Basic / Elementary Signals

Basic / Elementary Signals
■ Standard signals are used for the analysis of systems. These signals are;
– Unit step function

– Unit ramp function
– Unit impulse or Delta function
– Complex exponential function
– Sinusoidal function
1
1. Unit Step function (𝑢 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑢,𝑛-)
Parameter CT unit step signal 𝒖(𝒕) DT unit step signal 𝒖,𝒏-
Definition The unit step signal has amplitude of „1‟ for positive values of time and it has amplitude
of „0‟ for negative values of time.
Mathematical 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑢,𝑛- =
representation 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0
𝑢 𝑡 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0 or 𝑢 𝑛 = *… , 0,0,0,1,1,1,1, … +
Waveform
Significance DT unit step signal is sampled version of CT unit step signal
2
2. Unit Ramp function
Parameter CT unit ramp signal 𝒓(𝒕) DT unit ramp signal 𝒓,𝒏-
Definition It is linearly growing function for positive values of time.
Mathematical 𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑟,𝑛- =
representation 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0
Waveform
Significance Ramp function indicates linear function
3
Exp 5: A CTS 𝒙 𝒕 is shown in Fig. Sketch and label each of the following
signals
4
5
Exp 6: A DTS 𝒙[n] is shown in Fig. Sketch and label each of the following
signals
6
7
3. Real Exponential Signal
Parameter CT real exponential signals DT real exponential signals
Definition It is exponentially growing or decaying signal
Mathematical 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑒 𝛼𝑡 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑏𝑟 𝑛
representation 𝑏 and 𝛼 are real If 𝑟 = 𝑒 𝛼
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑏𝑒 𝛼𝑛
𝑏 and 𝛼 are real
Waveform x(t)
𝛼<0 Decaying x[n]
0<𝑟<1
Decaying
t n
x(t) 𝛼>0 Rising x[n] 𝑟>1

Rising
n
t
8
4. Complex Exponential Signal
■ When exponent is purely imaginary, then signal is said to be complex exponential
■ It is given as
■ CT: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
■ DT: 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑛
5. Sinusoidal Signal
■ It is given as
■ CT: 𝑥 𝑡 = cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
■ DT: 𝑥 𝑛 = cos(𝜔𝑛 + 𝜙)
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Continuous-Time Complex Exponential
Signals
Ceat (C is expressed in polar form
and a in rectangular form)
Continuous-Time Complex Exponential
Signals
Discrete-Time Real Exponential Signals
x[n]  C n
Unit Impulse Signal
■ Continuous Time Unit Impulse Signal is 𝜹(𝒕)

■ It is also known as dirac delta
■ It is defined as “Area under unit impulse is „1‟ as its width approaches zero. Thus, it
has zero value everywhere except 𝑡 = 0”
■ Thus, coefficient with 𝛿 𝑡 shows its strength or area not amplitude
∞
𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 0
■ 𝛿 𝑡 = −∞
1
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≠ 0
13
A) Time Shifting
i) 𝛿 𝑡 − 2 ii) 𝛿 𝑡 + 3
2 -3
B) Amplitude Scaling C) Time Scaling

2 2/5 1
iii) 𝛿 𝑡 ■ 𝛿 𝑎𝑡 = 𝛿 𝑡
5 𝑎
1
■ 𝛿,𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 )- = 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜
𝑎
0
14
Properties of CT Unit Impulse or Delta function 𝛿(𝑡)
■ 1) Integrating a unit impulse function results in „1‟
+∞
■ −∞
𝛿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1
+∞
■ −∞
𝐴𝛿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐴
■ 2) The scaled version of 𝛿(𝑎𝑡) is

1
■ 𝛿 𝑎𝑡 = 𝛿 𝑡
𝑎
■ 3) The flipped version of 𝛿(𝑎𝑡) is

■ 𝛿 −𝑡 = 𝛿 𝑡
■ 4) When an arbitrary function 𝒇(𝒕) is multiplied by a shifted impulse
function, the product is given by;
+∞
■ −∞
𝑓 𝑡 𝛿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑡=0
+∞
■ −∞
𝑓 𝑡 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡𝑜 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑡=𝑡𝑜
15
+∞ −𝑡 −2 −𝑡
Exp 1: Evaluate i) −∞
𝑒 𝛿 2𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡 ii) −5
𝑒 𝛿 2𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡
+∞ −𝑡 −2 −𝑡
(i) −∞
𝑒 𝛿 2𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡 ii) −5
𝑒 𝛿 2𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡
1
■ 𝛿 2𝑡 − 2 = 𝛿 2 𝑡 − 1 = 𝛿 𝑡−1 =0
2
*Unit impulse should be present between the

+∞ −𝑡 1 limits of integration
■ = −∞
𝑒 𝛿 𝑡 − 1 𝑑𝑡
2
1 +∞ −𝑡
■ = −∞
𝑒 𝛿 𝑡 − 1 𝑑𝑡
2
1
■ = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡=1
2
1
■ = 𝑒 −1
2
16
Exp 2: Show that
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Solution:
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Exp 3: Evaluate the following integrals
19
Solution:
■ (a)
■ (b)
■ (c)
■ (d)
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Basic / Elementary Signals

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Basic / Elementary Signals

– Unit step function

Significance DT unit step signal is sampled version of CT unit step signal

Significance Ramp function indicates linear function

Definition It is exponentially growing or decaying signal

x(t) 𝛼>0 Rising x[n] 𝑟>1

■ Continuous Time Unit Impulse Signal is 𝜹(𝒕)

B) Amplitude Scaling C) Time Scaling

■ 2) The scaled version of 𝛿(𝑎𝑡) is

■ 3) The flipped version of 𝛿(𝑎𝑡) is

*Unit impulse should be present between the

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