SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General
Chemistry 2

Quarter 3 – WEEK 3
 Quarter 3, Week 3

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No.8

Name of Learner: _______________________________________________________

Grade and Section: _________________________ Date: ___________________

Learning Activity Sheets in General Chemistry 2

(Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass of Solutions)

I. Learning Competency
1. Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the
concentration of a solute in a solution (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-117).

2. Calculate molar mass from colligative property data

(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f 118).

II. Background Information for Learners

In this lesson, we are going to discuss about colligative property and
how to determine molar mass of a solution using these colligative properties.
Colligative property refers to the property of the solution that depends on
the number of solute particles present. Colligative properties of solutions
include freezing point depression and boiling point elevation. There are more
colligative properties like osmotic pressure and vapor pressure lowering. In
this lesson, we will focus only on the first two properties mentioned above.

Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte and Electrolyte Solutions

Boiling Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solution

Previously, you have learned that a liquid boil when its vapor pressure
is equal to its atmospheric pressure (1.01 x 105 Pa). The normal boiling point
of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is 1.01 x 10 5 Pa. If
the vapor pressure decreases in a nonelectrolyte solution, the boiling point of
the solution tends to increase. Therefore, to reach the 1.01 x 105 Pa vapor
pressure, the solution must be boiled at a temperature higher than the normal
boiling point temperature of the pure solvent. The increase in the boiling point
temperature is called boiling point elevation (∆Tb). To determine the boiling
point elevation of a solution, we will have to use equation 3.1.1,
∆Tb = Kbm equation 3.1.1

where Kb is the molal boiling point elevation constant and m is the

molality of the solute in the solution. Molality is used in this equation since it
relates to mole fraction and, thus, particles of solute and temperature do not
affect it. On the other hand, the boiling point of a solution can be determined
using equation 3.1.2,

Tb(solution)= Tb(solvent)+ ∆Tb equation 3.1.2

where Tb(solution) is the boiling point of solution, Tb(solvent) is the boiling

point of pure solvent and ∆Tb is the boiling point elevation.
Let’s do an example!

Example 3.1A: Sucrose (C22O11H22, 342 g/mol), like many sugars, is highly
soluble in water; almost 1500 g will dissolve in 1000 g of water, giving rise to
what amounts to pancake syrup. Using Kb of 0.514 K/mol*Kg, estimate the
boiling point elevation of such a sugar solution.

We can solve this problem in a straightforward manner. Since all the

data needed is already given, we can just directly substitute the given values
in equation 3.1.1. But take note, in equation 3.1.1, the boiling point elevation
can be solved if we have the values of molality and the molal boiling point
elevation constant and since molality is not given, then we must calculate for
it first.

Given: Molar MassC22O11H22 = 342 g/mol MassC22O11H22 =

1500 g
Volumewater = 1000 g = 1Kg Kb = 0.514 K/mol*Kg
Unknown: Boiling point elevation (∆Tb)
Equation: ∆Tb = Kbm
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
molality = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔
equation 3.1.3
Now that we already listed all the given data, the unknown and the
equation that we will use, let’s proceed to the solution part.
Solution: Since, we are given the molar mass and mass of the sucrose, let’s
get the number of moles of sucrose.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Number of moles = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
equation 3.1.4
1500 𝑔
Number of moles of sucrose = 342 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Number of moles of sucrose = 4.39 mol

That’s it! Now that we have the number of moles of sucrose, we can then solve
for the molality of the solution using equation 3.1.3.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
molality (m) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔
4.39 𝑚𝑜𝑙
molality (m) =
1 𝑘𝑔
molality (m) = 4.39 mol sucrose/kg water

Finally, we have the values of molality and the K b. We can now go to the last
part of the calculation, which is to calculate for the boiling point elevation.

∆Tb = Kbm
∆Tb = (0.514 K/mol*Kg)(4.39 mol sucrose/kg water)
∆Tb = 2.25 K

Therefore, the boiling point elevation of the sugar solution is 2.25 K.

Freezing Point Depression
Recall that only solvent vaporizes from solution, so solute molecules are
left behind. Similarly, only solvent freezes, again leaving solute molecules
behind. The freezing point of a solution is the temperature at which its vapor
pressure equals that of the pure solvent, that is, when solid solvent and liquid
solution are in equilibrium. The freezing point depression (∆Tf) occurs because
the vapor pressure of the solution is always lower than that of the solvent, so
the solution freezes at a lower temperature; that is, only at a lower
temperature will solvent particles leave and enter the solid at the same rate.
The freezing-point depression (∆Tf) is defined as the freezing point of the pure
solvent (Tf°) minus the freezing point of the solution (Tf):
∆Tf =Tf° + Tf equation
3.1.5

Because Tf° >Tf, ∆Tfis a positive quantity. Again, ∆Tfis proportional to

the concentration of the solution:
∆Tfα m
∆Tf = Kfm equation 3.1.6

where ∆Tf is the freezing point elevation, m is the concentration of the

solute in molality units, and Kf is the molal freezing-point depression
constant. The Kf of water is 1.86 °C*Kg/mol.

Let’s practice solving for freezing point depression!

Example 3.1B: Calculate the mass of ethylene glycol (formula mass = 62.1
g/mol), an antifreeze component, that must be added to 5.0 L of water to
produce a solution that freezes at -18.3°C. Assume that the density of the
water is exactly 1 g/mL.

Given: Kf = 1.86 °C*Kg/mol Tf = -18.3 °C

Molar massethylene glycol = 62.1 g/mol Densitywater = 1 g/mL
Volumewater = 5.0 L

Unknown: Mass of ethylene glycol

Solution: The approach in answering this kind of problem is the same with
the previous problem. It just differs slightly since this time, it’s the mass that
is being asked.

∆Tf =Tf° + Tf
∆Tf = 0 °C – (-18.3 °C)
∆Tf = 18.3 °C

Now, we have the value for the boiling point elevation. However, our
task is not yet done since it’s the mass that we’re looking for and not the
boiling point elevation. Previously, we learned that ∆Tf can also be solved
using molality and Kf, as shown is equation 3.1.6. To solve for the molality,
we can use this equation and transpose it.

∆Tf = Kfm
∆Tf
m= Kf
18.3 °C
m= 1.86 °C∗Kg/mol
m = 9.84 mol/Kg

With this, we can now solve for the mass of the ethylene glycol by
substitution.
Number of moles of ethylene glycol = molality (Volume of water)(density of
1 𝐾𝑔
water)( )
1000 𝑔
𝑔 1 𝐾𝑔
Number of moles of ethylene glycol = 9.84 mol/Kg (5000 mL)(1𝑚𝐿)( 1000 𝑔)
Number of moles of ethylene glycol = 49.2 mol

We get the mass of a substance by simply multiplying the number of

moles of the substance and its molar mass.

Massethylene glycol = 49.2 mol (62.1 g/mol)

Massethylene glycol = 3.05 x 103 g = 3.05 Kg

Therefore, the mass of ethylene glycol, an antifreeze component, is 3.05 Kg.

Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solution

The study of colligative properties of electrolytes requires a slightly
different approach than the one used for the colligative properties of
nonelectrolytes. The reason is that electrolytes dissociate into ions in solution,
and so one unit of an electrolyte compound separates into two or more
particles when it dissolves. For example, electrolyte solution such as sodium
chloride dissociates into two ions – Na+ and Cl-. A van’t Hoff factor (i) must be
put into the previous equations involving the colligative properties of
nonelectrolytes to account this effect. The van’t Hoff factor establishes the
relationship between the number of moles of solute dissolved and the moles
of particles in a solution. This factor is given by,

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

i= equation 3.1.7
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑

where the i value for an electrolyte with an AB empirical formula is 2,

whereas for AB2, i is 3.Thus, i should be 1 for all nonelectrolytes. For strong
electrolytes such as NaCl and KNO3, i should be 2, and for strong electrolytes
such as Na2SO4 and CaCl2, i should be 3. Table 2.1 shows the experimentally
measured values of i and those calculated assuming complete dissociation.
As you can see, the agreement is close but not perfect, indicating that the
extent of ion-pair formation in these solutions at that concentration is
appreciable.

Table3.1.1. The van’t Hoff Factor of 0.0500 M Electrolyte Solutions at 25

degrees Celsius
In calculating the colligative properties of electrolytes, such as boiling
point elevation and freezing point depression, i is integrated. The general
equation now becomes,
∆Tb = iKbm equation
2.1.8
∆Tf = iKfm equation
2.1.9
Let’s practice solving!

Example 3.1C: Determine the freezing and boiling point of a solution

prepared by dissolving 85.40 g of calcium chloride (CaCl2) in 200 g of water
(H2O).

Just follow the process we did in the previous examples. Start with
listing all the known and unknown data before going to the solution part.

Given: Masscalcium chloride = 85.40 g Masswater = 200 g

Molar MassCaCl2 =110.98 g/mol Kf = -1.86 °C ∗ Kg/mol Kb =
0.512 °C ∗ Kg/mol

Take note that CaCl2 dissociates into 3 ions, 2 ions for Chlorine and 1
ion for Calcium as given in the reaction below.
CaCl2(aq)→Ca2+(aq) +2Cl−(aq)
Unknown: Tf and Tb

First thing we have to do is to calculate for the moles of CaCl2. We can do this
by dividing the mass of the CaCl2 to its molar mass.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Number of moles = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
85.40 𝑔
Number of moles = 110.98 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Number of moles = 0.770 mol CaCl2

Now, we can solve for the molality of the solution using equation 2.1.3.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
molality (m) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔
 0.770 𝑚𝑜𝑙
molality (m) = 0.200 𝑘𝑔
molality (m) = 3.85 mol/Kg

Using equations 2.1.8 and 2.1.9, we can consecutively solve for ∆Tb and ∆Tf.
∆Tb = iKbm
∆Tb = 3 (0.512 °C ∗ Kg/mol)(3.85 mol/Kg)
∆Tb = 5.91 °C
∆Tf = iKfm
∆Tf = 3 (-1.86 °C ∗ Kg/mol)(3.85 mol/Kg)
∆Tf = -21.48 °C
Since the normal boiling point of water is 100 °C, using equation 3.1.2
for boiling point and 3.1.5 for freezing point, we must add the calculated ∆T b
to 100 °C to get the new boiling point of the solution. Therefore, the new boiling
point is 105.91°C. On the other hand, since the normal freezing point of water
is 0 °C, the new freezing point is still -21.48°C.

Using Colligative Properties to Find Solute Molar Mass

The colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions provide a means of
determining the molar mass of a solute. We learned that each colligative
property is proportional to solute concentrations. Thus, by measuring the
property we can determine the amount (mol) of solute particles and with a
given mass, the molar mass can be calculated. Let’s have an example!

Example 3.1D: The addition of 250 mg of naphthalene in benzene elevated

the boiling point of 100 g of benzene by 0.05°C at 1.01 x 105 Pa. Calculate the
molar mass of naphthalene molecules. Benzene has a boiling point of 80.1°C
and the Kb for benzene is 2.53 °C*Kg/mol.

Given this problem, first thing you must do is to breathe. Relax. We can
solve this problem together! Now, you must list down all the data given and
the unknown. You may follow the format below to make your calculations
neat and easier to track.

Given:
MassNaphthalene = 250 mg = 0.250 g MassBenzene = 100 g ∆Tb= 0.05°C

Pressure = 1.01 x 105 Pa Tb = 80.1°C Kb = 2.53 °C*Kg/mol

Unknown: Molar Mass of naphthalene molecules

All givens in? Already know what we have to calculate. Good! Let’s
proceed to the solution part.

Solution: With all the given data, we have to think of an equation where we
can use those data given to us. Do you think we can use equation 3.1.1 to
solve for the molality of the naphthalene molecules? Absolutely! But we can’t
use the equation on its original form since we’re not looking for the ∆Tb, we’re
looking for the molality. So, using the knowledge you acquire from the subject
algebra, we have to transpose the equation and get the value for molality.

∆Tb = Kbm
∆Tb Kb ∗ 𝑚
=
Kb Kb
∆Tb
m = Kb
0.05°C
m= 2.53 °C∗Kg/mol
m = 0.020 mol/Kg

We already calculated the molality of the solution. But, we are not done
yet since our final goal is to determine the molar mass of the naphthalene
molecules. We know that the solution was prepared using 0.100 kg of
benzene. Now, we can find the number of moles of naphthalene in the
solution.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Molality (m) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐾𝑔)
Number of moles of naphthalene = molality (mass of solvent)
Number of moles of naphthalene = (0.020 mol/kg)(0.100 kg)
Number of moles of naphthalene = 1.98 x 10-3 mol

Previously, we learned that to get the molar mass, we can use equation 3.1.4.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Molar mass = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
0.250 𝑔
Molar mass = 0.00198 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Molar mass = 128 g/mol

The molecular formula of naphthalene is C10H8 and its molar mass is 128
g/mol.

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. Tenth Edition.McGraw-Hill. America,
New York
Licuanan, P.B. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School
(GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2). Commission on Higher Education. Diliman,
Quezon City Publication

IV. Activity Proper

Activity 1. SOLVE ME!

Directions: Calculate the problems below. Write your solution and box your
final answer on the answer sheets provided. Follow the flow of solving like the
examples given above. You may use the Kb and Kf of water in the examples.
 1. Calculate the freezing and boiling points of a solution prepared by
dissolving15.5 g of Al(NO3)3 in 200.0 g of water. (Molar mass of Al(NO3)3 is
212.996 g/mol).

2. A solution is prepared by dissolving 120 grams of NaCl in 450 grams of water.

Find the freezing and boiling points of this solution. (Molar mass of NaCl is
58.44 g/mol).

Activity 2. IMAGINE ME!

Directions: Congratulations! You won the lotto and bought a new car. Since
it’s very hot in the Philippines you are required to buy an antifreeze to keep
the water in your car’s radiator from boiling. You add 1.00 Kg of ethylene
glycol (C2H6O2) antifreeze to 4450 g of water in your car’s radiator. What are
the boiling and freezing points of the solution?

V. Reflection
You must fill in the component of the KWL chart to generalize the things
they have learned about the topic.
KWL Chart
Topic Know Want to know Learned
Colligative I understand I want to know I have learned
Properties and that…… that…… that ….
Determination of
Molar Mass of
Solutions)

VI. Answer Key

may vary. may vary.

Tf = -8.49°C
answer answer
2. Tb = 102.34°C and
Student’s Student’s Prepared by:
Tf = -0.68 °C
1. Tb = 100.19 °C and RODEL A. AZARES
Activity 1
Activity 2 Reflections SHS-Teacher
 Quarter 3, Week 3

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No.9

Name of Learner: _______________________________________________________

Grade and Section: _________________________ Date: ___________________

Learning Activity Sheets in General Chemistry 2

(Laboratory Procedures in Determination of Solution’s Concentration)

I. Learning Competency
Describe laboratory procedures in determining concentration of solutions.
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-119).

II. Background Information for Learners

In performing chemical experiments across the world, the most
important procedure is preparing a solution. With this, the concentration of
the solution must be determined first.

Recall that a solution is made up of a substance dissolved in liquid. The

substance that is being dissolved is called solute while the substance that is
dissolving the solute is known as solvent. We can then call the result of this
mixture as solution. Most of the time, solution is defined by their solute
concentration, which refers to the measure of how much solute is present per
unit of solution.

Making solution is easy and requires basic skill only; however, poor
technique in doing this may result to a failed experiment. That is why, it is a
must that we should know how to properly prepare a solution in a laboratory
experiment.

Are you familiar with the concept “Safety First”? Well, that also applies
in performing a laboratory experiment. The first consideration when making
a solution is the safety of those who will perform the experiment. That is why
beforehand, your personal protective equipment (PPE) should be complete
and appropriate. Examples of this PPE are safety goggles, face mask, gloves
and laboratory coat.

When you’re already equipped with your PPE, the next thing to do is to
determine the moles of the solute you will need in order to achieve the desired
concentration of your solution. Then convert this value to grams using the
molar mass of the chemical. The chemicals can be weighed out using a digital
and analytical balance.

In an aqueous solution, the solvent to be used is water. In measuring

the volume of the water, you can use the graduated cylinder. Most of the time,
it is roughly ¾ of the final volume of the solution. It is also highly
recommended to use purified water rather than tap water to avoid
contamination and compromising the quality of the solution.

After measuring the volume of the solvent to be used, you can then
transfer it to a beaker which contains a stir bar. The weighed solute can then
be added to the purified water. Heating and stirring the solution is also
recommended upon mixing to make the process of dissolving faster.

Now, these are the most common scenarios in performing a laboratory

experiment. But you might wonder how did we come up with the right values
of the volume needed? Usually, a given volume and molarity are required
before starting the experiment. Let’s do the calculations!

Starting with a Solid Solute Procedure

1. Determine the mass in grams of one mole of solute, the molar mass
(MM).
2. Decide volume of solution required, in liters, V.
3. Decide molarity of solution required, M.
4. Calculate mass (M) in grams of solute (g) required using equation
3.2.1,

Mass = MM x M x V
equation 3.2.1

Example: Prepare 800 mL of 2 M sodium chloride.

MMNaCl = 58.45 g/mol
MNaCl= 58.45 g/mol (2 mol/L)(0.8 L)
MNaCl = 93.52 g NaCl

Therefore, you must dissolve 93.52 g of NaCl in about 400 mL of

distilled water, then add more water until final volume is 800 mL.

Basically, in making solution, the following is the most used procedure.

Add more Label the

Fill deionized flask with
Transfer
volumetric Stir until or the
Weigh the flask with the solid to
solid deionized
the the solid is distilled correspon
or distilled volumetric dissolved water ding
flask until the solution's
water
mark name

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. Tenth Edition.McGraw-Hill. America,
New York
Licuanan, P.B. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School
(GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2). Commission on Higher Education. Diliman,
Quezon City Publication

IV. Activity Proper

Activity 1. LET’S DO THIS!

Cedrick is a STEM student who is currently having his General

Chemistry 2 subject. Today, He is asked by his teacher to prepare CuSO4
solution. Help him do his task by following the procedure and answering the
question below.

1. Obtain a sample of CuSO4 from the front bench.

2. Using your scale, weigh out 18g of CuSO4.
3. Dissolve the 18g of CuSO4 in 100 mL of distilled water.
4. Stir until you have reached a homogeneous solution with all the
solute dissolved in the solvent.

Calculate the concentration of your solution (M in mol/ L of CuSO4).

Show your work in the space provided below.

ACTIVITY 2. EXPLAIN ME!

Grace needs to prepare a sulfuric acid solution using sulfuric acid and
distilled water. However, there is no distilled water left on the laboratory.
Marie suggested to use the running water from the faucet, but Grace declined.
Grace insisted that tap water should not be used in preparing solutions.
Explain the basis of Grace’s claims.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

V. Reflection
You must fill in the component of the KWL chart to generalize the things
they have learned about the topic.
KWL Chart
Topic Know Want to know Learned
Laboratory I understand I want to know I have learned
Procedures in that…… that…… that ….
Determination of
Solution’s
Concentration

VI. Answer Key

may vary.
vary
answer Prepared by:
answer may
RODEL A. AZARES
1.13 M Student’s
Student’s
Activity 1 SHS-Teacher
Reflections
Activity 2
 Quarter 3, Week 3

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No.10

Name of Learner: _______________________________________________________

Grade and Section: _________________________ Date: ___________________

Learning Activity Sheets in General Chemistry 2

(First Law of Thermodynamics)

I. Learning Competency
Explain the first law of thermodynamics (STEM_GC11PPIIId-i-124).

II. Background Information for Learners

Thermochemistry is part of a broader subject called thermodynamics,
which is the scientific study of the interconversion of heat and other kinds of
energy. The laws of thermodynamics provide useful guidelines for
understanding the energetics and directions of processes. In this section we
will concentrate on the first law of thermodynamics which is particularly
relevant to the study of thermochemistry.

The first law of thermodynamics which is based on the law of

conservation of energy states that energy can be converted from one form to
another but cannot be created or destroyed. It states that the change in
internal energy of a system, ∆U, equals the net heat transferred into the
system, Q, plus the net work done on the system, W.

This is shown in equation 3.3.1.

∆U = W + Q equation 3.3.1

Here, ΔU is the change in internal energy of the system. Q is the net

heat transferred into the system—that is, Q is the sum of all heat transferred
into and out of the system. W is the net work done on the system.

So positive heat, Q, adds energy to the system and positive

work, W, adds energy to the system. Therefore, the first law takes the form it
does in equation 3.3.1. It simply says that you can add to the internal energy
by heating a system or doing work on the system.

We can think of the first law of thermodynamics as an energy balance

sheet, much like a money balance sheet kept in a bank that does currency
exchange. You can withdraw or deposit money in either of two different
currencies (like energy change due to heat exchange and work done).
However, the value of your bank account depends only on the net amount of
money left in it after these transactions, not on which currency you used.

Work

We have seen that work can be defined as force F multiplied by distance

d:

W=F*d equation 3.3.2

Where, F is the distance and d is the distance.

In thermodynamics, work can be defined in many ways such as

mechanical work, electrical work and surface work. An example of a
mechanical work is the compression and expansion of a gas. In this way, work
can be defined using equation 3.3.3.

W = - P(∆V) equation 3.3.3

Where, ∆V, the change in volume, is given by Vf– Vi and P is the external
atmospheric pressure.

Let’s have an example!

Example 3.3.1. A certain gas expands in volume from 2.0L to 6.0L at constant
temperature. Calculate the work done by the gas if it expands (a) against a
vacuum and (b) against a constant pressure of 1.2 atm. The work done in gas
expansion is equal to the product of the external, opposing pressure and the
change in volume. What is the conversion factor between L*atm and J?

(a) Because the external pressure is zero, no work is done in the expansion.
W = - P(∆V)
W = - 0 ( 6 L – 2L)
W = 0 atm*L

(b) The external, opposing pressure is 1.2 atm, so

W = - P(∆V)
W = - 1.2 atm (6.0 L – 2.0 L)
W = - 4.8 atm*L
To convert the answers to Joules, J.
101.3 𝐽
W = - 4.8 atm*L (1 𝑎𝑡𝑚∗𝐿)
W = - 4.9 x 102 J
Because this is gas expansion (work is done by the system on the
surroundings), the work done has a negative sign.
Heat

The other component of internal energy is heat, Q. For example, it takes

4184 J of energy to raise the temperature of 100g of water from 20°C to 30°C.
This energy can be gained (a) directly as heat energy from a Bunsen burner,
without doing any work on the water; (b) by doing work on the water without
adding heat energy (for example, by stirring the water with a magnetic stir
bar); or (c) by some combination of the procedures described in (a) and (b).
This simple illustration shows that heat associated with a given process, like
work, depends on how the process is carried out. It is important to note that
regardless of which procedure is taken, the change in internal energy of the
system, ∆U, depends on the sum of (Q + W). If changing the path from the
initial state to the final state increases the value of Q, then it will decrease the
value of W by the same amount and vice versa, so that ∆U remains unchanged.

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

 Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. Tenth Edition.McGraw-Hill. America,
New York
Licuanan, P.B. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School
(GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2). Commission on Higher Education. Diliman,
Quezon City Publication

IV. Activity Proper

Activity 1. SOLVE ME!
Directions: Read and analyze each item. Solve and show your solutions.
1. Manuel has a container that contains a sample of nitrogen gas and
a tightly fitting movable piston that does not allow any of the gas to
escape. During a thermodynamics process, 200 Joules of heat enter
the gas, and the gas does 300 Joules of work in the process. What
was the change in internal energy of the gas during the process
described above?

2. The work done when a gas is compressed in a cylinder is 462 J.

During this process, there is a heat transfer of 128 J from the gas to
the surroundings. Calculate the energy change for this process.

ACTIVITY 2. DRAW ME!

Directions: Draw an illustration of an example of work and heat. Label

correctly how the work is done and how the heat flows. You can draw in a
short bond paper. Attach the drawing in your answer sheets.

V. Reflection
You must fill in the component of the KWL chart to generalize the things
they have learned about the topic.
KWL Chart
Topic Know Want to know Learned
First Law of I understand I want to know I have learned
Thermodynamics that…… that…… that ….

VI. Answer Key

may vary.
2. ∆U = 334 J may vary answer Prepared by:
1. ∆U = - 100 J Student’s answer Student’s
RODEL A. AZARES
SHS-Teacher
Activity 1 Activity 2 Reflections
 Quarter 3, Week 3

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No.10

Name of Learner: _______________________________________________________

Grade and Section: _________________________ Date: ___________________

Learning Activity Sheets in General Chemistry 2

(Enthalpy and Hess Law)

I. Learning Competency
1. Explain enthalpy of a reaction (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-125)
2. Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess Law
(STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-127)

II. Background Information for Learners

Our next step is to see how the first law of thermodynamics can be
applied to processes carried out under different conditions. Specifically, we
will consider two situations most encountered in the laboratory; one in which
the volume of the system is kept constant and one in which the pressure
applied on the system is kept constant.

Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property of a system. It is the sum of the

internal energy added to the product of the pressure and volume of the
system. It reflects the capacity to do non-mechanical work and the capacity
to release heat. Enthalpy is denoted as H; specific enthalpy denoted as h.
Enthalpy in a throttling process is constant. We can define enthalpy using
equation 3.4.1.
H = U + PV equation 3.4.1

Where, H is the enthalpy of a reaction, U is the internal energy of the system,

P is the pressure and V is the volume of the system. Because U and PV
have energy units, enthalpy also has energy units. Common units used to
express enthalpy are the joule, calorie, or BTU (British Thermal Unit.)

Change in enthalpy is calculated rather than enthalpy in part because

total enthalpy of a system cannot be measured since it is impossible to know
the zero point. However, it is possible to measure the difference in enthalpy
between one state and another. Enthalpy change may be calculated under
conditions of constant pressure. One representation of this is of a firefighter
who is on a ladder, but the smoke has covered his view of the ground. He
cannot see how many steps him to the ground are below but can see there
are three steps to the window where a person needs to be rescued. In the
same way, total enthalpy cannot be measured, but the change in enthalpy
(three ladder steps) can. This change in enthalpy is defined as ∆H.

Because most reactions are constant-pressure processes, we can

equate the heat change in these cases, to the change in enthalpy. For any
reaction of the type
reactants products
we define the change in enthalpy, called the enthalpy of reaction, ∆H rxn, as
the difference
between the enthalpies of the products and the enthalpies of the reactants:

∆Hrxn = H(Products) – H(Reactants) equation 3.4.2

Remember that the enthalpy of reaction can be positive or negative,

depending on the process. For an endothermic process (heat absorbed by the
system from the surroundings), ∆H is positive (that is, ∆H >0). For an
exothermic process (heat released by the system to the surroundings), ∆H is
negative (that is, ∆H < 0).

Another way of calculating the change of enthalpy is by using Hess Law.

Hess Law states that the enthalpy change accompanying a chemical change
is independent of the route by which the chemical change occurs. In other
words, Hess Law is saying that if you convert reactants A into products B, the
overall enthalpy change will be the same whether you do it in one step or two
steps or however many steps.

Let’s have an example for better understanding!

Example 3.4.1. Find the enthalpy change for the reaction.

CS2(l) + 3 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 SO2(g)

when:
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g); ΔHf = -393.5 kJ/mol
S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g); ΔHf = -296.8 kJ/mol
C(s) + 2 S(s) → CS2(l); ΔHf = 87.9 kJ/mol

This is an example of a trial-and-error problem. To solve this, it is better to

start with a reaction with only one mole of reactant or product in the reaction.

Our reaction needs one CO2 in the product and the first reaction also
has one CO2 product.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔHf = -393.5 kJ/mol

This reaction gives us the CO2 needed on the product side and one of the
O2 needed on the reactant side. The other two O2 can be found in the second
reaction.

S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g) ΔHf = -296.8 kJ/mol

Since only one O2 is in the reaction, multiply the reaction by two to get the
second O2. This doubles the ΔHf value.

2 S(s) + 2 O2(g) → 2 SO2(g) ΔHf = -593.6 kJ/mol

Combining these equations gives

2 S(s) + C(s) + 3 O2(g) → CO2(g) + SO2(g)

The enthalpy change is the sum of the two reactions:

 ΔHf = -393.5 kJ/mol + -593.6 kJ/mol = -987.1 kJ/mol

This equation has the product side needed in the problem but contains an
extra two S and one C atom on the reactant side. Fortunately, the third
equation has the same atoms. If the reaction is reversed, these atoms are on
the product side. When the reaction is reversed, the sign of the change in
enthalpy is reversed.

CS2(l) → C(s) + 2 S(s); ΔHf = -87.9 kJ/mol

Add these two reactions together and the extra S and C atoms cancel out. The
remaining reaction is the reaction needed in the question. Since the reactions
were added together, their ΔHf values are added together.

ΔHf = -987.1 kJ/mol + -87.9 kJ/mol

ΔHf = -1075 kJ/mol

Therefore, the change in enthalpy for the reaction is -1075 kJ/mol.

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. Tenth Edition.McGraw-Hill. America,
New York
Licuanan, P.B. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School
(GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2). Commission on Higher Education. Diliman,
Quezon City Publication

IV. Activity Proper

Activity 1. SOLVE ME!
Directions: Read and analyze each item. Solve and show your solutions.
1. Calculate the heat of hydrogenation of ethane, C2H4 given the
following thermochemical equations:

2 C(graphite) + 3 H2 (g) —> C2H6 (g) ΔHf= - 84.5 kJ/mol

2 C (graphite) + 2 H2 (g) —> C2H4 (g) ΔHf= 52.3 kJ/mol

2. Calculate the ΔH for the reaction:

CS2 (l) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 SO2 (g)

Given:
ΔHfCO2 (g) = - 393.5 kJ/mol;
ΔHfSO2 = -296.8 kJ/mol;
ΔHfCS2 (l) = 87.9kJ/mol

ACTIVITY 2. COMPLETE ME!

Direction: Complete the table by providing the information needed.

 Importance Application

Enthalpy

V. Reflection
You must fill in the component of the KWL chart to generalize the things
they have learned about the topic.
KWL Chart
Topic Know Want to know Learned
Enthalpy and I understand I want to know I have learned
Hess Law that…… that…… that ….

VI. Answer Key

2. ΔHf = -1075 kJ/mol may vary.

may vary.
ΔHrxn = - 136.8 kJ/mol Student’s answer Prepared by:
answer
Activity 1
Student’s RODEL A. AZARES
Activity 2
SHS-Teacher
Reflections