PHINMA-University of Iloilo STM 006/ General Chemistry 2

Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11

Day/Session #: 3

Materials
Surface tension, Viscosity, Vapor
Pressure, Boiling Point Worksheets

References
Chemistry the Practical Science by P.
Kelter M. Mosher, and A. Scott (2009)
Chemistry the Molecular Nature of Matter
Learning Objectives
by Jespersen, Brady, and Hyslop (2012)
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
Chemistry: The Central Science by Brown,
1. Describe the different properties of liquid. LeMay, and Bursten
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular force surface Intermolecular Forces
tension, Viscosity, Vapor pressure and Boiling point. Brook R. Kirouc
David A. Consiglio, Jr.

Review/Lesson Preview

A. Types of Intermolecular Forces:

Direction: What is the strongest intermolecular force present for each of the following molecule?

Molecule Intermolecular Force

1. Hydrogen (H2) London dispersion force
2. Carbon monoxide (CO) London dispersion Force
3. Silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) London Dispersion Force
4. Nitrogen tribomide (NBr3) Dipole – Dipole Force
5. Water (H2O) Hydrogen Bonding
6. Acetone (CH2O) Dipole – dipole Force
7. Methane (CH4) London Dispersion Force
8. Benzene (C6H6)) London Dispersion Force
9. Ammonia (NH3) Hydrogen Bonding
10. Methanol (CH3OH) Hydrogen Bonding

B. Direction: define each of the following Intermolecular forces.

a. Ion Dipole – attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule
b. Dipole – dipole – attractive forces between polar molecules
c. London Dispersion Force- attractive forces between all molecules.
d. Hydrogen Bond – attractive forces between hydrogen and O, N, or F.

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 PHINMA-University of Iloilo STM 006/ General Chemistry 2
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session #: 3

Learning Activities

Concept Notes

Effect of temperature and Intermolecular forces on vapor pressure

Vapor pressure and Intermolecular forces

Vapor pressure is also dependent on the IMF’s in a liquid. The relationship between IMF’s and vapor pressure can be
shown using Boltzmann distribution plots for two different liquids at the same temperature. (Refer the plot below). The
plots have identical shapes because kinetic energy depends only on temperature.

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Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session #: 3

However the two liquids do not have the same vapor pressure at a given temperature. The plot above shows the
minimum kinetic energy at a given temperature needed to overcome the IMF’s between molecules in the liquid phase,
which is the minimum energy required to move molecules from the liquid to vapor phase. Methanol has a lower kinetic
energy threshold than water and therefore a higher number (indicated by shading in the figure) of molecules with the
minimum energy needed to escape into the vapor phase. Therefore, more methanol molecules than water molecules
occupy the vapor phase at a given temperature and methanol’s vapor pressure is higher than the water vapor pressure
at a given temperature.

For these liquids; methanol has weaker IMF’s than water, and therefor methanol molecules are held less tightly to one
another in the liquid phase. It is easier to vaporize methanol (lower ∆H vap) than water (higher ∆H vap) at a given
temperature, and more methanol escapes into the vapor phase at a given temperature. The liquid with the stronger
IMF’s, water, has a lower vapor pressure at a given temperature.

As the strength of the IMF’s in a series of liquids increases, the vapor pressures of the liquids decrease .

Boiling point

The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the
external pressure. The normal boiling point is the temperature when vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to 1 atm.
Because boiling point involves breaking IMF’s, the boiling point for a liquid is related to the strengths of the IMF’s in
the liquid.

As the strength of the IMF’s in a series of liquids increases, the boiling points of the liquids increase.

Surface tension

Surface tension is a measure of forced required to “break” the surface of a liquid. A surface tension result from the
different IMF’s experienced by molecules at the surface of a liquid and those in the interior of the liquid. Molecules in
the interior of a liquid experience IMF’s in all directions. Molecules on the surface, however, are attracted to
molecules only to the sides and below, thus, they experience a net inward force. (Pls. refer to the image below) this net
inward force pulls surface molecules toward the interior, minimizing the surface area and causing droplets of liquid to
form a spherical shape(The shape with the smallest surface area for any given volume).

In general, liquids with strong IMF’s have high surface tension.

Viscosity

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 PHINMA-University of Iloilo STM 006/ General Chemistry 2
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session #: 3

Viscosity is a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow. We commonly think viscosity as a measure of the “thickness” of
a liquid, where, for example, gasoline is a “thin” liquid and motor oil is a “thick” liquid. Like surface tension, viscosity
is not highly predictable based on other properties of liquids, such as boiling point, but it does depend on IMF strength.
In general, strong IMF’s result in high viscosity for a liquid.

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 PHINMA-University of Iloilo STM 006/ General Chemistry 2
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session #: 3

Developmental Activity

Activity 1: Effects of IMF’s on Vapor pressure, Boiling point, Surface tension and Viscosity
1. Directions: Complete the table below by writing STRONG OR WEAK on the strength of IMF on different physical
properties of liquids

Strengths of IMF’s
1. High vapor pressure Weak
2. Low vapor pressure strong
3. High boiling point Strong
4. Low boiling point Weak
5. High surface tension Strong
6. Low surface tension Weak
7. High viscosity Strong
8. Low viscosity Weak

2. How are boiling points affected by intermolecular forces?

Stronger intermolecular forces between molecules make it more difficult for those molecules to be pulled apart. Therefore,
stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling points.

3. Define surface tension and viscosity. How do intermolecular forces affect these properties (i.e., as intermolecular forces
increase, what happens to each property?)?
Surface tension is the resistance of a liquid to spread out. Viscosity is a measure of a substance’s resistance to flow. As
the strength of IMF’s increase, surface tension and viscosity increase. Molecules are more strongly attracted to each other
and will be less likely to spread apart or to flow.

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 PHINMA-University of Iloilo STM 006/ General Chemistry 2
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session #: 3

Activity 2
1. Direction: Read the sentences below and write the answer on the space provided.

Physical properties depend on these forces. The stronger the forces between the particles,
a. The ______________ the boiling point.
b. The ______________ the vapor pressure (partial pressure of vapor in equilibrium with liquid or solid in a closed
container at a fixed temperature.
c. The ______________ the viscosity(resistance to flow)
d. The _______________the surface tension (resistance to an increase in surface area.

2. Specify the predominant intermolecular force involved for each substance in the space immediately following the
substance. Then in the last column, indicate which member of the pair you would expect to have the HIGHER BOILING
POINT.

SUBSTANCE 1 PREDOMINANT SUBSTANCE 2 PREDOMINANT SUBSTANCE

INTERMOLECULAR INTERMOLECULAR WITH HIGHER
FORCE FORCE BOILING POINT
 HCl Dispersion force  I2 Dispersion force I2
 CH3F Dispersion force  CH3OH Hydrogen CH3OH
 H2O Hydrogen  H2S Dispersion H2O
 SiO2 Dipole - dipole  SO2 Dispersion SiO2
 CH3OH Hydrogen bonding  CuO Ionic CuO
 NH3 Hydrogen bonding  CH4 dispersion NH3
 HCl Dispersion force  NaCl ionic NaCl

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 PHINMA-University of Iloilo STM 006/ General Chemistry 2
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session #: 3

Activity 3

Study the following example below.

The figure below shows the vapor pressure – temperature curves for carbon disulfide, Methanol, Ethanol,
and Heptane

Use the plot to answer the following questions:

a. What is the approximate temperature at which the vapor pressure of heptane is 400mmHg?
b. Which liquid, methanol, heptane, has the higher enthalpy of vaporization?

Solution:
You are asked to determine the temperature at which liquid has a given vapor pressure and the relative magnitude of the enthalpy
vaporization of two liquids.
You are given a plot of vapor pressure vs. temperature.
a. Using the plot, the vapor pressure of heptane is 400mmHg at approximately 77oC
b. At any temperature, methanol has a higher vapor pressure than heptane. Therefore the IMF’s in heptane would be
expected to be higher than the heat of vaporization of methanol

Answer the question below: Correct answer will be flashed on the board.

1. Which of the following substances should have the highest vapor pressure at a given temperature? Justify
your answer. CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3

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 PHINMA-University of Iloilo STM 006/ General Chemistry 2
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
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CH4. All of these compounds are nonpolar. CH4 would have the weakest IMFs because it is the smallest. Weaker
IMFs mean that the substance is more likely to vaporize, so it would have a higher vapor pressure.

List the following substances in order of increasing boiling points: BaCl2, H2, CO, HF, Ne, CO2
H2 < Ne < CO2 < CO < HF < BaCl2

Guided Practice
If you are asked to rank molecules in order of melting point, boiling point, viscosity, surface tension or vapor
pressure. What they are actually asking is for you to rank them by strength of intermolecular forces (either
increasing or decreasing).
Together with your partner use the strategies below in order to answer the following.
1. Look for molecules with hydrogen bonding capability will have the strongest intermolecular forces.
2. Look for molecules with dipoles. These will have the next strongest intermolecular forces.
3. Larger molecules will have stronger London dispersion forces. These are the weakest intermolecular
forces but will often be the deciding factor in multiple choice questions

1. List the following molecules in order of increasing surface tension: C3H8, CH4, CH3COOH, C2H6
Answer
Higher surface tension corresponds to stronger intermolecular forces. Go through the list above.
1. One of these (CH3COOH) has the ability to hydrogen-bond. It will probably have the strongest Intermolecular forces.
2. CH3COOH is the only one of these molecules to have a dipole, and we already decided it has the strongest intermolecular
forces.
3. Of the molecules that are left, the largest one (C3H8) likely has the strongest London dispersion forces. The smallest (CH4)
likely has the weakest intermolecular forces.

The answer is: CH4, C2H6, C3H8, CH3COOH

2. List the following molecules in order of increasing boiling point: Br2, F2, I2, Cl2,

Answer
Higher boiling points will correspond to stronger intermolecular forces. Go through the list above.
1. None of these have hydrogen bonding.
2. None of these have dipoles.
3. Bigger molecules will have stronger London dispersion forces. So I2 has the strongest forces, and F2 will have the weakest.
Correspondingly, I2 will have the highest boiling point and F2 will have the lowest boiling point.
Answer: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

3. Which has the higher vapour pressure, C20H42 or C30H62?

Answer
Higher vapour pressures correspond to weaker intermolecular forces. Go through the list above.
1. None of these have hydrogen bonding.
2. None of these have dipoles.
3. Bigger molecules will have stronger London dispersion forces. So, C30H62 has the stronger intermolecular forces and C20H42 has
the weaker intermolecular forces.
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 PHINMA-University of Iloilo STM 006/ General Chemistry 2
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
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Answer: C20H42 has the higher vapour pressure, since the molecules stick together less.

TUTO

Independent Practice

The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the escaping liquid molecules becomes equal
to (or greater than) standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa. Liquids that have stronger intermolecular attractions must be
heated to a higher temperature before boiling will occur. The boiling point of a liquid is lowered when the atmospheric pressure is
lowered, such as in the Rocky Mountains. When atmospheric pressure increases, such as in a pressure cooker, the temperature can
get well above 100oC without the water reaching its boiling point. Therefore, food cooks faster in a pressure cooker or covered pot.
Compare the boiling points of the various liquids shown on the graph below:

1. What is the boiling point of water at an atmospheric pressure of 60kPa? ANSWER = ~85 degrees Celsius
2. Which liquid has the strongest intermolecular forces? Which has the weakest IMF’s? ANSWER = the question is asking
for a liquid and not a solution therefore 5m NaCl is not included. STRONGEST IMF’s = water (highest boiling point),
WEAKEST IMF’S =CH3Cl (lowest boiling point
3. How much vapor pressure does methanol, CH3OH, exert at a temperature of 25 oC? ANSWER = 14kPa
4. What effect does the addition of salt, NaCJ, have on the normal boiling point of water? Explain this in terms of the IMF
exhibited by distilled water versus salt water. ANSWER = adding NaCl increases the BP of water because now there is

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 PHINMA-University of Iloilo STM 006/ General Chemistry 2
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session #: 3

an ionic solution where ion – dipole (NaCl + H2O) IMFs are predominant. The these IMFs are stronger which means
more energy (heat) must be added to boil the solution than pure water.

Closure Activity
Vapor pressure graph: use the graph below to answer the following questions.

1. What is the vapor pressure of CHCl3 at 50oC? ________70kPa______

2. What is the boiling point of H2O when the external pressure is 30kPa? __________70oC_______
3. What is the normal boiling point of CCl4? ______65oC____________
4. Which substance has the weakest IMF? ___________CHCl3_______

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