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    Iron Work: Submitted By: Kalyani Wadhai Payal Mohitkar Pranali Lambat Priti Kocheta

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    priti kocheta
    1. Iron is the most common element on Earth and exists in four forms - wrought iron, cast iron, sheet iron, and steel. 2. It has a silver-gray color and properties like malleability, ductility, and magnetism. Common alloys include steel. 3. Historically, wrought iron was used for decorative elements while cast iron was a major building material. Steel became prominent in the late 19th century allowing for tall buildings.

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    Iron Work: Submitted By: Kalyani Wadhai Payal Mohitkar Pranali Lambat Priti Kocheta

    Uploaded by

    priti kocheta
    59 views17 pages
    1. Iron is the most common element on Earth and exists in four forms - wrought iron, cast iron, sheet iron, and steel. 2. It has a silver-gray color and properties like malleability, ductility, and magnetism. Common alloys include steel. 3. Historically, wrought iron was used for decorative elements while cast iron was a major building material. Steel became prominent in the late 19th century allowing for tall buildings.

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    IRON WORK SPECIFICATIONS

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    IRON WORK

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    1. Iron is the most common element on Earth and exists in four forms - wrought iron, cast iron, sheet iron, and steel. 2. It has a silver-gray color and properties like malleability, ductility, and magnetism. Common alloys include steel. 3. Historically, wrought iron was used for decorative elements while cast iron was a major building material. Steel became prominent in the late 19th century allowing for tall buildings.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    59 views17 pages

    Iron Work: Submitted By: Kalyani Wadhai Payal Mohitkar Pranali Lambat Priti Kocheta

    Uploaded by

    priti kocheta
    1. Iron is the most common element on Earth and exists in four forms - wrought iron, cast iron, sheet iron, and steel. 2. It has a silver-gray color and properties like malleability, ductility, and magnetism. Common alloys include steel. 3. Historically, wrought iron was used for decorative elements while cast iron was a major building material. Steel became prominent in the late 19th century allowing for tall buildings.

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    of 17

    IRON WORK

    Submitted By :
    Kalyani Wadhai
    Payal Mohitkar
    Pranali Lambat
    Priti Kocheta
    IRON
    • Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe and atomic number 26.
    • It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of
    the periodic table.
    • It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of
    Earth's outer and inner core.
    • It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust.
    • Iron is one of the elements undoubtedly known to the ancient world.
    • Iron has become an important architectural building component.

    ATOMIC WEIGHT
    PROPERTIES OF IRON

    • Iron is a lustrous, ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire) , malleable (able to be
    hammered or pressed into shape without breaking or cracking), silver-gray metal.
    • It is known to exist in four distinct crystalline forms.
    • Iron rusts in damp air, but not in dry air.
    • It dissolves readily in dilute acids.

    Color Silver-gray metal


    Malleability Capable of being shaped or bent
    Ductility Easily pulled or stretched into a thin wire
    Iron wire (ductility)
    Luster Has a shine or glow
    Conductivity Good transmission of heat or electricity
    Tensile It can be stretched without breaking
    Ferromagnetic Easily magnetized

    G.I Sheet
    ALLOYS OF IRON
    Iron has become an important architectural building component.
    It has been used in four common forms: wrought iron, cast iron, sheet iron, and
    steel.
    1. Wrought iron was used for minor structural and decorative elements starting in
    the 18th century. Until the mid-19th century, the use of wrought iron in buildings
    was generally limited to small items such as tie rods, straps, nails, and hardware, or
    to decorative ironwork in balconies, railings fences and gates.

    2. Cast iron was a major 19th century building material of the Industrial Revolution.
    Although brittle, it is remarkably strong in compression. It was frequently used for
    structural purposes, such as columns, building fronts, domes and light courts.
    Decorative uses have included stairs, elevators, lintels, grilles, verandas, balconies,
    railings, fences, streetlights, and tombs.

    3. Steel was introduced to the construction industry at the end of the 19th century.
    The development of structural steel in the mid-19th century allowed construction of
    tall buildings. Builders and manufacturers turned to steel, which was stronger than
    cast iron in compression and wrought iron in tension .Ferro concrete, also
    called reinforced concrete, was developed in the late 19th century when steel wire
    was added to concrete.
    The term 'ironwork' refers to any architectural component or feature of
    a building, principally used for decorative purposes, that is made of iron.

    While the use of iron for building purposes dates back to early civilizations, its
    use for decoration became more widespread between the 16th and 19th
    centuries. Ironwork began to be used during the medieval period for defensive
    purposes, but became more ornate and decorative in
    the Baroque and Rococo architectural periods, particularly for:
    • Balconies.
    • Railings.
    • Gateways.
    • Doors.
    • Windows.
    • Façade detailing.
    WROUGHT IRON
    ▪ Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content (less than 0.08%).
    ▪ It is tough, malleable, ductile, corrosion-resistant and easily welded.
    ▪ It is highly refined, with a small amount of slag forged out into fibers.
    ▪ It consists of around 99.4% iron by mass.
    ▪ It is also used to make home decor items such as baker's racks, wine racks, pot
    racks, table bases, desks, gates, beds, candle holders, curtain rods, bars and bar
    stools.

    Various examples of wrought iron


    CAST IRON
    • Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content more than 2%. Its
    usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature.
    • It tends to be brittle, except for malleable cast irons.
    • Cast iron, again like masonry, is very strong in compression.
    • Cast-iron beam bridges were used widely by the early railways, such as the Water
    Street Bridge in 1830 at the Manchester terminus of the Liverpool and Manchester
    Railway.
    • Cast-iron columns, pioneered in mill buildings, enabled architects to build
    multi-storey buildings without the enormously thick walls required for masonry
    buildings of any height.
    • The use of decorative cast iron as railings, fences and balconettes then gradually
    gained popularity in Regency Britain and post-Napoleonic France as a cheaper
    alternative to the wrought-iron railings that only the wealthy could afford.
    • Heavy-duty cookware made of cast iron is valued for its heat retention, durability,
    ability to be used at very high temperatures, and non-stick cooking when
    properly seasoned. Seasoning is also used to protect bare cast iron from rust.
    Examples of Cast-iron architecture

    Cast-iron waffle iron, an


    example of cast-iron cookware
    STEEL
    Steel is an alloy of iron with typically a few percent of carbon to improve
    its strength and fracture resistance compared to iron.
    Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is best used
    in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances,
    and weapons.
    Buildings - from houses to car-parks to schools and skyscrapers - rely on steel for their
    strength. Steel is also used on roofs and as cladding for exterior walls.

    Benefits of using steel in construction


    • Is reusable and endlessly recyclable.
    • Contains at least 25% recycled steel.
    • Enables energy efficiency in buildings and construction projects.
    • Strong, requiring fewer beams and providing more usable open space.
    • Light, requiring reduced foundations.
    • Less material implies resource saving and a lesser impact on the environment.
    • Flexible in combination with other materials.
    • Earthquake resistant due to steel’s ductility.
    • Fast on-site build for prefabricated buildings.
    • Durable.
    WROUGHT IRON GATE SPECIFICATION
    1. standard space between gate frame
    and column shall be 5 ½”.
    2. Standard gate width shall be
    measured as finished dimension
    between columns.
    3. 18” hinge embedments supplied for
    gates shall be installed on existing
    column . This is an option and must
    be specified with others.
    4. Hinge posts super structure supplied
    with all gates and intended shall be
    used with 24”by 24”new column
    construction.
    5. Standard space between gates shall be ¾” .
    6. Intermediate pickets.
    7. All gate frame heights shall be 2” less than capitol height.
    8. 6ft is standard gate height shall be measured as column height beneath capitol.
    9. Standard space under gate is 4” .
    MATERIALS:

    All materials shall be straight and if necessary before being worked shall be
    straightened and or flattened by pressure, unless required to be of curvilinear form
    and shall be free from twists. All materials and components required for the
    fabrication/manufacture of gate structures shall conform to the requirement of latest
    relevant Indian Standards.

    RIVETING :
    •The rivets shall be heated uniformly throughout their length, without burning or
    excessive sealing, and shall be of sufficient length to provide a had of standard
    dimension. They shall , when driven fill the holes completely and if countersunk, the
    countersinking shall be fully filled by the rivet, any protruedness of the countersunk
    head be dressed off flush, if required.
    • Riveted members shall have all joints firmly drawn and held together before and
    during riveting and special care shall be taken in this respect for all single or multiple
    riveted connections
    • All loose, burned, or otherwise defective rivets shall be cut out and replaced before
    the structure is loaded and special care shall be taken to inspect single riveted
    connection
    • Wherever practicable, machine riveting shall be carried out by using machines of
    the steady pressure type.
    WELDING :
    For welding of any particular type of joint, welders shall give evidence of having satisfactorily
    completed appropriate tests as described in the following relevant Indian Standards: IS :
    817-1991- Code or practice for training and metal are welders.
    All welding shall conform to the relevant Indian Standards. Qualified welders according to IS :
    7318-1974 shall be employed for welding work. Welding procedure for all major welds shall be
    drawn up and carried out. Test pieces may be made to ensure the soundness of the welding, if
    necessary.

    Visual examination shall be carried out of all welded


    joints to ensure that
    welding is free from.
    (a) Cracks on the surface of joints or parent metals
    located in the heated
    zones of the joint.
    (b) Undercuts in the parent metals.
    (c) Sponginess and porosity in the welding metal
    (d) Non-uniform width of fillet joints.
    (e) Mis-alignment and distortion of welded member
    and
    (f) Irregular reinforcing beads of weld.
    PAINTING :
    • The surface shall be thoroughly cleaned and
    roughened by compressed air blasting or centrifugal
    blasting with a suitable abrasive grit.
    • Immediately before spraying the surface shall be
    free from grease, scale, rust, moisture or other
    foreign matter.
    • The surface to be sprayed shall be coated of
    uniform texture and free from lumps, coarse areas
    and loosely adherent powder.
    • The nominal thickness of the coating shall be
    specified by the purchaser with the limits of 100 to
    300 mm. The minimum local thickness, determined
    by the magnetic method described in IS :
    3203-1992, shall not be less than 75% of the
    specified nominal thickness.
    Each coat shall be allowed to dry out sufficiently
    before a subsequent
    coat is applied.
    Coating work shall not be allowed when the relative humidity exceeds 80% or when the
    temperature is less than 5 degrees above the dew point. The temperature of the material to
    be coated must be within 5 degrees of the ambient temperature with minimum material
    temperature to be above 50 degrees . Temperature and relative humidity to be logged on a
    daily basis of each application.
    MATERIALSFENCES SPECIFICATION
    A. BARBED WIRE: Steel barbed wire shall
    conform to the requirements of ASTM A121
    Class 1.
    B. WOVEN WIRE: Woven wire shall conform to
    the requirements as given:
    1. Zinc coated steel woven wire shall conform
    to the requirements of ASTM A1116, coating
    class 1 .
    2.fittings and attachments shall be zinc
    coated.
    STRAIGHTENING BARBED WIRE FENCING
    1. Wire shall be straight and and it is necessary
    before being worked shall be straightened or
    flattened by pressure , unless required to be
    of curvilinear form and shall be free from
    twists.

    BARBED
    WIRE
    DETAILS
    WOVEN WIRE FENCING
    WELDING
    1. For welding welders shall give evidence
    of having satisfactorily completed
    appropriate tests .

    COATING
    1. Paints,oils, varnishes etc of approved brand
    and manufacture shall be used .
    2. ready mixed paints as received from the
    manufacturer without any admixture shall
    be used.
    3. if for any reason , thinning is necessary in
    case of ready mixed paints , the brand of
    thinner recommended by manufacturer or
    decided by incharge shall be used.
    4. approved paints,oils or varnishes shall be
    brought to the site of work by the contractor
    in their original container in sealed
    condition.
    THANK YOU

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