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    Uses of Ferrous Metals & Alloys Steels

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    Noel Angelo
    This document discusses various ferrous metals and alloys, focusing on different types and production methods of steel. It describes: - The classification of steel based on carbon content from very low to very high. - Key steel production methods like cementation, Bessemer process, open hearth process, and electric refining process. - The Bessemer process invented steel production using air blown through molten pig iron to remove impurities. - The open hearth process developed large scale steel making by melting pig iron and scrap in furnaces with fluxes. - Modern processes like direct oxygen and electric arc furnaces have improved on earlier methods.

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    Uses of Ferrous Metals & Alloys Steels

    Uploaded by

    Noel Angelo
    15 views55 pages
    This document discusses various ferrous metals and alloys, focusing on different types and production methods of steel. It describes: - The classification of steel based on carbon content from very low to very high. - Key steel production methods like cementation, Bessemer process, open hearth process, and electric refining process. - The Bessemer process invented steel production using air blown through molten pig iron to remove impurities. - The open hearth process developed large scale steel making by melting pig iron and scrap in furnaces with fluxes. - Modern processes like direct oxygen and electric arc furnaces have improved on earlier methods.

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    STEEL-MAKING-wala-pa-kay-pars

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    This document discusses various ferrous metals and alloys, focusing on different types and production methods of steel. It describes: - The classification of steel based on carbon content from very low to very high. - Key steel production methods like cementation, Bessemer process, open hearth process, and electric refining process. - The Bessemer process invented steel production using air blown through molten pig iron to remove impurities. - The open hearth process developed large scale steel making by melting pig iron and scrap in furnaces with fluxes. - Modern processes like direct oxygen and electric arc furnaces have improved on earlier methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views55 pages

    Uses of Ferrous Metals & Alloys Steels

    Uploaded by

    Noel Angelo
    This document discusses various ferrous metals and alloys, focusing on different types and production methods of steel. It describes: - The classification of steel based on carbon content from very low to very high. - Key steel production methods like cementation, Bessemer process, open hearth process, and electric refining process. - The Bessemer process invented steel production using air blown through molten pig iron to remove impurities. - The open hearth process developed large scale steel making by melting pig iron and scrap in furnaces with fluxes. - Modern processes like direct oxygen and electric arc furnaces have improved on earlier methods.

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    of 55

    USES OF FERROUS

    METALS & ALLOYS


    STEELS
    Steel
    -is analloy of iron and
    carbon in which the
    carbon content does
    not exceed 1.7%.

    -Produced from Pig


    Iron and Scraps.
    Pig Iron

    Scraps
    Classification
    0.05 - 0.15 % carbon Very low carbon
    steel
    0,15 – 0.30 % carbon Low carbon steel

    0.30 – 0.60 % carbon Medium carbon


    steel
    0.60 – 0.90 % carbon High carbon steel

    0.90 – 1.5 % carbon Very high carbon


    steel
    Methods
    Cementation
    Crucible
    Bessemer
    Acid open-hearth
    Basic open-hearth
    Electric
    Oxygen converter
    Manufacture of Steel
    Melted Pig iron and
    scrap has its
    impurities removed
    by oxidation.
    Slag
    • is the glass-like by product left over after a
    desired metal has been separated from its
    raw ore.
    Uses of Slag

    • To absorb and retain the oxidize impurities.

    • To lie upon the top of the bath as a blanket


    to protect from excessive oxidation.

    • To oxidize the impurities of the bath.


    Deoxidation and Rimming
    Deoxidation
    • Is a method used in metallurgy to
    remove the oxygen content during
    steel manufacturing
    Rimming
    • Partially deoxidized or non
    deoxidized low carbon steel evolving
    sufficient amount of carbon
    monoxide during solidification.
    Processes in Steel Making
    • Cementation
    • Crucible Process
    • Bessemer Process
    • Direct Oxygen Process
    • Open Hearth Process
    • Duplex Process
    • Electric Refining Process
    Cementation
    Cementation
    • is an obsolete technology for
    making steel by carburization of iron.
    Cementation Furnace
    Crucible Processes
    •  Is a process of refining steel by
    melting cast iron, and
    sometimes steel, often along
    with sand, glass, ashes, and
    other fluxes, in a crucible.
    BESSEMER PROCESS
    Henry Bessemer
    -Invented a process
    for refining pig iron
    by blowing air
    currents through
    the molten bath.
    Bessemer Process
    Bessemer Converter
    Formed slag blown through the
    mouth of the Bessemer
    Converter
    William Kelly of Kentucky
    American Railways
    Direct Oxygen Process
    Direct Oxygen Process or LD
    process (Linz-Donawitz)
    -Process of refining pig iron using pure
    oxygen to oxidize impurities.
    Direct Oxygen Process
    Oxygen Converter
    Open Hearth Process
    Siemens Brothers
    -Invented a
    process for
    refining steel on a
    large scale by
    melting pig iron in
    the hearth of a
    furnace in
    contact with
    proper fluxes.
    Pierre-Emile Martin
    -Developed
    regenerative
    furnace.
    Open Hearth Process
    Open Hearth Process
    • Regenerative
    Chambers-
    Separate
    compartments
    connected with a
    furnace; they are
    arranged for
    preheating the gas
    and the air used
    for fuel
    Brick checker-
    where the hot
    exhaust gases
    from furnace
    pass, giving up
    their heat to
    brickwork.
    Regenerative Furnace
    Limestone flux
    Fluor Spar

    Steel Ingot
    molds
    Duplex Process
    Duplex Process
    • Combination of acid Bessemer basic
    open-hearth processes.
    • Larger part of manganese and of the
    silicon is removed in the converter
    • Phosphorus and Carbon are removed
    in the open hearth
    Duplex Process
    Electric Refining Process
    Electric Refining Process
    • If extremely pure steel is desired
    • When electrical energy is cheap
    • The heat is produced by electrical
    energy
    • The bath is not subjected to excessive
    oxidation
    • The temperature can be very closely
    controlled
    Three types of electric furnaces
    used:
    1. Arc furnace with
    electrodes above the bath
    2. The bath competes the circuit
    between electrodes
    3. Induction furnace
    Ingot molds
    Ingots
    • After the steel has been refined, it id
    poured either into ingot molds or
    directly into a mold to form a finished
    casting. But most steel is poured in
    ingot form.
    Large ingot molds
    • Usually filled
    through the top
    from a ladle
    which has a gate
    in the bottom.
    Smaller ingot molds
    Usually set in groups
    of 15 to 20 upon
    concrete base; in
    this are embedded
    refractory tubes
    leading from a
    central sprue to each
    of the molds.
    Ingots
    Defects in Ingots

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