EFFECTS OF TRADITIONAL STRENGTH TRAINING AND

OLYMPIC WEIGHTLIFTING IN HANDBALL PLAYERS

EFEITOS DO TREINAMENTO DE FORÇA TRADICIONAL E LEVANTAMENTO DE PESO OLÍMPICO EM Original Article
JOGADORES DE HANDEBOL Artigo Original
Artículo Original
EFECTOS DEL ENTRENAMIENTO DE FUERZA TRADICIONAL Y LEVANTAMIENTO DE PESO OLÍMPICO
EN JUGADORES DE BALONMANO
Bárbara Slovak1 ABSTRACT
(Physical Education Professional)
Leandro Carvalho2 Introduction: Olympic weightlifting has been adopted as an alternative to plyometric exercise. However, the
(Physical Education Professional) effects of these exercises in young handball athletes is not known. Objective: To compare the effect of Olympic
Fernando Rodrigues1 weightlifting training with traditional strength training on jumping, squatting and acceleration performance
(Physical Education Professional) in young handball athletes. Ten female handball athletes were evaluated. After six weeks of regular training,
Paulo Costa Amaral1 the athletes underwent eight weeks of training specifically designed for the survey, with equivalence of the
(Physical Education Professional)
total volume of training and differences in the means used. The evaluations were performed after six weeks
Deborah Duarte Palma1
(Physical Education Professional) of regular training (Baseline), after four weeks of traditional strength training and after four weeks of Olympic
Alberto Carlos Amadio3 weightlifting. Vertical Jumps with and without movement of the arms, acceleration of 10 m, 20 m and 30 m,
(Physical Education Professional) and 1RM in squatting were quantified. Results: Increases (p<0.05) were observed in accelerations and squatting
Júlio Cerca Serrão3 in the Olympic weightlifting and in squatting in the traditional strength training. Differences in coordination,
(Physical Education Professional)
time to activation of the gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris and gluteus maximus,
Rodrigo Maciel Andrade1,3
(Physical Education Professional) peak force and power and rate of force development between the jumps and exercises used in the training
are hypotheses to be considered for the different responses adaptations found in the jumps. Conclusion: The
1. Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Olympic weightlifting training resulted in an increase in accelerations and strength, but not in vertical jump
Sport and Physical Activity Group, performance in young handball athletes. Level of Evidence I; Prognostic Studies - Investigation of the Effect
Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. of a Patient Characteristic on Disease Outcome.
2. Handebol Diadema (E.E), Fábio
Eduardo Ramos Esquivel, Diadema, Keywords: Exercise; Mechanics; Efficiency; Muscle strength; Resistance training.
Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
3. Universidade de São Paulo, RESUMO
School of Physical Education and
Introdução: O levantamento olímpico de halterofilismo tem sido adotado como alternativa ao exercício pliomé-
Sport, Biomechanics Laboratory,
trico. No entanto, pouco se conhece a respeito dos efeitos desses exercícios em jovens atletas de handebol. Objetivo:
Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Comparar o efeito do treinamento com levantamento olímpico e do treinamento de força tradicional no desempenho
Correspondence: de salto, agachamento e aceleração em jovens atletas de handebol. Dez mulheres atletas de handebol foram ava-
Rodrigo Maciel Andrade liadas. Depois de seis semanas de treinamento regular, as atletas foram submetidas a oito semanas de treinamento
Universidade Anhembi Morumbi. especificamente projetado para a pesquisa, com equivalência do volume total de treinamento e das diferenças dos
Rua Dr. Almeida Lima, 1134, Parque meios utilizados. As avaliações foram realizadas após seis semanas de treinamento regular (Baseline), após quatro
da Mooca, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. semanas de treinamento de força tradicional e após quatro semanas de treinamento com levantamento olímpico.
03164-000. [email protected] Foram quantificados os saltos verticais sem e com movimentação dos membros superiores, aceleração de 10, 20 e
30 m e 1 RM no agachamento. Resultados: Constatou-se aumento (p < 0,05) das acelerações e do agachamento
no treinamento com levantamento olímpico e do agachamento no treinamento de força tradicional. Distinções na
coordenação, tempo para ativação do gastrocnêmio, vasto lateral, reto femoral, bíceps femoral e glúteo máximo,
pico de força e potência e taxa de desenvolvimento de força entre os saltos e exercícios utilizados nos treinamentos
são hipóteses a serem consideradas para as distintas respostas adaptativas encontradas nos saltos. Conclusão: O
treinamento com levantamento olímpico resultou em aumento da aceleração e força, mas não no desempenho do
salto vertical em atletas juvenis de handebol. Nível de Evidência I; Estudos de Prognóstico - Investigação do
Efeito da Característica de um Paciente no Resultado da Doença.

Descritores: Exercício; Mecânica; Eficiência; Força muscular; Treinamento de resistência.

RESUMEN
Introducción: El levantamiento olímpico de halterofilia, ha sido adoptado como alternativa al ejercicio pliométri-
co. Sin embargo, poco se conoce acerca de los efectos de estos ejercicios en jóvenes atletas de balonmano. Objetivo:
Comparar el efecto del entrenamiento con levantamiento olímpico y del entrenamiento tradicional de fuerza en el
desempeño de salto, sentadillas y aceleración en jóvenes atletas de balonmano. Se evaluaron diez atletas de balon-
mano del sexo femenino. Después de seis semanas de entrenamiento regular, las atletas fueron sometidas a ocho
semanas de entrenamiento específicamente diseñado para la investigación, con equivalencia del volumen total de
entrenamiento y de las diferencias de los medios utilizados. Las evaluaciones se realizaron después de seis semanas
230 Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 25, No 3 – Mai/Jun, 2019
 de entrenamiento regular (Baseline), después de cuatro semanas de entrenamiento tradicional de fuerza y después
de cuatro semanas de entrenamiento con levantamiento olímpico. Se cuantificaron los saltos verticales sin y con
movimiento de las extremidades superiores, aceleración de 10 m, 20 m y 30 m y 1 RM en las sentadillas. Resultados:
Se constató aumento (p < 0,05) de las aceleraciones y de las sentadillas en el entrenamiento con levantamiento
olímpico y en las sentadillas en el entrenamiento tradicional de fuerza. La diferencia en la coordinación, tiempo
para la activación del gastrocnemio, vasto lateral, recto femoral, bíceps femoral y glúteo máximo, pico de fuerza y
potencia y tasa de desarrollo de fuerza entre los saltos y ejercicios utilizados en los entrenamientos son hipótesis a ser
consideradas para las distintas respuestas adaptativas encontradas en los saltos. Conclusión: El entrenamiento con
levantamiento olímpico resultó en u aumento de la aceleración y fuerza, pero no en el desempeño del salto vertical
en atletas juveniles de balonmano. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios de Pronóstico - Investigación del Efecto de la
Característica de un Paciente sobre el Resultado de la Enfermedad.

Descriptores: Ejercicio; Mecánica; Eficiencia; Fuerza muscular; Entrenamiento de resistencia.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220192503210453 Article received on 08/03/2018 accepted on 03/19/2019

INTRODUCTION Table 1. Organization of training stages and collection tasks.

Muscular strength is the skeletal muscle capacity to produce tension Preparatory period Preparatory period Competitive
1 2 period
and is fundamental for the execution of motor gestures in sport. It is
Duration 4 weeks 4 weeks
important to optimize muscle strength in order to improve performance.
To develop and To develop and Achieving the best
In handball, although strength and its variants are important for combine physical combine physical results within the
passes and pitches, the development of this ability in lower limbs is Objective
and motor skills with and motor skills with available margin
fundamental, as 29.1% of the gestures are low-speed runs (1.4-3 m·s-1), TST approaches OWL approaches of preparation
29.7% high-speed runs (3.1-5.2 m·s-1) and 10.5% sprint (>5.2 m·s-1).1
Different strategies and methods have been proposed to increase Table 2. Organization of training approaches and total volume in each stage.
these moves and performance. These include traditional strength-training Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
Approaches
exercises (TST) and plyometric training (PT). S R C S R C S R C S R C
TST is based on the sequential chain of increasing strength, power, 1 3 10 45 3 8 47 3 5 54 3 3 58
speed and consequent performance.2 PT is based on greater development 2 3 8 24 3 6 28 4 5 32 4 3 33
of the eccentric-concentric cycle, elastic and mechanical power and re- 3 3 8 24 3 6 28 4 5 32 4 3 34
flex3 for performance improvement. Although extensive knowledge has 4 3 8 24 3 6 28 4 5 32 4 3 32
been produced with such models, Olympic weightlifting (OWL) has now 5 3 10 30 3 10 34 3 7 36 3 7 38
been adopted as alternatives to TST and PT, given the expressive gains of VL 3978 3660 3486 2508
Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8
power by elastic and reflex enhancement of the stimulated structures.4 Approaches
S R C S R C S R C S R C
Thus, adopting OWL allows greater transfer of adaptive responses to
6 3 10 34 3 9 40 3 7 46 3 5 46
the sports environment, allowing the athlete to perform the characteristic
7 3 10 22 3 9 28 3 7 31 3 5 34
movements of the sport with higher performance.
8 3 10 25 3 7 28 3 7 31 3 5 30
We are not aware of any studies aimed at understanding the application
9 3 10 26 3 7 30 3 7 32 3 5 32
of OWL on functional aspects compared to TST in young handball athletes.
10 3 10 22 3 7 26 3 7 28 3 5 30
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of OWL and VL 3870 3600 3528 2580
TST on muscle strength and power of lower limbs and acceleration in Where: 1. Squatting; 2. Earth lifting; 3. Stiff; 4. Bench press; 5. Bent-over Row; 6. Squatting; 7. Snatch pull; 8. Full
young handball athletes. snatch; 9. Second round in the throwing gesture; 10. Bench press; S. number of sets performed; R. number of
repetitions; C. load used; VL. total volume of the session.

MATERIAL AND METHODS tests were performed at the usual training places and times, always
Ten experienced (5±1 years of practice) young female handball supervised by the team coach.
athletes (age: 17±1.3; height: 1.63±0.06 m; mass: 57.58±10.93 kg) were Body height and mass were measured using a stadiometer and a me-
evaluated. The inclusion criteria were the following: being an athlete chanical scale (Filizola® - Brazil), respectively. The procedures followed the
enrolled in Federação Paulista de Handebol and handball experience standards of the International Society for Advance of Kinanthropometry. 5
of more than three years. As an exclusion criterion, medical diagnosis Estimation of maximum squatting load (1RM) was used as an indication
or self-reported pain that could affect the study. of muscle strength of lower limbs.6 For the muscle power of lower limbs, verti-
After signing an Informed Consent previously approved by the cal jumps (VJ),7 condition with counter-movement and free movement of
Research Ethics Committee (Certificate of Submission of Ethical Assess- the arms, and Vertical Power Jump (VPJ),7 condition with counter-movement
ment no. 73738917.1.0000.5492, protocol no. 093878/2017), the athletes and restriction of arm movement .The jump height was quantified by the
underwent eight weeks of training. (Table 1) Globus Systems® (Globus Brasil, RJ, Brazil) with 0.001 s precision.
Preparatory Periods 1 and 2 were structured with equivalence of The 30-meter test8 was used to obtain acceleration parameters.
total training volume (sets x reps x load volume per repetition) plus Globus Systems® (Globus Brasil, Niterói, RJ, Brazil) photoelectric cells
differences of means. (Table 2) of 0.001 s precision placed at approximately 1 meter height from the
The athletes were tested at the beginning of Preparatory Period ground (a height that is closer to the volunteers’ hip height), and after
1 (Baseline) and 2 (post TST), and at the end of Preparatory Period 2 10, 20 and 30 meters. Once the times to travel each distance were
(post OWL). At each moment, anthropometric measures and functional known and by applying the fundamental concepts of kinematic, the

Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 25, No 3 – Mai/Jun, 2019 231

mean scalar velocity () and mean scalar acceleration () were calculated RESULTS
for each distance (am10m, am20m and am30m). Table 3 shows the descriptive values of the parameters obtained in
All athletes were trained to perform each of the maximum effort tests/ the functional tests.
attempts and maintain their usual diet. A 24-hour interval was respected
The comparative analysis of the parameters obtained in the functional
between the end of the last training session and the start of the tests.
tests are presented in Figure 1.
For the tests, warm-up (10 minutes of active stretching followed by
By considering the indicator parameter of 10-meter acceleration
10 minutes of submaximal velocity moves), jump tests, acceleration and
(am10m), effect with statistical significance for training was evidenced
maximum load for squatting were considered.
[Wilks’ lambda=0.380, F(2.8)=6.521, p<0.05, partial η2=0.620, power=1.00].
These tests were chosen because they represent the moves of handball9
Bonferroni post hoc test revealed that the post-OWL moment presented
and are used in the evaluations and training of the athletes evaluated.
values significantly (p <0.05) higher than that found at baseline and post
Statistical analysis TST, which was then classified as a large effect size (greater than 0.138).13,14
After an exploratory analysis for outlier identification and exclusion For the acceleration parameter of 20 and 30 meters (am20m and
by box-plot,10 the data normality was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk am30m, respectively), the same response was evidenced, effect with
test, homoscedasticity by the Levene test, linearity by dispersion diagram
Table 3. Descriptive statistics, mean (standard deviation) of the mean scalar acce-
and sphericity by Mauchly’s test.11 Afterwards, descriptive statistics was leration for 10 (am10m); 20 (am20m) 30 (am30m) meters, Vertical Power Jump (VPJ),
adopted by mean and standard deviation. Vertical Jump (VJ) and maximum strength predicted in squats (1RM), after six weeks
Repeated-measures designs-General Linear Model,11 level of sig- of regular training (Baseline), after four weeks of traditional strength training (post-TST)
nificance of 5% and Bonferroni post-hoc were used for the analyses. and after four weeks of Olympic weightlifting (post-OWL).
Considering that, in the sample, small findings with no statistical signifi- Baseline post-TST post-OWL
cance may present considerable practical relevance,12 partial Eta-squared am10m (m/s2) 2.12 (±0.35) 2.06 (±0.36) 2.13 (±0.30)
statistic (partial η2) was quantified13 as this is appropriate in analysis of variance am20m (m/s2) 1.45 (±0.28) 1.43 (±0.21) 1.61 (±0.22)
of repeated measures.11,12 Effect sizes were classified as small (partial η2 up to am30m (m/s2) 1.12 (±0.13) 1.13 (±0.16) 1.19 (±0.17)
VPJ (m) 0.29 (±0.05) 0.28 (±0.04) 0.28 (±0.05)
0.059), medium (between 0.059 and 0.138) and large (greater than 0.138).13,14
VJ (m) 0.34 (±0.04) 0.32 (±0.04) 0.33 (±0.05)
The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences — SPSS® version 16.0
1RM (kg) 77.02 (±5.77) 113.79 (±7.85) 143.47 (±2.09)
for Mac® (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used.

A * B *
3.0 * 2.5 *
Acceleration (m/s2)

2.0
Acceleration (m/s2)

2.0
1.5

1.0
1.0
0.5

0.0 0.0
Baseline Post-STS Post-OWL Baseline Post-STS Post-OWL

C * *
2.0 D 200.0
* * *
Acceleration (m/s2)

1.5 150.0
Load (kg)

1.0 100.0

0.5 50.0

0.0 0.0
Baseline Post-STS Post-OWL Baseline Post-STS Post-OWL

E 0.4 F 0.4
Jump height (m)

Jump height (m)

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0
Baseline Post-STS Post-OWL Baseline Post-STS Post-OWL

Figure 1. Comparative analysis of the mean scalar acceleration parameters for 10 (am10m - A); 20 (am20m - B) 30 (am30m - C) meters, maximum strength predicted in
squats (1RM - D), Vertical Power Jump (VPJ - E) and Vertical Jump (VJ - F), after six weeks of regular training (Baseline), after four weeks of traditional strength training (post-
-TST) and after four weeks of Olympic weightlifting (post-OWL).

232 Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 25, No 3 – Mai/Jun, 2019

statistical significance of training [Wilks’ lambda=0.303, F (2.8)=0.303, oscillation; and an increase in the first 10 meters of test, followed by a smaller
p<0.05, partial η2=0.697, power=0.891 and Wilks’ lambda=0.465, F increase until 30 meters, approximately, and a phase of smaller oscillation.
(2.8)=4.597, p <0.05, partial η2=0.535, power=0.602, respectively]. Thus, the quantification of the strength applied to the ground during
Bonferroni post hoc test revealed that the post-OWL moment presen- the sprint can be considered as illustrative of the dynamics of the rela-
ted values significantly (p <0.05) higher than that found at baseline tionship between the parameters e. In this scenario, an expressive increase
and post-TST, with effect sizes classified as large (greater than 0.138) is expected at the beginning of the high speed and short duration run,
for both parameters.13,14 followed by less substantial increments and lower oscillation of these values.
Considering the maximum predicted squatting load (1RM), the An inverse reasoning of these dynamics justifies a condition in which
analysis of variance reported effect with statistical significance of trai- the greater the strength applied on the ground during the sprint the
ning [Wilks’ lambda <0.001, F(2.8)=8863.265, p<0.05, partial η2=1.00, easier body inertia is overcome.20 The faster is reduced and is increased,20,
power=1.00] and Bonferroni post-hoc test revealed that the post-TST thus demonstrating convergence in the dynamics of the parameters
moment presented values significantly (p <0.05) lower than that found at of strength applied to the ground during the sprint and speed in the
baseline and post-TST presented values significantly (p<0.05) lower than short-duration and high-speed run, ratifying the postulate as to the
that found at post-OWL and large effect sizes (greater than 0.138).13,14 need to produce considerable strength on short-range accelerations. 21
For the Vertical Power Jump and Vertical Jump tests, the training With regard to the acceleration from 0 to 10 meters, 0 to 20 meters
effect did not present values with statistical significance [Wilks’ lamb- and from 0 to 30 meters, better performance was observed post-OWL
da=0.940, F(2.8)=0.257, p<0.05, partial η2=0.059, power=0.078 and Wilks’ compared to baseline and post-TST, considering the functional jump
lambda=0.818, F(2.8)=0.891, p<0.05, partial η2=0.018, power=0.154, test. Comparative analysis showed that both training strategies resulted
respectively], with small effect size (smaller than 0.059).13,14 in adaptations with differences with no statistical significance between
the baseline, post-TST and post-OWL phases.
DISCUSSION These results are consistent with the observation that OWL is an
The objective of this study was to compare the possible effects of effective training approach for vertical jump height increase. 22
strength training using typical Olympic weightlifting (OWL) approaches We believe that two possible phenomena can explain the distinctions
and traditional strength training (TST) in functional performance in of results found between this study and the literature.
acceleration in 10, 20 and 30 meters in squatting and vertical jump tests. The first phenomenon refers to the fact that in all cited articles, the
As a result, the comparative analysis, with respect to acceleration adaptive responses induced by training in men were considered. Consi-
from 0 to 10 meters, 0 to 20 meters and 0 to 30 meters, there was impro- dering that females present 1) lower muscle volume23 and strength,24; 2)
ved performance at post-OWL compared to baseline and TST. Identical distinct contractile property of the skeletal muscle tissue due to differences
responses were found at the maximum strength predicted in squatting. in muscle fiber compositions; 3) greater fatigue resistance of the skeletal
Although it was not the focus of this study to investigate the rela- muscle tissue,25 4) less acute mechanical response of load bearing in the
tionship between the parameters analyzed, but the dynamics of modi- tendon tissue,26 and 5) chronically, lower frequency of collagen synthesis
fying the parameters after application of different means of training, it in the tendon tissue,25 it must be considered that these distinctions may
can be considered that increased acceleration can be explained by the influence the dynamics of adaptation to training, which could be reflected
increased maximum strength predicted. in the absence of specific modification to the jump task.
This condition is consistent with studies that found significant cor- This condition is corroborated by the findings of Ayers, DeBeliso,
relations between acceleration in the distance of five meters and the Sevene and Adams,27 who studied 23 volleyball and softball athletes
maximum strength produced in squatting (r=0.66),15 and between the undergoing TST and OWL and found similar changes in vertical jump
maximum strength produced in squatting and the speed produced in height after both interventions.
the first three steps (r=0.58) and the speed produced at a distance of The second phenomenon worthy of note relates to the mechanical
five meters (r=0.66), and between the maximum strength produced in distinctions found between the means of training used and the vertical
squatting and the time to travel the distance of 10 meters (r=-0.94).16 jump gesture analyzed.
This is similar to the conditions reported in football athletes17 and in This reasoning is based on the distinction in the extensor coordinative
basketball athletes.18 pattern of the ankle, knee and hip joints of the ascending phase bet-
The mechanical basis for such findings is on the study by Andrade,19 ween the power clean and the vertical jump.28 These different kinematic
who investigated the performance of a sprint and the parameters linked patterns are supported by muscle activation data that demonstrated
to the performance of the task. In particular, the strength applied to significant differences (p<0.05) in time related to peak activation of the
the ground during the sprint showed a large increment in the first five gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris and gluteus
meters, followed by a short phase of less oscillation between 5 and 10 medius muscles, in the significant differences in maximum level of rectus
meters, and a new incremental phase between 10 and 20 meters, with femoris and biceps femoris activation, and in the significant differences
less oscillation from this until the 80 meter-run was completed. Also, in the patterns of activation/deactivation of the vastus medialis and
the percentage variations of each partial compared to the immediately rectus femoris. Besides, significant differences between vertical jump
preceding one indicate significant percentage changes between 2,5 and power clean in terms of peak power, rate of strength development
and five meters, followed by decreases of 5 to 10% until 20 meters, and peak power were also reported.28
after which, despite parameter modulations, there is no virtually linear Thus, the possibility of the biological distinctions found between men
behavior smaller than 5% is most cases. and women may interfere in a different way with the mechanical distinctions
Andrade19 also argues that the magnitude of such strength depends presented between Olympic weight lifting exercises and vertical jump.
on the relationship between the parameters of contact time () and flight Finally, and considering the hypothesis that adaptive responses in
time (). Thus, the behavior of the strength applied to the ground during jumps are task-dependent19 and vertical jumps from a standstill condi-
the sprint can be explained by the dynamics of the parameters with, in tion are rare in a handball match, coaches and physical trainers should
summary, a major reduction in the first 10 meters followed by a lower reconsider the need to assign vertical jumping tasks in handball athletes.

Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 25, No 3 – Mai/Jun, 2019 233

CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Based on the results presented, the OWL intervention presents The authors acknowledge the financial support of Universidade
significantly better performance results in acceleration tasks up to the Anhembi Morumbi, an institution associated with the publication, as well
distance of 30 meters and squatting in young female handball athletes. as the technical staff and athletes for their cooperation and availability.
However, the functional vertical jumping test did not present any
significant results in the sample, due to factors such as divergence of
All authors declare no potential conflict of interest related to this article
biomechanical movements and biological factors.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS: Each author made significant individual contributions to this manuscript. BS (0000-0002-7764-9241)*: contributed substantially to the conception of
the work, acquisition of the data, and writing the manuscript; LC (0000-0002-2172-0520)*: contributed substantially to the conception of the manuscript and acquisition of the data;
FR (0000-0001-7102-5297)*, PCA (0000-0002-5594-3861)*, DDP (0000-0003-3001-0237)*, ACA (0000-0002-2527-2163)* and JCS (0000-0002-3646-3387)*: contributed substantially to
writing the manuscript and critical review of its intellectual content; RMA (0000-0002-4816-5635): contributed substantially to the design, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of
the data, and writing the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. *ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID).

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