Chemsitry - Topic 7

Topic 7
IMF
 IMF (occur btw molecules) are weaker than covalent bonds => ‘non-bonded interactions’
 London forces/dispersion forces:
- with 2 non polar molecules (N2)[symmetrical e density] -> e density fluctuates over
time -> if at any time e density becomes asymmetrical then dipole is generated -> density on
left of molecule has increased -> partial –ve charge => instantaneous dipole (on molecule A)
- Partial +ve end of molecule A closer to molecule B -> e density of molecule B pulled to
left => generates partial –ve charge on left => induced dipoles (on molecule B)
- Dipole A led to induced dipole b -> 2 dipoles arranged so that they interact favourably
with one another => London force of attraction
-Induced dipoles always arranged that interaction with instantaneous dipoles is favourable
-> fluctuations lead to generation of induced dipoles & induction of dipoles is rapid ->
especially when compared with molecules movement rates
-Due to k.e and rotational energy -> as 2 molecules move around -> continue to attract
each other regardless of orientation
- More e = more attractive London forces: noble gases are monoatomic & London forces are the only IMF => stronger
London forces = more energy to separate molecules = more BP
- Depends on size & shape of molecules: more points of contact btw molecules = more London forces
- Always present btw molecules: whether or not permanent dipoles or form H-H with each other
 Permanent dipoles:
- if molecule has permanent dipole they will also interact with one another -> if dipoles aligned correctly then favorable
interaction btw 2 molecules attract each other
- BUT in liquids random movement of molecules means that dipoles not always aligned to give favorable interaction = when
averaged out interaction btw permanent dipole is much less btw instantaneous & induced dipoles = London forces more
significant!)
- Possible for molecule with permanent dipole to induce dipole nearby => permanent dipole-permanent dipole & permanent
dipole-induced dipole are used
Hydrogen Bond
 IMF interaction (evidence of some bond formation) btw H of molecule (or fragment of it) bonded to atom which is more electro-ve > H & another atom in
same/diff molecule
 Atom bonded to H must be more electro-ve (mostly small yet highly electro-ve like O/N/F) & evidence of bond formation btw H & other atom [either with same
molecule (intra) or diff molecule (inter)]
 Hydrogen bond through Oxygen:
- All compound with OH grp form IMF with hydrogen bonds (H2O!)
- H-O-H (H bond forms btw O of 1 H2O & H of another H2O molecule)
- There’s some partial bond formation using LP on O -> O has 2 LP = forms bonds with 2 other H2O molecules
- Hydrogen bonds are directional (bond angle btw 3 atoms often 180 usually)
 Hydrogen bond through Nitrogen: NH grps forms hydrogen bond like primary amines
 Hydrogen bond through Fluorine: like HF
IMF interactions & Physical Properties
 Boiling temp. of alkanes

- more molecular mass = more no of e per molecule = more instantaneous & induced dipoles
- more C chain length = more no of points btw adjacent molecules (longer chain = more points = packs more
closely) = more London forces
- BUT more branching = less contact points = not pack well = less London force = less BP
 Alcohols:
- Forms H bonds due to OH grp = more BP
- London & H bonds IMF (thus alcohols BP > alkanes) -> eventually not steadily increase as more chain
length
- Enthalpy change of vaporisation = amt of energy needed to complete separate liquid molecules to gas => so
greater enthalpy change of vaporization = greater IMF!
 Boling temp of Hydrogen Halide:
- more e = more London forces = more BP
- If asked to sketch graph then only need to show trend/ If asked to plot then only need to give clear even scales on each
axis with accuracy of 1mm2
 Anomalous property of water:
 High MP & BP with few e:
 strong H-bonds = stronger attraction in H2O
 HF has more H-bond strength but BP lower: HF forms 2 H-bonds per molecules but H2O can form upto 4 = H20 has
more extensive H-bonding + Not all H-bonds broken in HF during vaporized = polymerized even in gas phase
 NH3 has lowest BP as it can form only 1 H-bonds (N has 1LP)
 Density of ice at 0 less than that of water at 0 degrees: ice arranged in rings of 6 held by H-bonds = large open spaces
inside rings -> ice melts ring structure destroyed = less avg distance btw molecules = more density
 Choosing Suitable Solvents:
1. Solute particles must be separated from each other -> then surrounded by solvent particles
2. Strong forces of attraction btw solute & solvent particles to overcome solvent-solvent
 Dissolving ionic solids:
 Energy needed to separate ions in solid either completely/partially supplied by hydration of ions
 Partial –ve ends of H2O attract Na+ to remove them from lattice -> ions then surrounded by H2O => ion
dipole interaction
 Partial +ve ends of H2O attracts Cl- -> surrounded by H2O so then Cl- bonded to H20 [hydration &
hydration energy]
 Compounds that form H-bonds with H2O: Ethanol & H2O always mix -> BUT solubility decreases with
increasing chain length!
 Compounds that cannot form H-bonds with H2O:
 Non polar molecules like alkanes don’t dissolve in H2O -> attraction btw alkane & H2O not sufficiently
strong to disrupt H-bonding btw H2O
 Many polar molecules also don’t dissolve -> either they don’t form H-bond or H-bonds formed too weak
compared to H2O
 Non-aqueous solvents: Like dissolves like = alkanes soluble in one another & non polar bromine dissolves in
non polar hexane

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Topic 7

 Boiling temp. of alkanes

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