Example 2-3

Thévenin's Method
The one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system is shown in the Fig.
The reactance given for each generator is the transient reactance. All reactances
are expressed in per unit on a common 100 MVA base, and for simplicity,
resistances are neglected. Assume the system is on no-load and all the pre-fault
bus voltages equal to 1.0 per unit.

Determine the fault current, the bus voltages, and the line currents during the fault
when a balanced three-phase fault with a fault impedance Zf = 0.16 p.u. occurs on
(a) Bus 3
(b) Bus 2
j0.1 j0.2
(c) Bus 1
j0.1 j0.2
j0.8

1 2

j0.4 j0.4
3

Fig. 2-14 One-line diagram of the system

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Example 2-3
Thévenin's Method
The one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system is shown in the Fig.
The reactance given for each generator is the transient reactance. All reactances
are expressed in per unit on a common 100 MVA base, and for simplicity,
resistances are neglected. Assume the system is on no-load and all the pre-fault
bus voltages equal to 1.0 per unit.

Determine the fault current, the bus voltages, and the line currents during the fault
when a balanced three-phase fault with a fault impedance Zf = 0.16 p.u. occurs on
(a) Bus 3
(b) Bus 2
(c) Bus 1
j0.2 j0.8 j0.4

1 2

j0.4 j0.4

Fig. 2-14a Reactance diagram of the system

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
 Solution 2-3
Thévenin's Method
• Fault is simulated by switching on an impedance Zf at the faulted bus 3
• The change in the network voltages is equivalent to those caused by adding
the prefault bus voltage with all other sources short-circuited.

From Fig. 2-15(b), the fault current

at bus 3 is
V3 (0)
I3 (F ) 
Z 33  Z f
Z33  Thevenin’s impedance viewed
from the faulted bus.
V3(0) Thevenin’s voltage or the
prefault voltage.

Given,
V1 (0)  V2 (0)  V3 (0)  1.0 pu

Fig. 2-15 (a) The impedance network for fault at bus 3.

(b) Thévenin’s equivalent network.
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
 Solution 2-3 (contd….)
Thévenin's Method
To find the Thevenin’s impedance, we convert the  formed by buses 123 to an
equivalent Y as shown in Fig. 2-16.

( j 0.4)( j 0.8)
Z1s  Z 2 s   j 0.2
j1.6
( j 0.4)( j 0.4)
Z 3s   j 0.1
j1.6

Fig. 2-16 -Y transformation

of the network

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Solution 2-3 (contd….)
Thévenin's Method

Combining the parallel branches, Thevenin’s impedance is

( j 0.4)( j 0.6)
Z 33   j 0.1
j 0.4  j 0.6
 j 0.24  j 0.1
 j 0.34

Fig. 2-17a Reduction of Thevenin’s

equivalent network

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Solution 2-3 (contd….)
Thévenin's Method

From Fig. 2-17b, the fault current is

V3 ( F ) 1.0
I3 (F )     j 2.0 pu
Z 33  Z f j 0.34  j 0.16
.
Fig. 2-17b Reduction of Thevenin’s
equivalent network

The current divisions between the two generators are

j 0 .6
I G1  I 3 ( F )   j1.2 pu
j 0 .4  j 0 .6
j 0 .4
IG2  I 3 ( F )   j 0.8 pu
j 0 .4  j 0 .6

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Solution 2-3 (contd….)
Thévenin's Method

For the bus voltage changes, we get

The bus voltages during the fault are obtained by

superposition of the prefault bus voltages and the
changes in the bus voltages

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Solution 2-3 (contd….)
Thévenin's Method

The short circuit currents in the lines are

Do yourself - for fault occurs at Bus-2

and Bus-1

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Short Circuit Capacity (SCC)
SCC of a bus is used to determine

 the size and dimension of the bus bar

 the interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker

SCC at bus k is defined as

SB
SCC 
X kk

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Short Circuit Capacity (SCC)

Find the SCC for bus 3

Z33 = j0.34
Sbase = 100 MVA
S base
SCC3 
Z 33
100 MVA

0.34
.  294 MVA
Fig. 2-18

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix

a
4
3

(a) One-line diagram of a simple system

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix

Ea 1 Ea -j3.33

1
j0.2 j0.1 -j5
j0.2
4
4 -j4.0
j0.25
Ec 3 Ec -j3.33
3
-j8.0
j0.2 j0.1 j0.125

-j2.5
j0.4 Eb 2
Eb j0.2 j0.1
2 -j3.33
-j5
j0.2
- +
Vf

(a) Reactance diagram (b) Admittance diagram

Fig. 2-19

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix
Ea 1
-j3.33  A three-phase fault at bus 4 is simulated.
-j5
4  Vf is the pre-fault voltage at bus 4.
-j4.0
Ec -j3.33
3
-j8.0  Vf and -Vf constitute the short circuit.
 Vf alone would cause no current in the
-j2.5
Eb 2 branch.
-j3.33
-j5  Vf and -Vf in series creates short circuit
and the branch current is If.
- + - +  If Ea , Eb, Ec and Vf are short-circuited,
-Vf Vf If the voltages and currents are those due
only to -Vf.
 Then the only current entering a node from
a source is that from -Vf and is - If into
node 4, i.e. If from node 4.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix
Ea -j3.33
1
The node equations in matrix form for the
-j5 network with –Vf the only source
4
-j4.0
Ec 3
 0  5.0   V1


-j3.33 -j8.0  12.33 0.0 4. 0
 0   0.0  10.83 2.5   
  5 . 0  V2 
j 
Eb 2 -j2.5  0   4 .0 2.5  17.83 8.0   V3 
-j3.33     
-j5
 I f   5 . 0 5 . 0 8 . 0  18 . 0   V f 

 V1   0  Vf
  I f 
- + - +   0  Z 44
 V2   
If
  Z bus
-Vf Vf
 V  0  Z14
 3    V1   I f Z14  Vf
 V f   I f  Z 44
Z 24 Z 34
V2  Vf V3  Vf
Z 44 Z 44

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix
Ea -j3.33
1
According to principle of superposition, the
-j5   
prefault voltages added to V1 , V2 and V3
4 yield the voltages existing after the fault
-j4.0
Ec 3 occurs.
-j3.33 -j8.0
If the faulted network are assumed without
loads before fault, no current is flowing
-j2.5
Eb -j3.33
2 before the fault and all voltages are the same
-j5 and equal to Vf.

-
V1  V f  V1  V f  I f Z14
+ - +
If
V2  V f  V2  V f  I f Z 24
-Vf Vf

V3  V f  V3  V f  I f Z 34
V4  V f  V f  0

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix
Ea -j3.33
1
-j5 In general terms for a fault on bus k (neglecting
4 pre-fault currents),
-j4.0
Ec -j3.33
3
-j8.0 Vf
I f 
Z kk
-j2.5
Eb -j3.33
2

-j5 And the post-fault voltage at bus n is

Z nk
- + - + Vn  V f  Vf
-Vf Vf If Z kk

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix
The previous equations
Ea -j3.33
1
-j5

5.0   V1 
4 
-j4.0  0   12.33 0.0 4 .0
Ec 3  0   0.0  10.83 2.5   V 
5 . 0  2 
-j3.33 -j8.0   j
 0   4 .0 2.5  17.83 8.0   V3 
    
Eb 2 -j2.5  I f   5 . 0 5 . 0 8 . 0  18 . 0   V f 
-j3.33
-j5
 V1  0.1488 0.0651 0.0864 0.0978   0 
  0.0651  
 V2

 0.1554 0.0799 0.0967   0 
- + - +  V  j
-Vf Vf If 0.0864 0.0798 0.1341 0.1058   0 
 3    
 V f  0.0978 0.0967 0.1058 0.1566  I f 

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix
Ea 1  V1  0.1488 0.0651 0.0864 0.0978   0 
-j3.33   0.0651  
-j5
 V2

 0.1554 0.0799 0.0967   0 
 V  j
4
0.0864 0.0798 0.1341 0.1058   0 
-j4.0  3    
Ec 3
 V f  0.1566  I f 
-j3.33 -j8.0 0.0978 0.0967 0.1058

-j2.5 Vf is assumed to be 1.00

Eb -j3.33
2

-j5 Determine I f , V1, V2, V3, I13

 and I a

1
- + - + I f    j 6.386 per unit
-Vf Vf If 0.1566
j 0.0978
V1  1   0.3755 per unit
j 0.1566
j 0.0967
V2  1   0.3825 per unit
j 0.1566
j 0.1058
V3  1   0.3244 per unit
j 0.1566
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
 Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix

Ea 1 Currents in any part of the network can be found

j0.2 j0.1
j0.2 from the voltages and impedances
4
j0.25 V1  V3 0.3755  0.3244
Ec
j0.2
3  
I13 
j0.1 j0.125 j 0.25 j 0.25
  j 0.2044 per unit
j0.4
Eb j0.2 j0.1
2

j0.2
From the generator connected to
- +
Vf node 1 the current is

Ea  V1 1  0.3755
I a  
j 0 .3 j 0 .3
  j 2.0817 per unit

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix

j0.2 j0.8 j0.4

1 2

j0.4 j0.4

j0.16

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix

 j8.75 j1.25 j 2.5

Ybus  j  j1.25  j 6.25 j 2.5
 j 2.5 j 2.5  j 5.0 
-j5 -j1.25 -j2.5

1 2  j 0.16 j 0.08 j 0.12

Z bus  j  j 0.08 j 0.24 j 0.16
-j2.5 -j2.5
 j 0.12 j 0.16 j 0.34 
3

Admittance diagram
V3[ pre f ] 1.0 pu
I [f]
    j 2.0 pu
Z 33  Z f j 0.34  j 0.16
3

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Thank You

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman