Assignment Front Cover Sheet: Strength of Materials

Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Assignment front cover sheet

SECTION A – TO BE COMPLETED BY THE STUDENT
Module Strength Of Materials Module

Title Code
Assignment Assignment
Title Number
Student’s L.M. Safran Student’s M19990101003
Name Number
Lecturer’s Mr. Kapila Kemaratne
Name
I confirm that:
 I have been given a copy of the assessment criteria relating to this assignment
 I understand the meaning of the terms Cheating, Collusion and Plagiarism
 All the work submitted is my own work
27/02/2021
Signature: Date
SECTION B – TO BE COMPLETED BY MODULE LEADER/TEAM
Assignment Feedback comments:
Signed:………………………………………….. Print Name:………………………………..........................

Date: ……………………………………………. Unconfirmed Mark ……………………………………..
Introduction
The tensile test is the most well know experiment in materials testing. It is used to determine
tensile strength. The tensile strength is one of the most important characteristics of a material.
Additionally, the fracture strain can be determined as a measure for the material's toughness.
01
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Table of content 2
Abstract 3
Aim 3
Apparatus 4
Theory 5
Procedure 6
Ovservations 7
Speciman Calculations 8
Graph 9
Discussion 10
02
Abstract
This experiment was conducted so as compare the mechanical properties of mild steel. The
basics on the operation of universal testing machine were also learnt during this experiment. The
Universal Testing Machine can be used to determine the tensile strengths of many engineering
materials. The design of many engineering structures is based on the tensile properties of the
materials used. The stress- strain relationship of various metals can be used to predict the
characteristics of materials when subjected to different types of loadings. From this experiment,
it can be seen that mild steel have high tensile and yield strength. This explains the wide
applications of mild steel in many constructions and other engineering applications that require
high strength.
Aim
 To determine the tensile strength and the elongation at the fracture

03
APPARATUS
WP 300 universal material tester
20kN specimen
04
THEORY
In the tensile test, a uniaxial state of stress is produced in a standardized material specimen. This
state of stress is produced by an external load on the specimen in the longitudinal direction via a
tensile force. Then a uniform normal stress distribution prevails in the test cross-section of the
specimen.
To determine the strength of the material, the load on the specimen is slowly and steadily
increased, until the specimen breaks. The maximum test load Fm occurring during this process is
a measure of the material's strength. The so called tensile strength Rm is calculated from the
maximum test load Fm and the output cross-section A0 of the specimen.
Fm
Rm =
Ao
Fm
σ=
A0
Rm – Tensile strength, F m – Maximum test load in N, Ao – Initial cross-section in mm2, σ - Stress

in N/mm2
The fracture strain A relates the change in the specimen's length to its output length L0 and is
calculated using the length LF of the specimen after fracture.
L F−L 0
A= .100 %
L0
LF −L ∆ L
ε= = 0
L0 L0
A - Fracture strain (or strain ε) in %, L0 - Original length in mm, LF - Length after fracture in mm
05
PROCEDURE
Apparatus set-up;
 Twist out the hand wheel on the master cylinder as far as it will go and move the load
frame down to its lowest position.
If this has not yet been done, insert the gripping heads in the upper cross member and the cross
head.
 Screw down the gripping head with the long bolt at the top.
 Insert the required tensile sample.
 Screw the sample into the lower gripping head by hand as far as the end stop.
 Screw the sample into the upper gripping head as far as the end stop, by rotating the
gripping head itself.
 Tighten the nut on the upper gripping head by hand until the gripping head is seated
without slack in the upper cross-member.
Adjust the dial gauge;

 Push the dial gauge upwards on the support bar until the tracer pin is touching the driver.
 Push the dial gauge up further and pre-stress to 15mm.
 Lightly pre-stress the sample using the hand wheel until the pointer on the force display
to zero.
Performing the experiment:
Slowly & constantly load the sample by rotating the hand wheel.
 Apply of the force should be extended of a period of 5-10mm. it is essential to avoid

sudden or jerky load application force.
 Observe the dial gauge. Read the force from the force display every 0.1 mm & make a
note of it with the corresponding extension. From 1mm extension, th reading interval can
be extended to 0.2mm. take records until the breaking point reached.
06
OBSERVATIONS
For mild steel
Diameter = 6 mm
Initial length of the specimen = 6.5 cm
Final length of the specimen = 6.8 cm
Maximum force obtained = 14.5 kN
Extension (LF – Lo) Test force F in kN

In 1/100 mm
0.15 0.1
0.25 1.1
0.3 2.1
0.35 3.2
0.4 5
0.45 6
0.5 9.2
0.6 11
0.7 12.2
0.8 13.6
0.9 14.1
1 14.3
1.2 14.5
1.6 13.1
1.8 13.3
2.4 1.1
3.3 9
07
SPECIMEN CALCULATION
Calculating stress
Force(F ) 5× 103 × 4
Stress = = = 176.839 N/mm2
Area( A) π ×62
Calculating stain
Change Length (∆ L) 0.4

Strain = = = 6.153 × 10-3
Original Length (L) 65
Extension (LF – L0) Test force in kN Stress Strain

in 1/100 mm (N/mm2)
0.15 0.1 3.536 0.00231
0.25 1.1 38.905 0.00385
0.3 2.1 74.272 0.00462
0.35 3.2 113.177 0.00538
0.4 5 176.839 0.00615
0.45 6 212.207 0.00692
0.5 9.2 325.383 0.00769
0.6 11 389.045 0.00923
0.7 12.2 431.487 0.01077
0.8 13.6 481.002 0.01230
0.9 14.1 498.685 0.01385
1 14.3 505.759 0.01538
1.2 14.5 512.833 0.01846
1.6 13.1 463.318 0.02461
1.8 13.3 470.391 0.02769
2.4 1.1 38.905 0.03692
3.3 9 318.309 0.05077
08
Graph
09
Discussion
The results obtained from the experiment were almost similar with the theoretical values of the
specimens used.Many engineering applications that require high tensile strength normally use
mild steel. This is because of the crystalline structure of mild steel that allows it to withstand
high axial loads before fracture can occur.
10

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Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Assignment front cover sheet

Module Strength Of Materials Module

SECTION B – TO BE COMPLETED BY MODULE LEADER/TEAM

Assignment Feedback comments:

Signed:………………………………………….. Print Name:………………………………..........................

 To determine the tensile strength and the elongation at the fracture

WP 300 universal material tester

Rm – Tensile strength, F m – Maximum test load in N, Ao – Initial cross-section in mm2, σ - Stress

Adjust the dial gauge;

Performing the experiment:

 Apply of the force should be extended of a period of 5-10mm. it is essential to avoid

For mild steel

Initial length of the specimen = 6.5 cm

Final length of the specimen = 6.8 cm

Maximum force obtained = 14.5 kN

Extension (LF – Lo) Test force F in kN

Change Length (∆ L) 0.4

Extension (LF – L0) Test force in kN Stress Strain

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