DIFFERENTIATION

The first principle of differentiation

𝑓 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥)
′
𝑓 𝑥 = lim ,
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
 when the limit is exist.

 The procedure is known as the differentiation from the

first principle.
Example
 By using differentiation from the first principle, find the derivatives of
the following function

a) y  2x
2


 Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2
Step 1: 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 = 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝛿𝑥 + 2(𝛿𝑥)2
 Step 2: 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝛿𝑥 + 2(𝛿𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 2
= 4𝑥𝛿𝑥 + 2(𝛿𝑥)2
𝑓 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥 4𝑥𝛿𝑥+2(𝛿𝑥)2
 Step 3: = = 4x + 2δ𝑥
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝑓 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥
 Step 4: 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
= lim 4x + 2δ𝑥 = 4𝑥
𝛿𝑥→0
Example
 b) 1
y
x
1
 Given that 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
1
Step 1: 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 =
𝑥+𝛿𝑥
1 1
 Step 2: 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥
𝛿𝑥
=− 2
𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥 𝛿𝑥 1
 Step 3: 𝛿𝑥
= − 𝑥 2 +𝑥𝛿𝑥 ∙ 𝛿𝑥
1
=−
𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝛿𝑥
𝑓 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥
 Step 4: 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
1 1
= lim − 2 =− 2
𝛿𝑥→0 𝑥 + 𝑥𝛿𝑥 𝑥
Exercise

 By using differentiation from first principle, find the derivatives

a) y = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2
b) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1
1
c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 −
𝑥2

 You can obtain more basic derivative formula using first principle that can
be seen in page 46 in the textbook.
Differentiation Rules

1. Differentiation of Multiples
 Let 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑢, 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥 and c is a constant,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
=𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. Differentiation of Sums
 Let 𝑢 and 𝑣 be differentiable function of 𝑥. If 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example
a) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 9
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 9
=4 𝑥 = 4 9𝑥 8 = 36𝑥 8
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 𝑑 2 𝑑
=4 𝑥 +2 𝑥 +3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 4 3𝑥 2 + 2 2𝑥 + 3 = 12𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
c) 𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
=2 tan 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 3(− sin 𝑥)

= 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 3(sin 𝑥)
Exercise

 Differentiate the following function

a) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 −𝑥)2
1 2 𝑥3
b) 𝑦 = − +
𝑥5 𝑥3 2
c) 𝑦 = 3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
Differentiation Rules

3. Differentiation of Products
 Let 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable function and if 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Or

𝑦 ′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′
Example
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 3
= 𝑥3 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 [𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥 3 sin x + 3𝑥 2 cos x
a) 𝑦 = 5𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 5𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5 sin 𝑥
c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑 𝑑 2
=𝑥 ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑥2 + ln x (2x)
𝑥

= 𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
Differentiation Rules

4. Differentiation of Quotients
𝑢
 Let 𝑢 and 𝑣 ≠ 0 are differentiable function and if 𝑦 = ,
𝑣

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
Or

′
𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣 ′
𝑦 =
𝑣2
Example
1
a) 𝑦 =
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 1 − sin 𝑥 1 − 1 [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥)2

1 − sin 𝑥 0 + 1(cos 𝑥) cos 𝑥

= =
(1 − sin 𝑥)2 (1 − sin 𝑥)2

2𝑥+5
a) 𝑦 =
3𝑥+2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 + 5 − 2𝑥 + 5 [3𝑥 + 2]
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 + 2)2

3𝑥 + 2 2 − (2𝑥 + 5)(3) 11
= = −
(3𝑥 + 2)2 (3𝑥 + 2)2
Exercise

 Differentiate the following function

a) 𝑦 = (2 − 𝑥 3 )(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 1)

b) 𝑦 = (5𝑥 5 + 𝑥 2 )2
2
c) 𝑦 =
𝑥+3
𝑥 3 +1
d) 𝑦 =
3𝑥 2
Higher Order Differentiation

 If y = f(x) , then the sequence of the differentiation can be written as

Example
 a) If 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 3, find its first five derivatives.

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 16𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 48𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
𝑓 ′′′ 𝑥 = 96𝑥 − 12
𝑓 (4) 𝑥 = 96
𝑓 (5) 𝑥 = 0
∴ 𝑓 (𝑛) 𝑥 = 0, 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑛 ≥ 5
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
b) If 𝑦 = , find , .
𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−2 𝑥 − (𝑥 2 ) (𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 − 2)2

2 𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑑2𝑦 𝑥−2 𝑥 − 4𝑥 − (𝑥 2 −4𝑥) (𝑥 − 2)2 8 2
3
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)4 (𝑥 − 2)3 𝑥−2
Exercise

 Find 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′
a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 5)(3𝑥 + 2)
1
b) 𝑦 =
𝑥+1 2 (𝑥+2)

 Find
1
a) 𝑦 ′′′ 1 , if 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 −
𝑥5
𝑑5𝑦 6
b) if 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 5 𝑥=2 𝑥3
The Chain Rule

 The chain rule is used to calculate derivatives of composites functions such as

𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 .

 If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Example

 Differentiate the following function with respect to 𝑥

a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 − 3)20
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 − 3 and 𝑦 = 𝑢20 . By using the chain rule

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

= (20𝑢19 ) ∙ (3𝑥 2 + 6)

= 20(𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 − 3)19 (3𝑥 2 + 6)

Example
c) 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥+1
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙
b) 𝑦 = sin(2𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 5 and 𝑦 = sin(𝑢) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3𝑥+1 𝑑
= 𝑒 3𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙ = 3𝑒 3𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

d) ) 𝑦 = ln 3𝑥
= cos 𝑢 ∙ 2
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 and 𝑦 = ln 𝑢

= 2 cos(2𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 1 1
= ln 3𝑥 3 = ∙3=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 𝑥
Example

e) y  cos3 ( x 3  5 x 2  2)
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2 and y = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑢 Let v = cos 𝑢, 𝑦 = 𝑣 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= ∙
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= ∙ = 3𝑣 2 (− sin 𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 3(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢)(− sin 𝑢)

= [3(cos 2 𝑢)(− sin 𝑢)] 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 ∙

= −3 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 [cos 2 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2 sin 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2 ]

= (−9𝑥 2 + 30𝑥)[cos 2 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2 sin 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2 ]

Exercise

 a) 𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥
(𝑥+1)2
 b) 𝑦 =
(𝑥+2)3

 c) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1)2 (3𝑥 + 2)4

 d) 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥+cos 𝑥
 e) 𝑦 = 3 ln(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
Implicit Differentiation
Example
Continue..

From the equation

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25,
∴𝑦 =5−𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 5−𝑥
Example
(b) 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 = 2𝑥𝑦
We cannot write explicitly u in terms of x, Therefore, we differentiate it implicitly for
both sides with respect to x

𝑑 𝑑
3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 = [2𝑥𝑦]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 = [2𝑥𝑦]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

On the right side, we’ve got to recognize that we’ve actually got a product here,
the 2x and the y(x) . So, to do the derivative of the right side we’ll need to do the
product rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
6𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2y
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Continue…

𝑑𝑦
6𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 + 4𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 6𝑦 − 2𝑥
Simplify

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 + 2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 − 𝑥
Example
𝐴 cos 2𝑥+𝐵 sin 2𝑥
(c) If 𝑦 = , where A and B are constants, show that
𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +2 + 4𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The given expression can be written as

𝑥𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 2𝑥

By using implicit differentiation we obtain

𝑑𝑦
𝑦+𝑥 = −2𝐴 sin 2𝑥 + 2𝐵 cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Continue…

Differentiate the above expression with respect to x we obtain

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
+ +𝑥 = −4A cos 2x − 4B sin 2x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −4(𝐴 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥)

= −4𝑥𝑦
Finally we obtain

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2+2 + 4𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example
3
(d) 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥
By taking natural logarithm for both sides ,
3
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 ln 𝑎
Differentiate both sides,
𝑑 𝑑
[ln 𝑦] = [ 𝑥 3 ln 𝑎]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 ln 𝑎
𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
Exercise

a) 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 7
𝐴 cos 3𝑥+𝐵 sin 3𝑥
b) If 𝑦 = , where A and B are constants, show that
𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +2 + 9𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Differentiation of Parametric Function

If 𝑥 = ℎ(𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡 1
Where = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
Example
𝑑𝑦
(a) Given 𝑥 = 2𝑡 and 𝑦 = 4 − 4𝑡 − 4𝑡 2 ii) 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥. Hence, find 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
i) Find by using parametric differentiation 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
From 𝑥 = 2𝑡, we obtain 𝑡 = ,
2

𝑑𝑦
= −4 − 8𝑡,
𝑑𝑥
=2 Thus,𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ,
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 ∴ = −2 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
1
= (−4 − 8𝑡) ∙
2
= −2 − 4𝑡
 Example
 A curve has parametric equation
𝑡−3 𝑡2 + 4
𝑥= , y=
𝑡 𝑡
Evaluate the following at 𝑡 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
a) b)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

SOLUTION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
a) = 1 − 4𝑡 −2 , = 3𝑡 −2 𝐼𝑓 𝑡 = 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 =
= ∙ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑡 − 4)
4 𝑡2 𝑑𝑥 3
= (1 − 2 ) ∙ 1 2
𝑡 3 = (1 − 4)
1 3
= (𝑡 2 − 4) = −1
3
Continue..

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑤 2
(b) Let 𝑤 = 𝑑𝑥 = 3 (𝑡 2 − 4) and = 3 𝑡, Hence,
𝑑𝑡

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑡
= = = ∙
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡2 2 3
∙ = 𝑡 ∙ = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 3 3 9
When 𝑡 = 1
𝑑2𝑦 2 3
2
= (1) =
𝑑𝑥 2 9 9
Exercise

𝑑𝑦
a) Find in terms of t for the curve with parametric equations
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 = 3𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 3 , 𝑦 = 𝑡(𝑡 2 + 3)

𝑑𝑦
b) Find in terns of 𝜃 for a curve with parametric equations
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
Hence evaluate and when 𝜃 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 4