3rd Year THIRD YEAR ENGLISH LESSONS (SUMMARY)

English LEVEL: 3rd year

Lessons CLASSES: 3M, TM, EG
BY Mr TRARI Moustafa F

UNITE 01: Ill-GOTTEN GAINS NEVER PROSPER Future wish expresses impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a
present action.
1. Expressing condition using « providing (that) / provided / as
3. Had better
long as / so long as » :

E.g. You will take my car providing that you don’t damage it. Had better is used to express advice
Had better = should = ought to
(Main clause) (Subordinate clause)
Had better + stem (a verb without “to”)
e.g. you had better work hard to pass your final exam.
The meaning: I will lend you my car on condition that you don't damage it.
Negative form:
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡hat
Had better not +stem (a verb without “to”).
𝑎𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡h𝑎𝑡
e.g. you look tired, you had better not go to school today.
Verb in Future + 𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠
𝑠𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠
+ verb in present simple
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𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 UNITE 02: SAFETY FIRST

2. Expressing wishes and desires 4. Result/Consequence

-Expressing results we use: 𝑠𝑜 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 + 𝑡h𝑎𝑡
Present wish: (wish, past simple) 𝑠𝑢𝑐h + 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑝h𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝑡h𝑎𝑡
e.g. I wish I spoke Italian. (I don't speak Italian.)
Present wish expresses an imaginary situation impossible to happen. - Subject + verb + so + adjective + that + the rest of the sentence.
If only = wish e.g. copies of brand are so cheap that some consumers don’t
hesitate to buy them.
Past wish: (wish, past perfect) - Subject + verb + such + a noun phrase + that + the rest of the sentence.
e.g. I wish I hadn’t eaten so much. (I ate a lot.) e.g. It was such a good film that I watched it twice.
Past wish expresses a regret about a situation happened in the past. -We can express results using other link word:
Note: we use were with all personal pronouns 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦
Future wish: (wish, would + stem (a verb without “to”)) 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
so / thus / therefore
(You are smoking at the moment and it is annoying me.)
e.g. I wish you would stop smoking.
5. Cause/Reason
Note: We use could with i/we instead of would
 3rd Year THIRD YEAR ENGLISH LESSONS (SUMMARY)
English LEVEL: 3rd year
Lessons CLASSES: 3M, TM, EG
BY Mr TRARI Moustafa F

Expressing causes: we use: e.g. I’m waiting, I’m playing.

𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 b. As a noun or gerund.
Sentence + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 + subject + verb … e.g. eating GMF’s might be harmful.
𝑎𝑠 c. As an adjective.
e.g. He succeeded in his exam because he had worked hard. e.g. This book is more interesting than that one.
- The audience cheered as it was a good play.
8. Passive/active voice :
𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓
Sentence + 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 + noun phrase. Active: The teacher explains the lesson.
𝑓𝑜𝑟
(subject) (active verb) (object)
𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜

e.g. She succeeded in his exam because of her work hard.

I had to ask for help because of the difficult of the question.
Passive: The lesson is explained
(verb to be) (past participle)
by the teacher
(the agent)
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6. Modals 1. We take the object in the A sentence as the subject of the P sentence
These modals express: 2. We add the verb to be in the tense of the A sentence
- 𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑡 ⟼ Strong obligation 3. We put the verb of the A sentence in the past participle
- 𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑛’𝑡 ⟼ Prohibition “forbidden” 4. We take the subject of the A sentence as an object preceded by “by”
- 𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ⟼ Necessity
- 𝑑𝑜𝑛′𝑡 h𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 -𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑛′𝑡 -𝑑𝑜𝑛′𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 ⟼ Lack (absence) of obligation 9. Stative (state) & action verb
A state verb: is a verb which describes a states (has not a well defined
- 𝐻𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟- 𝑠h𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 - 𝑜𝑢𝑔h𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ⟼ Advice
beginning & the end)
- 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 - 𝑚𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ⟼ Remote possibility (15%) e.g. like, agree, believe, dislike, deserve, love, enjoy, prefer, hate,
- 𝑚𝑎𝑦 - 𝑐𝑎𝑛 ⟼ Possibility (50%) dread, and mind.
- 𝐼𝑡′𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑡h𝑎𝑡 - 𝐼𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑦 ⟼ Probability (80%)  A state verb is usually use in the present form
- 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑦 ⟼ Certainty (100%)  A state verb can’t be progressive (Continuous form (“ing” form)).
An action verb: is a verb which describes an action or an event (has a specific
7. The “ing” form: beginning & the end).
e.g. go, stop, come, start, achieve, write, win, Describe, Search, and
a. As a past of verb called participle. Replace.
 3rd Year THIRD YEAR ENGLISH LESSONS (SUMMARY)
English LEVEL: 3rd year
Lessons CLASSES: 3M, TM, EG
BY Mr TRARI Moustafa F

 An action verb can be used in simple and continuous form (“ing” form) Eg: If I had read the question well, I would have taken the best mark.
(progressive)
UNITE 03: ASTRONOMY AND SOLAR SYSTEM
10. Prefix & suffix
Prefix: it comes before the word and changes its meaning to Opposites 12. Quantifiers
Agree ⟼ disagree Moral ⟼ immoral - 𝑚𝑎𝑛y , 𝑓𝑒𝑤 -> for countable nouns.
Legal ⟼ illegal Fair ⟼ unfair
- 𝑚𝑢𝑐h, 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙e -> for uncountable nouns.
Direct ⟼ indirect Responsible⟼irresponsibe
- 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓, 𝑠𝑜𝑚e -> for countable & uncountable nouns(both).
Suffix: it comes after the word and changes its form to an adjective, an
-𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 =𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑔h (It’s the right quantity).
adverb, a noun, a verb: able/-ible,-ous,-al,-ful, -less,-ive,-ic,-ing
-𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢g𝑡h (It isn’t the right quantity).

E.g. fashion -> fashionable - courage->courageous - wonder->wonderful

economy -> economic / economical - care->careless - attract->attractive
The excessive and the insufficient of something:
An excessive amount: 𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑢𝑐h ⟼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑠 3
tradition ->traditional - pollute -> polluting 𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦 ⟼𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑠
An insufficient amount: 𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒⟼𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑠
11. Conditionals 𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑒𝑤 ⟼𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑠
We have four types of conditionals: 13. Used for & Used to
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜
1. Type zero: T0 T0 is used to describe a general or scientific
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 are verbs used to describe purpose and function of objects
truth.
If + Verb in present simple, Verb in present simple.
Eg: If you heat water, it boils.  Used to + stem (a verb without “to”)
2. Type one: T1 The situation in T1 is possible to happen. Eg: It’s used to cut wood.
If + Verb in present simple, verb in future (will + stem)  Used for + verb+ing (gerund)
Eg: If she works hard, she will go to university. Eg: It’s used for cutting wood.
3. Type two: T2 The situation in T2 is impossible to happen (an
imaginary situation). 14. Asking questions about measurments. How …?
If + Verb in past simple, would + stem How: is a word question used for ask about dimension and size of objects
Eg: If I were you, I would buy a car.
4. Type three: T3 The situation in T3 is a regret about an event ⟼ Height
- How tall…?
that had happened in the past ⟼ Height
- How long…?
If + Verb in past perfect, would have + past participle ⟼
Height
- How high…? ⟼
 3rd Year THIRD YEAR ENGLISH LESSONS (SUMMARY)
English LEVEL: 3rd year
Lessons CLASSES: 3M, TM, EG
BY Mr TRARI Moustafa F

- How far…? ⟼ Distance Many ⟼ More ⟼ The most

- How fast…? ⟼ Speed Much ⟼ More ⟼ The most
Little ⟼ Less ⟼ The least
- How deep…? ⟼ Depth
- How wide…? ⟼ Width
- How much…? ⟼ Weight
16. Similarity & difference
15. Comparatives & superlatives 1.Expressing Similarity: We use these expressions: like, the same as, such
1.Comparatives We must have two elements to compare. as, both, similar to, too.
a- Superiority E.g.
 Short adjectives: adjectives of one syllable - She is intelligent like her brother.
Adj + er + than (Eg: she is taller than me.) - Both she and her brother are intelligent.
 Long adjectives: adjectives of two or more syllables
More + adj + than (Eg: meat is more expensive than chicken.)
- She is intelligent the same as (such as) her brother.
- She is similar to her brother, they are intelligent.
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b- Equality - She is intelligent, her brother too.
As + adj + as (Eg : she is as intelligent as her brother.)
c- Inferiority: 2.Expressing difference: We use these expressions: unlike, whereas, while,
Less + adj + than (Eg : he is less intelligent than me.) but, different from, in contrast to.
E.g.
2.Superlatives: We compare one element to a group or a whole. - Unlike Algeria, U.S.A is a developed country.
a- Superiority: - Algeria is different from U.S.A.
 Short adjectives: adjectives of one syllable - U.S.A is a developed country but (while, whereas) Algeria is not.
The + Adj + est. (Eg: Uranus is the biggest planet in the solar system.)
- U.S.A is a developed country in contrast to Algeria.
 Long adjectives: adjectives of two or more syllables
The most + adj. (Eg: English is the most important language in the world.)
b- Inferiority: 17. Articles
The least + adj. (Eg: the cat is the least dangerous animal.) 1.Indefinite articles: (a,an)
 a: is used before consonants (sound).
Adjectives ⟼ Comparative ⟼ Superlatives  an: is used before vowels (sound).
Well/good ⟼ Better ⟼ The best  We use them before singular countable nouns that are unknown:
Bad ⟼ Worse ⟼ The worst Eg: a table, a car, a house.
Far ⟼ Farther ⟼ The farthest  We use it before names of profession (jobs).
 3rd Year THIRD YEAR ENGLISH LESSONS (SUMMARY)
English LEVEL: 3rd year
Lessons CLASSES: 3M, TM, EG
BY Mr TRARI Moustafa F

Eg: a doctor, a painter. 𝒉𝒊𝒎𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇

 We use it before measurement. Self refer to: 𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇
Eg: a liter, an hour. 𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒔
𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒔
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒔
b.Definite articles: (the) we use them before known countable uncountable
singular and plural : E.g: He is a self-educated person.
 We use it before adjectives to specify the category of people. He is educated himself.
Eg: the homeless, the poor, the jobless, the rich.
 We use it before an object that is the only one. 19. Expressing like & dislike:
Eg: the moon, the earth, the pyramids. 𝑒𝑛𝑗𝑜𝑦
 When we talk about institutions. 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒
Eg: the radio, the bank, the television. 𝑑𝑜𝑛′𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑑 + Gerund (verb + “ing”).
 When we refer to a class of animals.
Eg: the tiger is a dangerous animal.
𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑
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𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒
𝑙𝑜𝑣𝑒
c.Zero articles: (∅) no article is used. h𝑎𝑡𝑒 + Gerund or to + stem (infinitive).
 Before uncountable nouns. (money, oil …) 𝑐𝑎𝑛′𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑
 Before abstract nouns. (Peace, happiness…) 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒
 Before names of people & places.
- It is better + to + stem.
 Before plural nouns.
- Would rather + stem (a verb without “to”).
20. Each other & one another
UNITE 04: FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS Compound pronoun, they express reciprocity.
 Each other: is used to refer to two persons only.
18. Word formation Eg: Amine and Djamel congratulated each other.
 We can form verbs by adding the suffix “en” to some adjectives.  One another: is used to refer to more than two (a group)
- Wide + en ⟼ widen. Eg: players hug one another when they score.
- Bright + en ⟼ brighten.
- Short + en ⟼ shorten. 21. Stress
Definition: Stress is an extra force used when pronouncing a particular word
 The prefix “self” is added to some adjectives
or syllable.
𝒎𝒚𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇
𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇 - A prefix is not stressed
 3rd Year THIRD YEAR ENGLISH LESSONS (SUMMARY)
English LEVEL: 3rd year
Lessons CLASSES: 3M, TM, EG
BY Mr TRARI Moustafa F

- A suffix is not stressed - “ed” is pronounced /𝑖𝑑/ after: /𝑡, /

 a.A word of one syllable has stress on the first letter. - “ed” is pronounced /𝑑/ after: /b, g, ð, v, z, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, r, l
Eg: hot, teach, got, take.
 b. A word of two syllables:
22. The reported speech
 A noun has stress on the 1𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
Krim said, “ my computer is here.”
Eg: teacher, actor, English.
Karim said that his computer was there
 An adjective has stress on the 1𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒. Simple present - Simple past will - would these - those
Eg: happy, sunny, stupid.
 An adverb has stress on the 1𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒. Simple past - Past perfect can - could today – that day
Eg: under, over, always, never, after.
 A verb has stress on the 2nd syllable. Present perfect - Past perfect shall - should tonight – that night
Eg: correct, present.
tomorrow – the day after
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Past perfect - Past perfect must - had to
c. Most word of three syllables words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs are
stressed on 1st syllable. Present continuous - Past .C may may - might now – that moment
Eg: difficult, consider, photograph.
But: remember, together, advisor. Past continuous - Past perfect .C here - there yesterday – the day before

d.Words ending in “ic, sion, tion” are stressed on the penultimate (2nd this - that
Note: when the reporting verb is in the future ( will say/will tell) or in the present (say/tell)
syllable from the end)
the tense of the sentence in the indirect speech doesn’t change.
Eg: graphic, introduction, discussion
e.Word ending in “ 𝑐𝑦, 𝑡h𝑦, 𝑡𝑦, 𝑝h𝑦, 𝑔𝑦, 𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙, 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑒𝑛𝑡 ” are all stressed on
the ante-penultimate (3rd syllable from the end).
Eg: competence, identical, democracy , philosophy.

.The final “s”: The final “s” is pronounced in different ways, according the
“Sound” before:
- “s” is pronounced /𝑠/ after:/ 𝑝,𝑡,𝑘,𝑓,𝜃 /
- “s” is pronounced /𝑖Z/ after:/ ʃ, tʃ, dʒ, s, z. x /
- “s” is pronounced /Z/ after: /b, d, g, l, r, w, m, n, v, y/
f.The final “ed”: The final “ed” is pronounced in different ways, according
the “Sound” before:
- “ed” is pronounced /𝑡/ after: /p, k, θ, f, s, ʃ, tʃ /