AN ANALYSIS OF MORAL VALUES IN NOVEL “OLIVER TWIST” BY CHARLES

DICKENS

Rafy Fitriani*), Rivi Antoni1), Pipit Rahayu2)

1&2)
English Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Pasir Pengaraian

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini membahas tentang nilai moral yang ditemukan di dalam novel Oliver Twist.
Nilai moral ditemukan dengan menggunakan teori sociological. Peneliti menggunakan metode
deskriptif kualitatif di dalam penelitian ini . Instrumen penelitian ini adalah novel Oliver Twist .
Peneliti juga mencari informasi lain yang terkait dengan masalah penelitian. Peneliti menggunakan
pendekatan sosiologis untuk mengetahui nilai-nilai moral dalam novel " Oliver Twist " berdasarkan
perspektif sebagai berikut : perspektif fungsionalis , perspektif simbol , dan perspektif konflik. Setelah
menganalisis novel Oliver Twist, peneliti menemukan bebeapa nilai-nilai moral adalah ketabahan ,
bersimpati kepada orang lain , pemberani, jujur, kegotong-royongan , syukur , dan baik hati.

Kata kunci: Nilai moral, Teori Sosiologis, Novel Oliver Twist

ABSTRACT

This research discussed about the moral values as found on “Oliver Twist” novel. The moral
values were found out by using sociological theory. This research is descriptive qualitative. The
instrument used was the novel of Oliver Twist. The researcher also used other informations which
related to the research problems. The researcher use sociological approach to find out the moral
values in novel “Oliver Twist” based on the perspective : functionalist perspective, symbol
perspective, and the conflict perspective. After analyzing the novel Oliver Twist, the researcher found
some moral values such as steadfastness, sympathetic to others, bravery, honesty, cooperativeness,
thankfulness, and kind-hearted.

Key words: Moral Values, sociological theory, Oliver Twist novel

INTRODUCTION personalities. It is compose of many different

Literature is a medium through which a phenomenons and intricate relationships
person can convey his or her ideas or protest surround by a few people in the novel (Stanton,
against different norms of society. Those works 1965: 44).
that deal with a normal issue are particularly
purpose in mind. An author can communicate Oliver Twist is a story about a life of
with the readers of a literary work if they can an orphan who live in Victorian Era, where the
understand what the author wants to send. The child labor was existed. At this time, the growth
author expresses his or her feeling, thought, of cities and the development of machinery
ideas, or arguments about the social issues by became one of a kind of work that available to
writing those issues in a form of literary work. those people who need to earn some money to
live in because they are very poor and
A novel is one of genres of literary unemployed. This story is made in order to
work which presents in detail the enlargement complain about how poor the Poor Law
of character, or complicate social Amendment Act, or known as the New Poor
circumstances, or a relation between many Law in 1834 went on. In theory, these laws
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should work for all people in all society class (1997:386), moral come from the Latin word
and persuade people out from poverty. But the mores that mean manner, customs, and
result was very low from the expectation. folkways. It means that morality is attempt to
Based on Poor Law Report, the laws guide the action of person with sense.
encouraged the poor people to rely on charity Value is what makes something desirable or
rather than exercising themselves in work or undesirable" (Shockley-Zalabak 1999, p. 425).
the search of employment. With his innocence, According to Wibawa (2013:173)
Oliver went through his life journey, from moral values can be used as a reference norm
worked as a criminal, until he reunited with his for a person or a group of people to determine
grandfather, Mr. Brownlow. In this story, whether the attitudes and action are good or
Oliver proved that even though he lived in a not. Hartmann (2009 : 23) states that there is
chaotic world, there were still good things little prospect of our attaining any authoritative
happened around him. He had made people insight into moral values, as much, from the
who were bad, turned aside to be good. neigh bouring fields or from a general theory. It
Although this story was taken from the means that as a value system that sets criteria or
Victorian Era, Charles Dickens made it simple principles underlying the assessment of
to understand for all readers from then until response or action.
now. William James Earle states that in
Based on the researcher’s experience contemporary English, the words moral and
when analyze the implied meaning or moral ethical derive from the Greek ethos meaning
values of the novel, the researcher to find of the usage, character, personal disposition or
problem moral values a novel from the reader. tendency. Morality and moral derive from the
The reader difficult to find strategy or the Latin mores, meaning customs, manner, and
theory to find the moral values of the novel. character (Earle, 1992: 178). As stated by
this is what makes the researcher interested to Oxford Advances Learner’s Dictionary, moral
analyze. Because of the reason, the researcher relates to the standard or principles of good
analyze the moral values by using sociological behavior (Hornby, 2010: 959).
theory. There are kinds of moral values. It
includes the universal concepts such as bravery,
In this research, the researcher analyses humbleness, honesty, justice, steadfastness,
the Oliver Twist novel which is written by respectability, responsibility, sympathy,
Charles Dickens. It is one of his great works cooperativeness, thankfulness, trustworthiness,
which involves the poor child who has to work sincerity, and others (hornby, 2010).
hard because of poverty. It tells about the
struggle to find his true place in the world. This 2. Theories in Analyzing the moral
story is relevant with our life especially, in our values
life society. Besides, the researcher wants to 1. The Definition of Sociological Theory
know the moral values this novel and its Theories in sociology provide us with
implication on education. Therefore, the different perspectives with which to view our
researcher is interested in conducting a research social world. A perspective is simply a way of
entitled “An Analysis of Moral Values in looking at the world. A theory is a set of
Novel “Oliver Twist” By Charles Dickens. interrelated propositions or principles designed
to answer a question or explain a particular
A. Purpose of the research phenomenon; it provides us with a perspective.
The purposes of the research uses to Sociological theories help us to explain and
find out the moral values in novel “Oliver predict the social world in which we
Twist” by Charles Dickens based on using live.(Mooney, Knox, and Schacht: 2007).
sociological theory Sociology includes three major
theoretical perspectives: the functionalist
perspective, the conflict perspective, and the
REVIEW OF THE RELATED symbolic interactionist perspective (sometimes
LITERATURE called the integrationistperspective, or simply
1. The Nature of Moral Values the micro view). Each perspective offers a
Moral is a word which has relation variety of explanations about the social world
with behavior. According to Hurlock
and human behavior.(Mooney, Knox, and systematically, by organizing the data into
Schacht:2007). categories, describing the data into unit,
arranging the data into pattern, and making
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY conclusion.
A. RESIGN DESAIN After collecting the data, the researcher
This research used a descriptive qualitative started analyzed the moral values in novel
research. It was a research design part of “Oliver Twist” by a sociological theory .
qualitative method that allows the researcher to The steps of data analysis of novel :
describe a phenomenon by presenting the facts a. Collecting relevant references to the analysis
in rich detail without attempting to interpret of the novel.
them. Moloeng (2007:6) says: Qualitative
research is research that aims to understand the b. Describing synopsis of the novel and
phenomenon of what is experienced by the biography of the author.
subject of the study such behavior, perception,
motivation, action, and so on, in a holistic d. Extracting the moral values which implied in
manner and by way of description in the form the novel by relating with the theory of
of words and language, in a specific context moral values.
that is natural and with utilizing a variety of
natural method. It means that the qualitative
research focused on the understanding in the e. Concluding the data analysis in order to
concept of the research and human experience. answer the statement of the problem.
The research was held on December
2015. The researcher has conducted the RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
research by analyzing the moral values of the The research was descriptive
novel “Oliver Twist”. The researcher then qualitative which analyzed about the moral
described about the moral values of the novel values in the novel “Oliver twist. In this
“Oliver Twist”. chapter, the researcher would like to presented
the analyzed of the moral values in novel
B. Technique of Collecting the Data “Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens. The
researcher would like to explained the entire
The sourced of the data refer to the moral values that found from in novel “Oliver
subject form which the data was obtain Twist” by using sociological criticism theory.
(Arikunto, 1998: 114). Because of this the
research was literary study, they were consided Oliver Twist was one of Charles
as the materials of the research. In collecting Dickens‘ most well-known novels. It is the first
the data, the researcher took two types of English novel that used a child as the
data,they were main data and supporting data protagonist main character. Novel was
published in 2000 by Wordsworth Classic. It is
In this research, the researcher used utilized to contribute some social critics in the
technique of data collection like steps to collect Victorian period. His formal education is
data that were: careless. However, he was keen on reading.
1. Selecting the novel repetitively and carefully. Then he works as a parliamentary reporter.
2. Reading and learning all sentences from the
novel text. According to Baguswaluyo (2007: 28) ,
3. Identifying to find the data related to the moral values are standards or principles in
study. judging conducts or behavior. Bagus, by
4. Classifying the data. borrowing Stanton’s opinion, says that moral
5. Selecting the relevant data values are the same in every society, since the
6. Reporting selected data. moral values are influenced by the culture of
group or society. Moral value, in this case,
C. Technique of Analyzing the Data. actually appears by the long process through
the emergence of any society in running social
The technique of Analyzing the Data activity. In the society, the people interact to
was the process to found and arrange the data one another. That creates norm and value of the
society; then from the norm and value, the This explanation above, the researcher
moral value based on their agreement will concluded that there are functional perspective
seems by itself. values in “Oliver Twist” novel. This show there
are social values in the text, She is a girl who
A. Sociological Theory works for Fagin‘s gang. She is only a woman in
Sociology includes three major the group who has a respect and sympathy to
theoretical perspectives: the functionalist Oliver. She feels happier that Oliver is not
perspective, the conflict perspective, and the among the criminal after comprehending that
symbolic interactionist perspective (sometimes he is left by Bill Sikes on the ditch. However,
called the integrationist perspective, or simply she thinks that it is better to Oliver lies dead in
the micro view). Each perspective offers a the ditch than lives with them who are very
variety of explanations about the social world dangerous for him.
and human behavior.(Mooney, Knox, and
Schacht:2007). 2. The Symbolic Interactionistperspective
1. The analysis of moral values in
“Oliver Twist” novel based on using Symbolic interactionists such as G.H.
sociological theory Mead (1863-1931) and C.H. Cooley (1846-
After analysis “Oliver Twist” novel , the 1929) concentrate upon the interaction between
researcher found types of sociological individuals and groups. They note that people
perspective in “Oliver Twist” novel. There interact mainly through symbols, which include
were several sociological perspective moral signs, gestures, and most importantly, through
values that could found from the novel , they written and spoken words.
are : From the novel, the researcher found
the symbolic interactionist perspective in novel
1. The perspective of functionalist “Oliver Twist”. This value was found in the
According to Robert King Merton novel :
(1910–2003), the functionalist perspective is It‘s all over, Mrs. Thingummy!‘ said
society is a functioning unit, with each part the surgeon at last. Ah, poor dear, so it
related to the whole. Whenever we examine a is!‘ said the nurse, picking up the cork
smaller part, we need to look for it functions of the green bottle, which had fallen
and functions to see how it is related to the out on the pillow, as she stooped to
larger unit. This basic approach can be applied take up the child. Poor dear!‘ (P. 4)
to any social group, whether an entire society, a From the explanation above, the
college, or even a group as small as a family. researcher found the symbolic perspective in
From the novel, the researcher found moral values was she is an old woman who acts
the functionalist perspective moral value in as a nurse during Oliver‘s birth. She steals a
novel “Oliver Twist”. This social value found locket from Oliver‘s dead mother that holds the
in the novel was: key to his identification.
And the boy, too,‘ said the Jew,
straining his eyes to catch a glimpse of 3. The conflict Perspective
her face. Poor leetle child! Left in a According to Karl Max , the conflict
ditch, Nance; only think!‘. The child,‘ perspective is The dominance of men over
said the girl, suddenly looking up, is women was once considered natural and right.
better where he is, than among us; and As women gained education and earnings,
if no harm comes to Bill from it, I hope however, they first questioned and then rejected
he lies dead in the ditch and that his this assumption. As wives strove for more
young bones may rot there.‘ What!‘ power and grew less inclined to put up with
cried the Jew, in amazement. Ay, I do,‘ relationships that they defined as unfair, the
returned the girl, meeting his gaze. I divorce rate increased. From the conflict
shall be glad to have him away from perspective, then, our high divorce rate does
my eyes, and to know that the worst is not mean that marriage has weakened,
over. I can‘t bear to have him about but,rather, that women are making headway in
me. The sight of him turns me against their historical struggle with men.
myself, and all of you.‘ (P. 165) From the novel, the researcher found of
the conflict perspective in moral value in novel
“Oliver Twist”. This value was found in the and has been so cruel!‘ Is it possible,‘
novel : cried Rose, that for such a man as this,
Stuff and nonsense!‘ said Mr. Fang: you can resign every future hope, and
don‘t try to make a fool of me.‘ I think the certainty of immediate rescue? It is
he really is ill, your worship,‘ madness.‘ (P.472).
remonstrated the officer. I know
better,‘ said Mr. Fang. Take care of b. Sympathetic to others
him, officer,‘ said the old gentleman, Sympathetic is the feeling of being
raising his hands instinctively; he‘ll sorry for somebody. It shows that we
fall down.‘ Stand away, officer,‘ cried understand and care about the problems of the
Fang; let him, if he likes.‘( P.118) other people. (Hornby, 2010: 1514). It is an
This condition above there were extension of empathic concern, or the
sociological approach conflict perspectiveIn the perception, understanding, and reaction to the
Oliver Twist novel, Mr. Brownlow points out need of another human being. It is the act of
his sympathetic to Oliver who looks ill. He is entering into or sharing the feelings or interests
an old gentleman who is the victim of burglary. of another.
He thinks that Oliver is the pickpocket who Stuff and nonsense!‘ said Mr. Fang:
steals his handkerchief and wallet but he is still don‘t try to make a fool of me.‘ I think
uncertain about it. He has a pity to Oliver when he really is ill, your worship,‘
he is brought to the magistrate in the remonstrated the officer. I know
courthouse. He asks officer to take after Oliver better,‘ said Mr. Fang. Take care of
because he recognizes that he is sick and so him, officer,‘ said the old gentleman,
tired. raising his hands instinctively; he‘ll
fall down.‘ Stand away, officer,‘ cried
B. Moral Values Fang; let him, if he likes.‘( P.118)
After analyses “Oliver Twist” novel for This condition above there were
several times, the found several types of moral sociological approach conflict perspectiveIn the
values in “Oliver Twist” novel based on the Oliver Twist novel, Mr. Brownlow points out
sociological theory. There were several moral his sympathetic to Oliver who looks ill. He is
values that could see sociological approach in an old gentleman who is the victim of burglary.
perspective from the novel, they are: He thinks that Oliver is the pickpocket who
a. Steadfastness steals his handkerchief and wallet but he is still
uncertain about it. He has a pity to Oliver when
Steadfastness means that our attitudes he is brought to the magistrate in the
and aims are not changed (Hornby, 2010: 1460. courthouse. He asks officer to take after Oliver
From the novel, the researcher found because he recognizes that he is sick and so
out there were symbol perspective in the tired.
steadfastness in the novel For example, when
Miss. Rose Maylie meets Nancy in the London c. Bravery
Bridge, she offers Nancy to leave her Bravery is willing to things which are
underworld and live with her for a better life. difficult (Hornby, 2010: 169). It is the ability to
He believes that it is never too late to change stand up for what is right in difficult situations.
our bad attitude become good personality. The bravery to take the decision is very useful
Although Nancy refuses her offering because to face the problems (Siagian, 2003: 112). It is
she cannot betray Fagin and Sikes but Rose still not doubtful in facing the danger because gives
tries to invite her for future hopes. the strength to do the action which is
It is never too late,‘ said Rose, for considered right in front of the strong opponent
penitence and atonement.‘ It is,‘ cried (Neuschel, 2008: 82).
the girl, writhing in agony of her mind; From the novel, the researcher found
I can not leave him now! I could not be the bravery moral value. The researcher found
his death.‘ Why should you be?‘ asked the value from the bravery of the main
Rose. Nothing could save him,‘ cried character in conflict perspective in sociological
the girl. If I told others what I have told approach “Oliver Twist” novel. This value
you, and led to their being taken, he found in the novel was :
would be sure to die. He is the boldest,
 Please, sir, I want some more.‘ What!‘ Fagin‘s communities who has attention to the
said the master at length, in a faint Oliver‘s suffering tells the truth about the
voice. Please, sir,‘ replied Oliver, I wicked plan of the Jew and his friends to take
want some more.‘ There was a general out him from Mrs. Maylie. She is honest to
start. Horror was depicted on every Rose that there is a man named Monks who is
countenance. For MORE!‘ said Mr. actually Oliver‘s half brother who wants all of
Limbkins. Compose yourself, Bumble, the inheritance from his father. They have same
and answer me distinctly. Do I father but their mothers are different. He is only
understand that he asked for more, the man who knows and has proofs about
after he had eaten the supper allotted Oliver‘s history. In doing her honesty, Nancy is
by the dietary?‘ He did, sir,‘ replied in the danger. Because of if her friends in the
Bumble. That boy will be hung,‘ said underworld realize her action, they maybe will
the gentleman in the white waistcoat. I murder her or do brutal thing to her. However,
know that boy will be hung.‘ (P. 20-21) she is not afraid to face the possible
consequences which will occur.
This condition showed that the bravery e. Cooperativeness
of Oliver .In this novel has sociological Cooperativeness involves the fact of
approach using conflict theory perspective that doing something together or working together
could found was Oliver Twist braves to ask toward a shared aim (Hornby, 2010: 323).
more gruel to the master because he and the The other proved of the cooperativeness moral
children of work Although at first he is so value in novel “Oliver Twist” also could found
frightened but he struggles to do that action. in the novel was:
The boards of the workhouse are so furious to Has anything happened?‘ asked Oliver.
him. However, one of him wants Oliver to be Can I help you? I will if I can. I will,
hung. In this difficult situation, Oliver Twist indeed.‘ (P. 332).
faces this problem bravely. This situation proved that there were
sociological approach in conflict perspective of
d. Honesty the cooperativeness values in the novel. the
From the novel, the researcher found values could show from the sentence “Can I
sociological theory in honesty moral value. The help you? I will if I can. I will, indeed.” Oliver
researcher found the value from the honesty of offers some helps to the person who needs any
the main character in “Oliver Twist” this value help. He asserts that he will do help if he can. It
was found in the novel : shows that Oliver has cooperativeness to the
What is all this!‘ said Rose. The truth, other people.
lady, though it comes from my lips,‘ f. Thankfulness
replied the girl. Then, he said, with Thankfulness is word or action that
oaths common enough in my ears, but shows that we are grateful to somebody for
strange to yours, that if he could gratify something (Hornby: 2010: 1545).
his hatred by taking the boy‘s life The researcher found perspective in
without bringing his own neck in sociological approach of thankfulness value.
danger, he would; but, as he couldn‘t, This value showed in the novel was:
he‘d be upon the watch to meet him at You ARE a great deal better, are you
every turn in life; and if he took not, my dear?‘ said the gentleman. Yes,
advantage of his birth and history, he thank you, sir,‘ replied Oliver (P.125).
might harm him yet. In short, Fagin,‘ From the explanation above, the
he says, Jew as you are, you never laid researcher found there were symbol perspective
such snares as I‘ll contrive for my in thankfulness value . this value showed was
young brother, Oliver. His brother!‘ Oliver wants to show his thankfulness by
exclaimed Rose. Those were his working to the dear lady who saves him from
words,‘ said Nancy, glancing uneasily the danger by watering the flowers, watching
round, as she had scarcely ceased to the birds. He wants that the lady fells happy.
do, since she began to speak (P.472). He will be pleasure to do those works.
From the explanation above, the g. Kind-hearted
researcher found sociological approach in The kind-hearted is the quality of being
symbol perspective was Nancy is one of kind (Hornby, 2010: 822). It is the act or the
state of being marked by good and charitable really the same, regardless of the social
behavior, pleasant character, and concern for class into which they’re born.
others. This value was showed in the novel : 3. The moral values which are discovered in
Meanwhile, Oliver gradually throve the Charles Dickens‘ Oliver Twist the
and prospered under the united care of novel have implications in the education.
Mrs. Maylie, Rose, and the kind- The students can learn and practice those
hearted Mr. Losberne. If fervent moral values in their daily life. Therefore,
prayers, gushing from hearts over- by reading the novel they not only get the
charged with gratitude, be heard in entertainment but also moral messages
heaven and if they be not, what prayers which are implied in the novel. Moreover,
are! the blessings which the orphan novel can be used as a media in education.
child called down upon them, sunk into
their souls, diffusing peace and B. Suggestion
happiness (P.359). To close this research, the researcher would
The researcher determined the moral like to give some suggestion as follow:
values from the novel based on sociological 1. The novel Oliver Twist was intersting a
theory. According to sociological theory there novel. The researcher invited other
was structure functionalism perspective.This researcher to analyze the moral values of
novel points out that Rose, MrsMaylie, and Mr. this novel by using other theories.
Losberne have kind hearted to Oliver. They 2. Novel can be used as a media in education.
save him from the difficult situation which is Reading literature is very beneficial for us
faced by him. Therefore the orphan Oliver because we can learn some messages which
Twist gets peace and happiness. are conveyed by the author. It assists us in
From the explanation above, the comprehending the human values, interests,
researcher concluded that there were values in feeling, and problems.
“Oliver Twist” novel. the researcher determine 3. Moral values is important to human life.
the value based on sociological theory. In the Therefore, it should be introduced to the
novel Oliver has steadfastness, sympathy to children early in order to comprehend the
other, bravery, honesty, thankfulness, good and wrong behaviour. The role of
cooperativeness, and kind-heart of moral family is significant to the children because
values. the environment of the family is the first
place for them to grow up.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

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