Review of Related Literature

The literature and studies cited in this chapter tackle the different concepts, understandings, and ideas,
generalizations or conclusions and different developments related to study of the enrollment from the past
up to the present and which serves as the researchers’ guide in making the study. Those that were also
included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present
study.

COVID-19 Pandemic

Coronavirus Disease or COVID-19 is a deadly infection brought about by a newly found

coronavirus, as indicated by the World Health Organization. The virus spreads mostly by drops of spit or
nasal fluids when a contaminated individual coughs or sneezes, that is why it is essential that we regularly
follow adequate respiratory etiquette (for example, covering mouth and nose when sneezing).

Besides, the organization asserts that people contaminated with Coronavirus will experience mild
to moderate respiratory sickness and recover without the need of particular attention. Elderly people and
those with continuous ailments like Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and
asthma have the high risk of experiencing extreme illnesses.

The most ideal approach to forestall or slow down the spread of the virus is to be enlightened
about the COVID-19 itself, the sickness that it causes and how it scatters as stressed by the World Health
Organization. Be cautious for yourself and also to other people from getting the virus by frequently
washing your hands or utilizing alcohol-based rub routinely and avoid face contact.

In the Philippines, The Department of Health operated the Incident Management Team and also
its Emergency Operating Centre in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Crucial choices have been given to
the Inter Agency Task Force and the Inter Agency Technical Working Group for the superintendence of
emerging infectious diseases, comprising of key government offices like the Department of Foreign
Affairs, Department of the Interior and Local Government, Department of Tourism, etc. (WHO,2020).

DOH stated that they had put into action surveillance systems to deliberately examine
occurrences of COVID-19. Epidemiological Surveillance Units (ESU) at municipal, municipal, provincial
and regional level continue to perform event-based (or rumor-based) examinations looking for outbreaks
of pathogens of questionable causes and diseases like pneumonia. Observing weekly of Influenza-like
Illness (ILI) and also Extreme Acute Respiratory Disease (SARI) carried out in the whole country had
assisted DOH in locating inexplicable patterns in sickness with indications very similar to COVID-19
(trouble breathing, cough, fever). Furthermore, every Extreme Acute Respiratory Disease cases are
carefully assessed in testing grounds for coronavirus at Research Institute for Tropical Medicine.
Crisis and Fear

Despite the fact that it is a reaction to an extremely specific impulse, fear is commonly a reaction
to an idea, an impression of something wrong that causes a general discomfort that is hard to characterize
or even measure. For instance, where fear of heights is typically a subtle solution to very blatant
conditions, public health crises or cataclysmic events, bio-ecological crises, fear of crime can be more
shapeless and harder to deal with (Fitzpatrick, Drawve, and Harris, 2020). The conviction that reactions
human naturally make are brought by the understanding of an impending threat is inactive in these above
concerns, similar to the new COVID-19 pandemic. However, people enormously contrast in detail,
mastery, and perceived vulnerability to some sort of danger (Pakpour and Griffiths, 2020).

In this manner, past the particular fright being estimated, it is important to research the
heterogeneity between various groups in terms of having weaknesses, exposure and reaction to fear. To
create a successful data and preventive programming and care, we should assess which population to give
attention to, where to address, for how long and with which specific activities or medicines (Pakpour &
Griffiths, 2020). Sadly, every one pf these decisions are complicated by the way that we know so little
about such fears, like the fear from COVID-19. The absence of further research only reveals that there is
indeed a need to see more about how much individuals fears the virus, the reason behind it, and the
multiphasic suggestions for both human and group psychological health responses. (Asmundson &
Taylor, 2020; Manderson & Levine, 2020; Mertens et al., 2020).

Media and Fear

These strategies of humans to fear of diseases, and its understanding, is a blend of complex
rational-to-irrational implications, taking in a unique point of view beginning from the viewpoints of
laymen, doctor, politicians, columnist, etc. (Loiacono, 2012). Regardless of the condition, fear is
consistently an unavoidable concern that is ought to be tended to. Debiec and Le Doux clarified that fear
is an innate characteristic which arises when one’s current circumstances or a particular item is
apprehended as danger (Debiec and Le Doux, 2004). Vast majority of the dangers that individuals feel or
experience each time they are in a circumstance are generally caused by what the media and the news
shares to the people. In the midst of the pandemic, we heard news reports or read articles about the case
being worse day-by-day which just triggers negative feelings like fright. These feelings of trepidation are
associated with the responsibility that the public authorities have in the battle against the disease. In
behalf of all individuals particularly for the individuals who are in the field of medicine, media are the
ones who talked about the (Loiacono, 2013). In this way, they are significant since they don’t simply
record news occasions, effectively remaking them based on various sorts of discussion. The media, as
given with the advantage to be the so called ‘narrators’ in this day and age assumes a critical part in
dispersing data about this pandemic. Their power is mostly either symbolic or persuasive. In pursuing this
explanation, we would presume that the media are to a great extent equipped in affecting the minds of the
crowd, however not straightforwardly their activities (Klapper 1960; McCombs and Shaw 1972). The
embodiment of convincing social force is mind control which is the typical force of media (Gunter 1987;
Dijk 1988).

In agreement to an article by Marko (2013), he expresses that fear is constrained by somebody –

commonly, but not necessarily, by the one in power. For this situation, fear is created through the
selection of words by the media. By this, news analysts/columnists are significant figures who develop
attributes that are taken 'typical' of the intended target group to set up a relationship of solidarity with
them in which they can mediate newsworthy occasions to them (Hartley 1982). Marko (2013) saw fear
control as a demonstration of perceiving the manipulative capability of fear or the object fright with its
scope and utilizing different procedures to produce a context of fear in which people will be effectively
controlled constantly. In any case, it is absolutely a slip-up to consider general society overall as typically
uninvolved, static and apprehensive. Particularly in this cutting-edge age where normal people especially
the younger generation (Generation Z) are more receptive and intelligent with various discourses.
Suitably, persuasion works best among individuals who have similar groupings – semantic, ethnic, social,
and philosophical. Fairclough (1995) presented the idea of naturalization of belief systems to clarify how
certain talks made by media increase the opportunity to control the general population by alluding to
general topics, acknowledged values and habits. In any case, the idea that is recently referenced will vary
differently that we are to relate the nature of information as of the event of the fast spread of the COVID-
19 virus.

Language and the News media

 The quickest and most broad development of the Internet and the worldwide web has offered
ascension to the freshest news medium, Online News. As the world changes and the perspective of people
changes, journalist needed to adjust to these changes, and online news has showed up.

News-casting has customarily been distributed on paper, introduced in film and broadcast on TV
and radio. Online news coverage is characterized as announcing and facts created and distrivuted over the
Internet.

Online journalism has numerous attributes (Burumoğlu et. al., n.d.). These include: (1)
Hypertextuality that joins hypertexts that lead to different connections that might be on a similar site or on
another site; (2) Hyperlinkability that is fit for giving internal and external links; (3) Interactivity that
permits userss to become dynamic and not passive crowds; (4) Customization of content in which people
can modify news (5) Immediateness in which news is posted when it occurs and lastly (6) Multimedia
which utilizes media to enhance news by adding sound , video, photographs, designs , activitys and other
features.

Throughout the most recent many years, the Internet has become an efficient research resource
for news writers and editors. The online media that reaches to a more extensive crowd. Individuals can
now discover news on social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, skim them rapidly, subscribe to
news breaks, and even get them to their telephones. As we have said in the highlights of the online news
area, journalists have the power to distribute news as it occurs in online news. They can refresh the news
with other necessary data rapidly whenever time of the day. When the news is transferred to the web, it is
accessible everywhere on the world (Burumoğlu et. al., n.d.)

As cited by Burumoğlu (n.d) on his study of Language of Online News, he delineated that when
writing articles in online news, the writer should always seek for words and sentences which give the
macro amount of understanding with the micro risk of confusion. This typically means keeping short and
concise. In addition, a writer must be consistent and objective. Redundancy, jargons, methaphors and
cliches should also be avoided.

As referred by Burumoğlu (n.d) on his research of Language of Online News, he portrayed that
when composing articles in online news, the essayist ought to consistently look for words and sentences
which give large measure of comprehension with the lesser danger of misinformation. This regularly
implies keeping short and conccise. Furthermore, an author should be reliable and objective. Repetition,
jargons, metaphors and prosaisms should be kept away from.

Then again, Geethakumary (2004) expressed that printed media explicitly papers utilize a specific
kind of language for reporting. More often than not papers utilize an indirect or inferred articulations in
the headlines to make enthusiasm and assumption in its readers. Its connotation and ironic significance,
which they express by appealing headlines, is a typical component of the newspaper language.
Newspapers will in general utilize idiomatic mixtures and rhetorical expressions to make a title engaging
and interesting (Geethakumary, 2004).
 Rhetoric has been commonly been about the specialty and art of influence. Plato characterized
rhetoric as a word-winning of men's psyches. For Aristotle, for each situation, rhetoric was the personnel
of knowing the potential methods for influence. The new rhetoric likewise is concerned on the processes
of persuasion. It focuses on the portrayal and investigation of the processes of influence and depends on
psychology (Maccoby, 1967).

Rhetoric articulations overall make a headline shocking, eye-catching and appealing through the
suggestive or passionate content included. As opposed to news-style features, which are simply
enlightening, they structure a piece of free-form headlines (Leelavathi: 1996:254).

Figurative uses like personification ('portrayal of a thing or deliberation as a person or as a human

structure, for example, in wording that represent wisdom as a lady), simile ('a figure of speech g looking
at two different things', for example, the phrase cheeks as roses), Metaphor ('a figure of speech where a
word or expression in a real sense signifies a sort of article or thought is utilized rather than explanation,
metonymy (a metaphor comprising of the utilization of the name of one thing for that of another of which
it is a property, or with which it is related, as in the expression "land belonging to the crown"),
Euphimism ("the replacement of an harmless expression for an articulation that may irritate or
recommend something undesirable"), Antithesis (the rhetorical differentiation of thoughts through equal
arrangement of words, clauses or sentences, for example, ’promised freedom and provided slavery’,
'action, not words,'), Oxymoron (a blend of conflicting or indiscernible words, like the expression of cruel
kindness), irony, pun, structural ambiguity, transferred epithet, hyperbole, and litotes (in which the
contrary of the negative is communicated as "not a terrible singer," "not unhappy," and so on) are
discovered to be usually utilized (Geethakumary, 2004).