhanced. On the
other hand, it was hard to assess and predict the extent of capacity improvement because of
no relevant data of capacity assessment.
 Considering the above, it was not possible to predict the sustainability of the Project in the
technical aspect.
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(6) Conclusion
The Project has drafted both the new legal documents and the amended ones related to SWM,
which can be considered as the substantial achievements of the Project. All three Outputs have
been almost achieved based on the PDM. The Team was, however, unable to assess all four
Indicators of the achievement of the Project Purpose objectively because of some drawbacks of
these Indicators.
As for the results of the five evaluation criteria, the Project has a high degree of relevance, while
the Project has a moderately high degree of effectiveness, and a medium to moderately high
degree of efficiency. At the time of the Terminal Evaluation, some positive impacts such as
enactment and enforcement of four legal documents drafted or commented by the Project have
been already observed. The Team was unable to predict the overall sustainability of the Project
because most of the priority projects in Hanoi City and TTH Province have just started.
Considering the above circumstances, the Team concludes that the Project should be terminated
as planned with the prospect of distribution of the guiding reference and of continuity of the
priority projects through appropriate technical transfer of the JET by the end of the project.
To implement the remaining activities and make the Project sustainable, it is recommended that
the Project and the Vietnamese side duly take into account the recommendations as listed below.
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10. RECOMMENDATION FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF THE OVERALL GOALS
(1) MOC: Promotion of integrated solid waste master plans

One of the most important guiding references out of six guiding references developed in the
Project is the guiding reference on master plan formulation. In the Project, the guiding reference
was utilized in “Co-learning Study Session” (CSS) proposed and implemented with MOC.
For promoting the utilization of the guiding reference, it is recommended to MOC to utilize it
in any opportunities such as workshops including continuing the CSSs. It is important to
introduce and explain the guiding reference to the Cities/Provinces and emphasize the
effectiveness. It is also important to introduce it to the Cities/Provinces which are planning to
develop/revise their plans and guide them.
(2) MOC: Continuing of the data collection and aggregation

The data related to domestic waste management of 63 Cities/Provinces were collected and
aggregated in the Project and MOC did it in 2017. However, the data management knowhow
can only be accumulated through experiences. The knowhow to manage data has to be
accumulated through continuous data collection and aggregation.
The data form can be revised based on the past lessons toward more reliable data management.
(3) Hanoi City: Legal document arrangement and treatment facility development
a) For domestic waste

It is very urgent to develop treatment facility developments to reduce the volume of domestic
waste, as Hanoi City is facing at shortages of treatment facilities. It is very important to secure
facility developments as planned and to enforce any legal documents so that the facilities work
effectively.
b) For construction waste

The measures for proper management of construction waste in Hanoi is just started. As
proposed in this Project, it is recommended to start from developing a recycling facility. As
same as domestic waste, the legal documents so as to function the facility have to be considered.
(4) Promotion of construction waste recycling

“Establishment of an efficient management system for building waste to control environmental
pollution and improvement of production of new materials for recycled building waste in
Vietnam” under the scheme of “Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable
Development” (Saitama University and National Institute of Environmental Studies, five years
from February 2018) will conduct a study on any business model to promote construction waste
recycling including development of technical standards for recycled products from construction
waste.
Any collaboration of Ministry of Construction and Hanoi City with this program may contribute
to promote construction waste recycling.
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(5) Continuity and expansion of the prioritized project in Thua Thien Hue Province and
revision of integrated solid waste management plan
For Thua Thien Hue Province, an integrated solid waste master plan was formulated and the
implementation of the prioritize project was supported in the Project. It is recommended to
Thua Thien Hue Province to continue/expand the prioritized project. It is important to held the
steering committees timely, coordinated by Department of Construction.
Accumulated experiences through the implementation of the prioritized project, the master plan
can be updated effectively and timely as planned in the plan. This contribute to achieve an
integrated solid waste management in Thua Thien Hue Province.
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11. OTHER RELATED MATERIALS
(1) PDM
PDM was modified based on the discussion in the JCC meeting, the history of modification can
be seen in the minutes of meetings of JCC meetings as attached in Appendix 1.
(2) Flowchart
The flowchart is attached as the “Plan of Operation” referred to in Appendix 1.
(3) Detail activity schedule

The detail activity scheduled is attached as the “Annual Plan of Operation” referred to in
Appendix 1.
(4) Expert assignment schedule

The latest version of the expert assignment schedule is attached in Appendix 2.
(5) Participants in the training courses

The participants in the training courses in Japan can be referred to in annexes for the study tours
in Japan.
(6) Equipment
The equipment in the Project is shown in Appendix 3
(7) Minutes of the JCC meeting

Minutes of the JCC meetings were attached in Appendix 1.
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Appendices
Appendix 1. Minutes of the Joint Coordinating Committee Meeting
1.1 The first JCC
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1.2 The second JCC
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2018 - VN Waste Project - JICA

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Socialist Republic of Viet Nam

Socialist Republic of Viet Nam

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Sustainable System Design institute

2. Issues of Vietnam and solutions for Vietnam –Strategy

3. Summary of the project activities (Output 1. Capacity

4. Summary of the project activities (Output 2. DOC of

5. Summary of the project activities (Output 3. Technical

5.3 ACTIVITY 3-3. PROVIDE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR THE INITIATION OF

6. Summary of the project activities (Output 0. Project

7. Publicity of the project 66

8. Considered points in the Project management 67

9. Achievement of the Project Purpose 68

10. Recommendation for achievement of the Overall

11. Other related materials 81

Output Activity Sub-activity Annex

ATI Administration of Technical Infrastructure

1.2 Project framework

(1) Overall goal

a) Long term overall goal (super goal)

(2) Project purpose

a) Output 1. Capacity of MOC on management, policy-making, and support system for

d) Output 0. Project management

1.4 Target waste

1.6 Project Management Structure

Joint Coordination Committee (JCC)

Project Management Unit (PMU)

Figure 1-1 Project Management Structure

(1) Joint Coordinating Committee

(2) Project Management Unit

2.1 Steps of “Vietnam Waste Project”

(1) Understanding of present situations

(2) Current required actions

(3) Bottleneck for the required actions

(4) Solution for the current bottlenecks

The pollutions in existing

No experience and know-how

Capacity development of the

Figure 2-2 Issue structure of Vietnam and solutions

(1) Advantage of Vietnam

(2) Disadvantage of Vietnam

2.4 Necessary solutions and necessary tools for the solutions

Table 2-1 Necessary solutions and necessary tools

2.5 Future focal points for improving solid waste management

Training course for developing

The national target

Figure 2-3 Strategy of the “Vietnam Waste Project”

3.1 Activity 1-1. Review policies, legislations, institutional framework, and

(1) Activity 1-1-1. Review on legal documents

a) Legal document database

b) Legal document classification

Directive Decision Decision Decision Decision Decision Decision Decision Decision

Figure 3-2 Relations among legal documents (example)

d) Summary of legal structure

(2) Activity 1-1-2. Revision of Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP

a) MOC’s role under Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP

Figure 3-3 MOC’s roles under Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP

b) Proposal of the revision of Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP

a) Proposal on the legal document for estimation of waste amount