Table of Contents: Cold Weather Exposure
Table of Contents: Cold Weather Exposure
Table of Contents: Cold Weather Exposure
Code:
COLD WEATHER EXPOSURE CG01
ALL‐HSE‐PRC‐145
Revised: February 2014
This document contains proprietary information belonging to ConocoPhillips Canada. It is intended to govern activities of ConocoPhillips
Canada employees and contractors who perform work at ConocoPhillips Canada worksites. Its most current version may only be relied upon
by those parties who receive a copy provided by ConocoPhillips Canada directly.
Table of Contents
Page
1.0 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.0 Context and Scope .......................................................................................................................................... 2
3.0 Hazards .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
3.1. Potential Safety Hazards ............................................................................................................................... 2
3.2. Potential Health Hazards .............................................................................................................................. 3
4.0 Roles and Responsibilities .............................................................................................................................. 3
4.1. Supervisors ................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.2. Employees .................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.0 Procedure ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.1. Hazard Analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 3
5.1.1. Engineering Controls ........................................................................................................................ 4
5.1.2. Administrative Controls ................................................................................................................... 4
5.1.3. Clothing/Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ............................................................................... 4
Appendix A – Equivalent Chill Temperature (Wind Chill) Chart ................................................................................ 6
Appendix B – Work Warm‐Up Schedule (Four Hour Shift) ........................................................................................ 7
Appendix C – Frostbite Risk and Control Chart ........................................................................................................ 8
Appendix D – Signs and Symptoms of Cold Exposure (Hypothermia) ....................................................................... 9
Appendix E – Definitions ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Appendix F – Revision Record ............................................................................................................................... 11
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COLD WEATHER EXPOSURE
Canada
1.0 Purpose
Workers exposed to extreme cold on a continual basis may be at risk of cold stress. The purpose of this
procedure is to anticipate and identify potential cold stress situations, assist personnel in understanding the
health risks associated with working in cold weather, provide guidance in mitigating the associated hazards
and comply with the applicable legislation and regulations.
2.0 Context and Scope
This procedure applies to all ConocoPhillips Canada (CPC) employees and contractors working on CPC sites.
Note: Cold weather equipment operation and journey management is not included within the
scope of this document.
For any outside work scheduled when the wind chill is in or above the “increasing hazard” range of the wind
chill chart in Appendix A, a hazard assessment shall be conducted with the workers involved to determine if
the work should be performed in such severe conditions. Cold weather hazards should be included in hazard
assessment discussions and documented even when outside of the “increasing hazard” range.
3.0 Hazards
3.1. Potential Safety Hazards
Slips, trips and falls.
Restricted movement and visibility caused by winter clothing, head protection, gloves and boots
used while working in the cold.
Loss of dexterity and mobility, affecting skill and ease of use of the hands.
Impacted mental skills and coordination in extremely cold conditions.
Reduced grip force and muscle power.
Reduced ability of the skin to sense temperature and pain.
Restricted visibility caused by heavy snowfall and blizzard conditions.
Cold exposure aggravates vibration, inducing white finger disease, which makes manual work
painful.
Response times for emergency personnel may be effected due to equipment operating
limitations.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as a self‐contained breathing apparatus, may not
function adequately at the ambient temperature.
Note: Exposed human flesh freezes within one minute at ‐29°C when wind speed is at 8 km/h.
When the wind speed increases to 32 km/h, human flesh freezes at ‐12°C within one
minute.
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3.2. Potential Health Hazards
Cold will have initial physical and mental effects on personnel. Watching for the following signs can
help prevent significant effects:
Mental changes: loss of alertness, slurred speech, fatigue, lethargy or apathy
Physical responses: general discomfort (feeling cold), loss of sensitivity and dexterity in fingers,
hands and toes. Deep muscles can also be affected, reducing muscle strength and flexibility
Various cold related health conditions that may occur with exposure to cold temperatures are:
Snow blindness
Frostbite
Hypothermia
Trench foot (immersion foot)
4.0 Roles and Responsibilities
4.1. Supervisors
When supervising jobs, be familiar with all jobs that have been identified as having potential risk
of cold stress and their associated safe work procedures.
Ensure hazard assessments are completed during cold weather conditions as required.
Ensure adequate mitigation measures are implemented for identified hazards.
4.2. Employees
Participate in the hazard assessment process.
Be familiar with cold stress hazards, risks and preventative measures.
Follow safe work procedures established to prevent cold stress‐related injuries.
Report all cold stress‐related symptoms to work site supervisors.
Follow recommended schedule of rest breaks, as advised by supervisors, to prevent cold stress‐
related injuries.
5.0 Procedure
5.1. Hazard Analysis
When the wind chill enters the “increasing hazard” range (‐32oC) of the equivalent chill temperature
chart (Appendix A), the CPC Job Supervisor responsible for the work and the Work Crew Supervisor
must include cold weather hazards in the hazard assessment and evaluate whether the work should
be done or delayed until less hazardous conditions exist.
Supervisors must prioritize all outdoor activities when hazard assessments are required due to cold
weather conditions. If it is necessary that the work be completed, the hazard analysis must include:
Duration of outdoor activities to complete the work;
Rev Date: Cold weather exposure Page 3 of 11
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Number of personnel required; and
Cold‐related hazards and mitigation measures including exposure times and rest/warm up
breaks.
5.1.1. Engineering Controls
o Provide a heated shelter for workers to work in where possible, but at a minimum as a
shelter for work warm‐up breaks.
Note: Heated vehicles meet the requirements for a heated shelter.
B.C. OHS Reg. If a worker is or may be exposed to a thermal environment with an equivalent chill
(7.36) temperature less than ‐7°C, a nearby heated shelter must be available to the worker.
o Provide on‐site heaters, if possible, to warm the immediate work area. Carbon
monoxide and hot work must be considered when using this option.
o Shield work areas from drafts or winds as much as possible.
o Provide tools and equipment with thermally insulated handles.
5.1.2. Administrative Controls
o Schedule work for the warmest part of the day where possible.
o Since individuals are less likely to notice their own symptoms, a buddy system approach
may be utilized. This system allows for earlier recognition of signs and symptoms, such
as frostbite to the ears, cheeks and nose.
o Schedule work warm‐up breaks using the work warm‐up schedule in Appendix B as a
guide.
o Workers exhibiting the onset of heavy shivering, minor frostbite, the feeling of excessive
fatigue, drowsiness, irritability or euphoria must return to the shelter.
5.1.3. Clothing/Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Select protective clothing to suit the cold, the job and the level of physical activity. Wear
several layers of clothing rather than one thick layer.
Important:
o The outer most layer of clothing on CPC leases must be fire‐retardant as required by the
ConocoPhillips Personal Protective Standard.
o Synthetic underclothing is not recommended for use under fire‐retardant garments due
to the reaction of the garment during fire.
Footwear: Use safety footwear that protects against the cold and dampness. Felt‐lined,
rubber bottomed, leather topped boots with removable insoles are best suited for heavy
work in cold since leather is porous and allows for perspiration to evaporate. Operations
may require the use of traction footwear be used on certain locations.
Head, Face and Hands: Keep your head covered (up to 40 to 50% of your body heat can be
lost when the head is exposed). Use an appropriate hardhat liner with face shield, facemask
or balaclava. Wear mittens instead of gloves when fine manual work is not required or
Rev Date: Cold weather exposure Page 4 of 11
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gloves with over‐mitts that can be taken off. UVA/UVB tinted safety glasses should be worn
where the hazard of snow blindness exists.
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Appendix A – Equivalent Chill Temperature (Wind Chill) Chart
Estimated
Wind Speed What to Look For
(km/hr)
10 Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; wind vanes begin to move
20 Leaves and small twigs constantly move; small flags extend
30 Dust, leaves and loose paper lift; large flags flap; small tree branches move
40 Small trees begin to sway; large flags extend and flap
50 Larger tree branches move; large flags extend and flap more wildly; whistling heard in power lines
60 Whole trees move; resistance felt in walking again wind; large flags extend and flap only at end
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Appendix B – Work Warm‐Up Schedule (Four Hour Shift)
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Appendix C – Frostbite Risk and Control Chart
Source: Worker’s Safety & Compensation Commission Northwest Territories
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Appendix D – Signs and Symptoms of Cold Exposure (Hypothermia)
Body Core
Stage Signs & Symptoms
Temperature
37.2–36.1°C Normal, shivering may begin.
Mild
“Feeling cold”, goose bumps, unable to perform complex tasks with hands, shivering can be
Hypothermia 36.1–35°C
mild to severe, hands numb.
Shivering, intense loss of muscular coordination, movements slow and laboured, stumbling
35–33.9°C pace, mild confusion but may appear alert. Use a sobriety‐like test ‐ if unable to walk a 9
Moderate metre straight line, the person is likely hypothermic.
Hypothermia Violent shivering continues, difficulty speaking, sluggish thinking, amnesia starts to appear,
33.9–32.2°C gross muscle movements sluggish, unable to use hands, stumbles frequently, signs of
depression or withdrawn.
Shivering stops, exposed skin is blue or puffy, muscle coordination very poor, inability to
32.2–30°C walk, confusion, incoherent/irrational behaviour, but may be able to maintain posture and
appearance of awareness.
Severe Muscle rigidity, semiconscious, stupor, loss of awareness of others, pulse and respiration rate
30–27.8°C
Hypothermia decrease, possible heart fibrillation.
27.8–25.6°C Unconscious, heartbeat and breathing is erratic, a pulse may not be obvious.
Pulmonary edema, heart and breathing failure, death. Death may occur before this
25.6–23.9°C
temperature is reached.
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Appendix E – Definitions
Wind chill is the cooling effect of the combination of temperature and air velocity. It is an important factor
in the evaluation of the outdoor environment. For example, when the actual air temperature of the wind is
Wind Chill 5°C and its velocity is 56 km/h, the exposed skin would perceive these conditions as if the equivalent still
air temperature were ‐12°C. The equivalent chill (wind chill) chart (Appendix A) is the best known and the
most used of the cold stress indices.
Normally, a temporary loss of vision caused by exposure to bright sunlight reflected from snow or ice. It
can occur on cloudy or overcast days or during snow storms. Snow blindness is painful, because the
ultraviolet rays of the sun burn the cornea.
Symptoms of snow blindness can include:
a sensation of grit in the eyes;
pain in and over the eyes that increases with eyeball movement;
Snow blindness
inflammation;
red and teary eyes; and/or
a headache that intensifies with continued exposure to light
In most cases, snow blindness lasts no more than one day and goes away after a person relieves the
fatigue of the retina by resting indoors and away from bright light. In rare cases, prolonged exposure to the
reflected light can lead to permanent vision loss.
Frostbite is caused by exposure to extreme cold or by contact with extremely cold objects (e.g., metal). It may
also occur at normal temperatures from contact with cooled or compressed gases. Frostbite occurs when
tissue temperature falls below freezing (0°C) or when blood flow is obstructed under cold conditions. Blood
vessels may be severely and permanently damaged, and blood circulation may stop in the affected tissue.
Frostbite In mild cases, the symptoms include inflammation (redness and swelling) of the skin in patches
accompanied by slight pain. In severe cases, tissue damage without pain, or burning or prickling sensations
and blistering, can happen. Frostbitten skin is highly susceptible to infection and gangrene (local death of
soft tissues due to loss of blood supply) may develop.
SEE APPENDIX C FOR FROSTBITE RISK AND CONTROL CHART
Hypothermia occurs when the body is unable to compensate for its heat loss and the body's core
temperature starts to fall. You first feel cold followed by pain in exposed parts of the body. As the body’s
core temperature continues to drop, the feeling of cold and pain starts to diminish because of increasing
numbness (loss of sensation). If no pain can be felt, serious injury can occur without the victim noticing it.
Hypothermia
As the body continues to cool, muscular weakness, an inability to think clearly and drowsiness are
experienced. This condition usually occurs when the body’s internal or core temperature falls below 33°C.
Additional symptoms include shivering coming to a stop, diminished consciousness and dilated pupils.
SEE APPENDIX D FOR SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOTHERMIA
Trench foot is the swelling and pain of feet caused by immersion for long periods in cold weather.
Trench Foot First Aid: Clean the feet, if possible. Elevate the feet above the level of the person’s heart while gently re‐
(immersion foot) warming them with passive skin‐to‐skin contact. Do not rub or place feet near a heat source such as a fire
or stove. Call for a first aid attendant. Advise the worker to take an over‐the‐counter anti‐inflammatory
drug (e.g., Ibuprofen) and follow the directions on the label. Seek medical attention in serious cases.
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Appendix F – Revision Record
Page# January 1, 2014 Previous Information Risk Assessment
ALL Treat as new document Separated previous heat and cold stress Low
document and extracted pertinent cold Improved clarity and separation from
stress‐related information. Heat Stress
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