BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY (exobiology; the search of microbial and

other life in places off of our planet)

 THE SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY  HUMAN USE OF MICROORGANISM
 MICROBIOLOGY – specialized area of  BIOTECHNOLOGY – manipulation of
microbiology that deals with living things too microorganisms to make products in an
small to be seen by the naked eyes industrial setting
 Microscopic  GENETIC ENGINEERING –
 Microbes/ Microorganisms manipulates the genetic of microbes, plants,
 Germs, viruses, agents or pathogens and animals for the purpose of creating new
 MAJOR GROUPS OF MICROBES products and GMO’s
 CELLULAR (BFPH)  RECOMBINANT DNA TECH –
o BACTERIA techniques that allow the transfer of genetic
o FUNGI material from one organism to another and
o PROTOZOA deliberately alter DNA
o HELMINTHS (MULTICELL)  BIOREMEDIATION – introduction of
visible by naked eye microbes into the environment to restore
 ACELLULAR (VP) stability or to clean up toxic pollutants
o VIRUSES  INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THE
o PRIONS HUMAN CONDITION
 BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY  PATHOGENS – any agent such as virus,
 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY – bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth
deals with microbes that causes diseases that cause disease. nearly 2000 different
in humans and animal microbes can cause disease.
 PUBLIC HEALTH  TOP CAUSES OF DEATH – ALL
MICROBIOLOGY & DISEASES
EPIDEMIOLOGY – monitor and
control the spread of diseases in
communities. (CDC & WHO)
 IMMUNOLOGY – complex web of
protective substances and cells produced
in response to infection. Includes
vaccination, blood testing, and allergy.
 INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
– safeguards our food and water. It also
includes biotechnology. Microbes used
to create amino acids, beer, drugs,
enzyme, and vitamins.
 AGRICULTURAL MICROBIO –  INFECTIOUS DISEASES
relationship between microbes and  increase in the number of new
domesticated plants and animals. It (emerging) and older (reemerging)
includes plant specialist (plant disease, diseases.
soil fertility, and nutritional interactions)  Ebola, AIDS, hepa C, and viral
and animal specialist (infections) encephalitis are some of diseases that
 ENVIRONMENTAL cause severe mortality and morbidity.
MICROBIOLOGY – effects of
 Advancement in eradication of diseases
such as polio and leprosy and diseases
microbes on the earth’s diverse habitats.
caused by certain parasitic worms
Aquatic (earth’s surface water), soil
somewhat balances the trend.
(microbes in terrestrial parts of the
planet), geomicrobiology (microbes on
earth’s crust), and astrobiology
ANONYMOUS
  SIX TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS
 DISEASES ONCE CONSIDERED
NONINFECTIOUS
 GASTRIC ULCER caused by
Helicobacter pylori
 link between certain cancers and
bacteria and viruses
 coxsackievirus (hand, foot, mouth
disease) has been associated with
diabetes and schizophrenia
 multiple sclerosis, OCD, coronary artery
disease, obesity is linked to chronic
microbial infections with microbes
 sporadic is based on lifestyle
 DISEASES ONCE CONSIDERED
NONINFECTIOUS  LIFESTYLES OF MICROBES
 we’re now discovering subtler side of  MAJORITY OF MICROBES:
microorganisms and quiet, slow, o live in habitats such as soil and
destructive diseases the cause such as: water
o female infertility by Chlamydia o relatively harmless and often
o liver cancer (hepatitis viruses) beneficial
o cervical cancer (HPV or human o derive food and other factors from
papillomavirus) the nonliving environment
 WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEMS  PARASITES
AND DRUG RESISTANCE o harbored and nourished by a
 Increased number of patients with HOST
weakened immune systems are subjects o cause damage and disease in the
to infections by common microbes not host
pathogenic to healthy people  HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF
 Drug-resistant microbes also contribute MICROBIOLOGY
to increase in infectious disease  EARLY IDEAS ABOUT DISEASE
 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSMISSION
MICROORGANISMS  Certain foods spoiled, became inedible,
 BACTERIA AND ARCHEA CELLS: or caused illness
o About 10x smaller than eukaryotic cells  Black plague and smallpox caused by
o Lacks organelles: small, double some kind of transmissible matter
membrane-bound structures that perform  Belief in spontaneous generation
specific functions  LOUIS PASTEUR
 Majority of microorganisms are single-  Disproved spontaneous generation
celled (all bacteria and archaeal and some  Used swan neck for his flask
eukaryotes)

ANONYMOUS
 o Made drawing of what he called
“animalcule” in rainwater and
scraped from his teeth
o Father of bacteriology and
protozoology

 THE CENTURY OF BIOLOGY

 DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSCOPE  1970s
 ROBERT HOOKE (Englishman) o Discovery of restriction enzymes
o In 1660s first observation of o Cutting DNA thru enzymes
microbes  1980s
o Described cellular structures in tree o The invention of the PCR
barks “little structures” that technique
seemed alive o Detects tiny amount of DNA and
o Used single lens microscope amplify it
o Invented by Kary Mullis (1993
Noble prize)
 2000s
o Importance of small RNAs
o Antimicrobial therapy
 2010s
o Genetic identification of the
human microbiome
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL
MICROBIOLOGY
 EARLY EXPERIMENTS SHOWED
 ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK THAT MICROBES ARE
(Dutch) EVERYWHERE:
o Made a crude microscope to o Air and dust are full of them
examine threads in fabrics o The entire surface of the earth and its
waters, and all objects are inhabited by
them
 THE DISCOVERY OF SPORES AND
STERILIZATION
 JOHN TYNDALL
o Found that microbes in the dust and
air have high heat resistance

ANONYMOUS
  FERDINAND COHN  BINOMIAL SYSTEM OF
o Discovered and described bacterial NOMENCLATURE
endospores  BINOMIAL SYSTEM
o STERILE: completely free of all o A combination of the genus name
life forms including spores and and the species name
virus particles o The genus name is always
 DEVELOPMENT OF ASEPTIC capitalized and the species name
TECHNIQUES begins with a lower case letter
 ROBERT KOCH o Other names should be italicized
o Linked a specific microorganism when in print or underlined when
with a specific disease written by hand
 DR. OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES  ABBREVIATIONS
o Observed that mothers who gave o The genus name can be
birth at home experienced fewer abbreviated to save space if the
infections than mothers who gave genus has already been stated
birth in the hospitals o Example is Staphylococcus
 DR. IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS aureus can be abbreviated as S.
o Showed that women became aureus
infected in the maternity ward after  CLASSIFICATION
examinations by physicians who o Attempts the orderly arrangement
had been working in the autopsy of organisms into a hierarchy of
rooms without washing their hands taxa (categories) (singular is
 JOSEPH LISTER taxon)
o First to utilize hand washing and o TAXONOMY- classifying living
misting operating rooms with beings
aseptic chemicals o Originated 250y ago by Carl von
o Techniques became the foundation Linne (Linnaeus)
for modern microbial control still in  IDENTIFICATION
use today o The process of discovering and
 DISCOVERY OF PATHOGENS AND recording the traits of organisms
THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE so they can be recognized or
 PASTEUR named and placed in a taxonomic
o Invented pasteurization scheme
o Showed that human diseases could  LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
arise from infection o Domain
 ROBERT KOCH  Highest class
o Established a series of proofs that  BAE ( bacteria, archea, and
verified the germ theory of disease eukarya)
o 1875, anthrax was caused by o Kingdom
bacterium Bacillus anthracis o Phylum
 NOMENCLATURE (NAMING) o Class
 NOMENCLATURE o Order
 The assignment of scientific names to o Family
the various taxonomic categories and o Genus
individual organisms o Species
 Understanding and appreciation of o Mnemonics “D KING PHILIP
microorganisms will be improved by CAST ORDER FOR GOOD
learning a few general rules about how SPAG”
they are named o FOR EXAMPLE, IS HUMAN

ANONYMOUS
 Kingdom Animalia, phylum  ISOTOPES – variant forms of the same
Chordata, class Mammalia, element that differ in number of neutrons
order primates, family  RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES – play a
Hominoidea, genus homo, role in number of research and medical
species sapiens applications. They emit detectable signs
o FOR EXAMPLE, IS and use to trace position of key atoms.
PROTOZOAN Also they are tools in diagnosis and
 Kingdom Protozoan, phylum treatment, and they are used in
Cilliatea, class sterilization procedures.
Hymenostomea, order  3 TYPES OF BONDING
Hymenostomatida, family  COVALENT BOND
Parameciidae, genus  Between atoms that share electrons
Paramecium, species rather than donating or receiving
Caudatum them
 PHYLOGENY  SINGLE COVALENT – share a
o Taxonomic scheme that represents pair of electron (H2)
the natural relatedness between  DOUBLE COVALENT – share two
groups of living things pairs of electrons and more rigid (O2)
o Based on evolutions  POLAR MOLECULE – formed
 UNIVERSAL TREE OF LIFE between two atoms that have
o Five kingdoms recognized: different electronegativity, or ability
 Plants to attract electrons
 Animals  NONPOLAR MOLECULE – when
 Protista (protozoa) atoms have similar electronegativity
 Monera (bacteria and archea)  IONIC BOND
 Fungi  Formed when electrons are
transferred completely from one atom
 CHEMISTRY OF MICROBIOLOGY to another and are not shared
 MODELS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE  IONIZATION – the formation of
 PROTON – positively charge charged particles when a molecule
 NEUTRONS – no charge formed by ionic bonds dissolves in a
 ELECTRONS – negatively charge solvent
 NUCLEUS – made up of relatively o CATIONS – positively
large protons and neutrons charged ions
o ANIONS – negatively charged
 MAJOR ELEMENTS OF LIFE AND ions
THEIR PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS o ELECTROLYTES –
substances such as salts, acids,
and bases that releases ions
when dissolved in water
 HYDROGEN BOND
 Due to attractive forces between
nearby atoms or molecules
 Weak type of bond
 van der Waals forces – weak
attractive interactions between
molecules of low polarity.
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
 SYNTHESIS REACTION

ANONYMOUS
 Reactants bond together in a manner o NaCl (sodium chloride)
that produces an entirely new o Mg3(PO4)2 (magnesium
molecule (S+O2=SO2) Sulfur phosphate)
dioxide o CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), and
 DECOMPOSITION REACTION o CO2 (carbon dioxide)
 Bonds on a single reactant molecule  ORGANIC CHEMICALS
are permanently broken to release  with a basic framework of the
two or more product molecules element carbon bonded to other
(2H2O2=2H2O+O2) Hydrogen atoms.
peroxide  simplest, methane (CH4) which has a
 EXCHANGE REACTIONS molecular weight of 16,
 Reactants trade proportions with each  Complex: antibody molecules (part
other and release products that are of our immune systems) that have a
combinations of the two molecular weight of nearly 1,000,000
(AB+XY=AX+BY)  Carbon as the fundamental element of life:
 CATALYSTS  ideal atomic building block to form
 Substance that increase the rate of the backbone of organic molecules
reaction without being consumed in  it has 4 electrons in its outer orbital to
the process be shared with other atoms including
 ENZYMES are catalysts in cells other carbons

 SOLUTIONS (KANYA KANYA NA SA BIOCHEM

 HYDROPHILIC HAHA)
 Attracts water to their surface
 LABORATORY
 HYDROPHOBIC
 FIVE I’s
 Substance that increase the rate of
 INOCULATION
reaction without being consumed in
 CULTURE
the process
o propagation of microbes w/
 AMPHIPATHIC
various media
 Substance that increase the rate of
o growth of microbes on a nutrient
reaction without being consumed in
medium
the process
 MEDIA
 ACIDITY, ALKALINITY, AND pH SCALE
 ACIDIC o nutrient containing environment
 acidic when a component dissolved where microbes multiply
in water (acid) releases excess o some microbes require only few
hydrogen ions4 (H+) simple organic compound for
 BASIC growth
 Basic when a component releases o other requires complex list of
excess hydroxyl ions (OH–) specific inorganic and organic
 pH SCALE compounds
 pH scale, a graduated numerical scale o certain microbes cannot be
that ranges from 0 (the most acidic) grown on artificial lab media
to 14 (the most basic) and require cell cultures or host
 CHEMISTRY OF CARBON COMPOUNDS o LIQUID MEDIA
 INORGANIC CHEMICALS  water-based solutions that
 it does not contain both carbon and do not solidify at temp
hydrogen. above freezing and flow
 Examples of inorganic chemicals freely in a tilted container
include  broth, milks, infusions
o SEMISOLID MEDIA
ANONYMOUS
  Exhibits clot-like o SELECTIVE AND
consistency at room temp DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA
 Contains enough gelatin or  Extensive application for
agar but not produce a firm isolation and ID
surface  MacConkey Agar
 Determine motility of  Mannitol Salt Agar
bacteria  Differential media
 Localize a reaction to  Multiple microbes
specific site grow but display
o SOLID visible diff between
 Firm surface upon which colonies
cells can form discrete o MISCELLANEOUS
colonies  Reducing media
 Isolate bacteria and fungi  Grow anaerobic
o AGAR bacteria
 Complex ploysacc isolated  CHO fermentation media
from red alga Geludium  w/ sugar that can be
 Solid at room temp, fermented and a pH
liquefied at 100C and does indicator to show this
not solidify until it cools to reaction
42C  Transport media
 Any medium containing 1  Maintain and preserve
to 5% agar

o DEFINED (SYNTHETIC)  Assay media

 Exact chem composition  Test effectiveness of
are known antimicrobials
 Contain pure organic and  To assess effect of
inorganic compounds that disinfectants,
vary little from one source antiseptics, cosmetics,
to another and preservatives on
o COMPLEX growth of microbes
 Contains at least one  Enumeration media
component that is not chem  Industrial and
definable environmental
 Extracts of eukaryotes microbio to count
o GENERAL PURPOSE number of organisms
 Grows broad spectrum of  INOCULATION
microbes o introduction of microbes to
 Complex media w/ mixture media for culture
of ingredients that support
 STERILE
wide variety of microbes
o free of all life forms including
 w/ nutrient agar and broth,
spores and viruses
brain-heart infusion, and
o requirement for instruments usd
trypticase soy agar
for sampling and inoculation
o ENRICHED
 INCUBATION
 Complex organic substance
 usual temp used is 20 to 40c
(blood serum or other
special growth factors)  incubators are used to control
 Growth factor: specific vit. atmospheric gases such as o2 and co2
or amino acids  microbial growth in liquid medium

ANONYMOUS
 o cloudiness o Microscopic analysis
o sediments
o scum
o color
 MICROBIAL GROWTH ON SOLID
MEDIUM
o colonies
 ISOLATION
 Colony
o Discrete mound of cells
o One species and no other if
formed
 Requirement
o Small number of cells must be
inoculated into a relatively large
volume or expansive area of
media selected to encourage
o A petri dish
o Inoculation loop
 Streak plate method
o Sample spread across the surface
of medium thru inoculating loop
o Used to inoculate gradually thins
out the sample and separate the
cells in order to encourage the
growth of discrete colonies
 Pour Plate Method
o Sample is diluted serially into
cooled, but still liquid agar tubes
o Inoculated tubes are poured into
sterile petri dish and allow to
solidify
o Diluted cells have enough space
to grow into separate colonies
o Some may grow deep in the
medium
 Spread plate method
o Sample is pipetted onto the
surface of plate
o Sterile spreading tool or hockey
stick is used to spread evenly on
the surface to form indiv
colonies
 INSPECTION and IDENTIFICATION
 Microbial profiling through
o Phenotypic test
o Genotypic test
o Immunologic test
o Macroscopic analysis

ANONYMOUS