Umm Al-Qura Universtiy, Makkah

Department of Electrical Engineering

Electromagnetics-II (8022320)
Term 2: 2020/2021
Solution Homework 4
Dr. Waheed Ahmad Younis
Do not submit this homework. There will be a quiz from this homework on Wed (Feb 24, 2021)

Topics covered in this week:

• If medium is other than free space
𝜖 = 𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟
1 1 1 𝑐
𝑣= = = =
√𝜇𝜖 √ 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 √ 𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 √ 𝜇0 𝜖0 √ 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟 √ 𝜇 𝑟 𝜖𝑟
𝜇 𝜇 𝜇 𝜇 𝜇 𝜇
𝜂 = √ 𝜖 = √ 𝜖0𝜖 𝑟 = √ 𝜖 0 √ 𝜖 𝑟 = 𝜂0 √ 𝜖 𝑟
0 𝑟 0 𝑟 𝑟
𝑣 𝑐 𝜆0
𝜆=𝑓=𝑓 =
√ 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟 √ 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟
𝛽 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜖 = 𝜔√𝜇0 𝜖0 √𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟 = 𝛽0 √𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟
• Helmholtz equation for lossy dielectric.
Starting with Maxwell’s equations for lossy dielectric
𝜕𝐸⃗ 𝜕𝐻⃗
∇×𝐻 ⃗ =𝐽+𝜖 ∇ × 𝐸⃗ = −𝜇 ∇ ∙ 𝐸⃗ = 0 ⃗ =0
∇∙𝐻
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Assuming that the fields are varying sinusoidaly, we may express them as phasors
∇×𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = 𝐽⃗⃗𝑠 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = 𝜎𝐸
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = (𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖)𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠
∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 ∇∙𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = 0 ∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 = 0
Taking curl of the second equation
∇×∇×𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇(∇ × 𝐻
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 )
Apply the vector identity [∇ × ∇ × 𝐴 = ∇(∇ ∙ 𝐴) − ∇2 𝐴]
∇(∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇(∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 ) − ∇2 𝐸 𝐻𝑠 )
Inserting the 1st and the 3rd Maxwell’s equations in the above
∇(0) − ∇2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖)𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠
𝜎
∇2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔𝜇. 𝑗𝜔𝜖 ( + 1) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠
𝑗𝜔𝜖
𝜎
∇2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = −𝜔2 𝜇𝜖 (1 − 𝑗 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐸 = 𝛾 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐸𝑠
𝜔𝜖 𝑠
Where
𝜎
𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜖√1 − 𝑗
𝜔𝜖
• Solution of the Helmholtz equations.
Assume that the electric field exists along y-axis only. Writing Helmholtz equation for this case
∇2 𝐸𝑦𝑠 = 𝛾 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠
𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠
+ + = 𝛾 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
Assume that the electric field varies along x-axis only (the derivatives along other axes would be
zero)

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 𝑑2 𝐸𝑦𝑠
= 𝛾 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠
𝑑𝑥 2
This is a 2nd order differential equation. A solution of this equation is
𝐸𝑦𝑠 (𝑥) = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −𝛾 𝑥 = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −(𝛼+𝑗𝛽) 𝑥 = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑥
Converting phasor into time-domain function
𝐸𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑅𝑒[𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑥 ] = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 𝑅𝑒[𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽 𝑥) ] = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑥)
Above represents a travelling wave of electric field which attenuates with distance.
• Magnetic field vector:
The 2nd Maxwell’s equation
∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠
The left side of this equation
𝑎𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑦 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕0 𝜕𝐸𝑦𝑠 𝜕0 𝜕0 𝜕𝐸𝑦𝑠 𝜕0 𝜕𝐸𝑦𝑠
∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = | |=( − ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 − ( − ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 + ( − ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧 = ( )𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
0 𝐸𝑦𝑠 0
𝑑(𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −(𝛼+𝑗𝛽) 𝑥 )
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 = −(𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽) 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −(𝛼+𝑗𝛽) 𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑎𝑧
𝑑𝑥
Equating to the right side
−(𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽) 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −(𝛼+𝑗𝛽) 𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠
𝑎𝑧 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻
𝛼+𝑗𝛽
𝑎𝑧 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −(𝛼+𝑗𝛽) 𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐻𝑠
𝑗𝜔𝜇
Recall that
𝜎 𝜎
𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜖√1 − 𝑗 = √−𝜔 2 𝜇𝜖√1 − 𝑗 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖)
𝜔𝜖 𝜔𝜖

√𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎+𝑗𝜔𝜖)
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −(𝛼+𝑗𝛽) 𝑥 𝑎 𝐻𝑠
𝑗𝜔𝜇
Above expression shows that magnetic field exists along z-axis only.
√𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎+𝑗𝜔𝜖) 𝜎+𝑗𝜔𝜖
𝐻𝑧𝑠 (𝑥) = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −(𝛼+𝑗𝛽)𝑥 = √ 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −(𝛼+𝑗𝛽) 𝑥
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑗𝜔𝜇

Converting the phasor into time-domain function

𝜎+𝑗𝜔𝜖
𝐻𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑡) = √ 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑥)
𝑗𝜔𝜇

Let
𝜎+𝑗𝜔𝜖
√ 𝐸𝑦0 = 𝐻𝑧0
𝑗𝜔𝜇

𝐻𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐻𝑧0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑥)

Above represents a travelling wave of magnetic field which attenuates with distance.

• Intrinsic impedance of the lossy dielectric

𝐸𝑦0 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜇 1
𝜂 = 𝐻 = √𝜎+𝑗𝜔𝜖 = √ 𝜖 𝜎
𝑧0 √1−𝑗𝜔𝜖

____________________________________________________________________________________

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Q1. A lossy dielectric is characterized by 𝜖𝑅 = 2.5, 𝜇𝑅 = 4, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 10−3 𝑆⁄𝑚 at 10 MHz. Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 =
𝑎𝑥 V/m. Find (a) 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝑣, 𝜆, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂. (b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
20𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ . (c) 𝐸⃗ (2, 3, 4, 10𝑛𝑠).
𝐻𝑠 and 𝐻

Solution:
𝜎 10−3
a. Loss tangent = 𝜔𝜖 = (2𝜋×107)2.5(8.854×10−12 ) = 0.72
𝜎 𝜔 𝜎 2𝜋×107
𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜖√1 − 𝑗 𝜔𝜖 = 𝑗 𝑐 √𝜇𝑅 𝜖𝑅 √1 − 𝑗 𝜔𝜖 = 𝑗 √(2.5)(4)√1 − 𝑗0.72
3×108

= 𝑗0.6623√1.2322∠ − 35.75° = (0.6623∠90°)(1.11∠ − 17.88°) = 0.7352∠72.12°

= 0.2257 + 𝑗0.6997
𝛼 = 0.2257 𝑚−1
𝛽 = 0.6997 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑚 .
𝜔 2𝜋×107
𝑣= = = 0.898 × 108 m/s.
𝛽 0.6997
𝑣 0.898×108
𝜆=𝑓= = 8.98 m.
107

𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜇 1 𝜇 1 4 1 476.87
𝜂 = √𝜎+𝑗𝜔𝜖 = √ 𝜖 = 𝜂0 √ 𝜖 𝑅 = 377√2.5 = 1.11∠−17.88° = 429.61∠17.88° Ω
𝜎
√1−𝑗𝜔𝜖 𝑅 √1−𝑗 𝜎 √1−𝑗0.72
𝜔𝜖
20
b. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 = 429.61∠17.88° 𝑒 −(0.2257+𝑗0.6997)𝑧 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 = 0.0466 𝑒 −0.2257𝑧−𝑗0.6997𝑧−𝑗17.88° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 𝐴⁄𝑚
= 46.6 𝑒 −0.2257𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗(0.6997𝑧+17.88°) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝐴⁄𝑚.
⃗ = 46.6 𝑒 −0.2257𝑧 cos(2𝜋107 𝑡 − 0.6997𝑧 − 17.88°) 𝑚𝐴⁄𝑚.
𝐻

c. 𝐸⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 20 𝑒 −0.2257𝑧 cos(2𝜋107 𝑡 − 0.6997𝑧) ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑎𝑥 V/m
𝐸⃗ (2, 3, 4, 10𝑛𝑠) = 20 𝑒 −0.2257(4) cos(2𝜋107 × 10−8 − 0.6997(4)) 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥 =
20(0.4054)(−0.5644)𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥 = −4.57 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 V/m

Q2. Consider plane wave of 2.5 GHz propagating through water. At this frequency, the conductivity is
𝜎 = 0.9722 𝑆/𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜖𝑅 = 78. Find the attenuation constant, phase constant, wavelength, and
intrinsic impedance.
This frequency is used in microwave oven. Why?

Solution:
𝜎 0.9722
Loss tangent = 𝜔𝜖 = 10−9
= 0.0897
(2𝜋(2.5×109 ))78( )
36𝜋

𝜎 𝜔 𝜎 2𝜋(2.5×109 )
𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜖√1 − 𝑗 𝜔𝜖 = 𝑗 𝑐 √𝜇𝑅 𝜖𝑅 √1 − 𝑗 𝜔𝜖 = 𝑗 √78√1 − 𝑗0.0897
3×108

= 𝑗462.43√1.004∠ − 5.13° = (462.43∠90°)(1.002∠ − 2.56°) = 463.35∠87.44°

= 20.70 + 𝑗462.89
Attenuation constant = 𝛼 = 20.7 𝑚−1
Phase constant = 𝛽 = 462.89 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
2𝜋 2𝜋
Wavelength = 𝜆 = = 462.89 = 0.01357 𝑚 = 1.36 𝑐𝑚
𝛽

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 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜇 1 𝜇 1 1 1
Intrinsic impedance = 𝜂 = √𝜎+𝑗𝜔𝜖 = √ 𝜖 = 𝜂0 √ 𝜖 𝑅 = 377√78
𝜎
√1−𝑗𝜔𝜖 𝑅 𝜎
√1−𝑗 𝜔𝜖 √1−𝑗0.0897

42.69
= 1.002∠−2.56° = 42.6∠2.56° Ω = (42.56 + 𝑗1.90) Ω

1 1
All food items contain water. At 2.5 GHz, the penetration depth (𝛼 = 20.7 = 0.048𝑚) is 4.8 cm. So, the
energy is well absorbed in the food. If lower frequency is used, α would be smaller, penetration depth
would be large. So, the energy will just pass through the food item without being absorbed into it. If
higher frequency is used, α would be larger, penetration depth would be smaller, and all energy will be
absorbed by the surface of food without cooking the inside of it.

Q3. Copper at 100 MHz has the following properties: 𝜖 = 𝜖0 , 𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 5.7 × 107 𝑆/𝑚. Find:
a. Propagation constant
b. The intrinsic impedance
Solution:
𝜎 5.7×107
Loss tangent = 𝜔𝜖 = (2𝜋(100×6))(8.854×10−12 ) = 1.0246 × 1010
𝜎 𝜔 𝜎 2𝜋(100×106 )
a. 𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜖√1 − 𝑗 𝜔𝜖 = 𝑗 𝑐 √𝜇𝑅 𝜖𝑅 √1 − 𝑗 𝜔𝜖 = 𝑗 3×108
√1 − 𝑗1.0246 × 1010

= 𝑗2.0944√1.0246 × 1010 ∠ − 90° = (2.0944∠90°)(1.012 × 105 ∠ − 45°)

= 2.12 × 105 ∠45° = (1.5 + 𝑗1.5) × 105 𝑚−1
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜇 1 𝜇 1 1
b. 𝜂 = √𝜎+𝑗𝜔𝜖 = √ 𝜖 = 𝜂0 √ 𝜖 𝑅 = 377
√1−𝑗𝜔𝜖
𝜎 𝑅 √1−𝑗𝜔𝜖
𝜎 √1−𝑗1.0246×1010

377
= 1.012×105∠−45° = 0.003725∠45° Ω = (0.002634 + 𝑗0.002634) Ω

Q4. The strength of electric field reduces to 10% when it passes through a specific material of thickness
10 mm. If permittivity and permeability of free space are used and the frequency of wave is 400 Hz,
calculate the attenuation constant of the material.
Solution:
ln 0.1
𝐸(𝑧) = 𝐸0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 ⇒ 10 = 100𝑒 −𝛼(0.01) ⇒ 𝛼= = 230.26 𝑚−1
−0.01
Conductor approximation seems valid:
𝛼2 (230.25)2
𝛼 = √𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎 ⇒ 𝜎= = −7
= 3.357 × 107 𝑆/𝑚
𝜋𝑓𝜇 𝜋(400)(4𝜋 × 10 )
This material must be a conductor.

Q5. For fresh (distilled) water, 𝜖𝑅 = 50, 𝜇𝑅 = 1 and 𝜎 = 20 𝑆/𝑚. At 𝜔 = 1011 rad/sec, find the
expressions for electric and magnetic field vectors.
Solution:
𝜎 20
Loss tangent = 𝜔𝜖 = (1011 )50(8.854×10−12 ) = 0.45177

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 𝜎 𝜔 𝜎 (1011 )
𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜖√1 − 𝑗 𝜔𝜖 = 𝑗 𝑐 √𝜇𝑅 𝜖𝑅 √1 − 𝑗 𝜔𝜖 = 𝑗 3×108 √50√1 − 𝑗0.45177

= 𝑗2357√1.0973∠ − 24.31° = (2357∠90°)(1.0475∠ − 12.16°) = 2468∠77.84°

= 520 + 𝑗2413
𝜇 1 𝜇 1 1 1
Intrinsic impedance = 𝜂 = √ 𝜖 = 𝜂0 √ 𝜖 𝑅 = 377√50
𝜎
√1−𝑗𝜔𝜖 𝑅 𝜎
√1−𝑗𝜔𝜖 √1−𝑗0.45177

53.32
= 1.0475∠−12.16° = 50.9∠12.16° Ω

Assuming the electric field to be 100 V/m at z=0,

𝐸⃗ (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 = 100𝑒 −520𝑧 cos(1011 𝑡 − 2413𝑧) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥
⃗ (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 cos(1011 𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 − 𝜃𝜂 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻
100
𝑎𝑦 = 50.9 𝑒 −520𝑧 cos(1011 𝑡 − 2413𝑧 − 12.16°) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦
|𝜂|
= 1.964𝑒 −520𝑧 cos(1011 𝑡 − 2413𝑧 − 12.16°) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦

Q6. A 30 GHz radar signal may be represented as a uniform plane wave in a sufficiently small region.
Calculate the wavelength in centimeters and the attenuation in decibels per foot if the wave is
propagating in a nonmagnetic material for which
a. 𝜖𝑅 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 0 𝑆/𝑚
b. 𝜖𝑅 = 1.01, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 10−3 𝑆/𝑚
c. 𝜖𝑅 = 2.1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 5 𝑆/𝑚
Solution:
𝜔 2𝜋(30×109 )
a. 𝛾 = 0 + 𝑗𝛽 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇0 𝜖0 = 𝑗 𝑐 = 𝑗 = 𝑗628.32 rad/m
3×108
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= = 628.32 = 0.01 𝑚 = 1 𝑐𝑚
𝛽
Attenuation = 0
𝜎 10−3
b. Loss tangent = 𝜔𝜖 = 10−9
= 0.000594
(2𝜋(30×109 ))1.01( )
36𝜋
𝜎
Since 𝜔𝜖 ≪ 1, we can use the approximation of low-loss dielectric.
𝜎 𝜇 𝜎 𝜇 10−3
𝛼 = 2 √ 𝜖 = 2 𝜂0 √ 𝜖 𝑅 = 1
(377)√1.01 = 0.1876 𝑚−1
𝑅 2

𝜔 2𝜋(30×109 )
𝛽 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜖 = 𝜔√𝜇0 𝜖0 √𝜇𝑅 𝜖𝑅 = 𝜇 𝜖 = √1.01 = 631.45 rad/m
𝑐 √ 𝑅 𝑅 3×108
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= = 631.45 = 0.00995 𝑚 = 0.995 𝑐𝑚
𝛽
0.1876
Attenuation = 0.1876 𝑁𝑝⁄𝑚 = 𝑁𝑝⁄𝑓𝑡 = 0.05717 𝑁𝑝⁄𝑓𝑡
3.2808
Attenuation = 20 log(𝑒 0.05717 ) = 0.496 𝑑𝐵/𝑓𝑡
𝜎 5
c. Loss tangent = 𝜔𝜖 = 10−9
= 1.4286
(2𝜋(30×109 ))2.1( )
36𝜋

𝜎 𝜔 𝜎 2𝜋(30×109 )
𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜖√1 − 𝑗 𝜔𝜖 = 𝑗 𝑐 √𝜇𝑅 𝜖𝑅 √1 − 𝑗 𝜔𝜖 = 𝑗 √2.1√1 − 𝑗1.4286 =
3×108

𝑗910.52√1.7438∠ − 55° = (910.52∠90°)(1.3205∠ − 27.5°) = 1202.37∠62.5°

= 555.19 + 𝑗1066.51
−1
𝛼 = 555.19 𝑚
𝛽 = 1066.51 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚

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 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= = 1066.51 = 0.00589 𝑚 = 0.589 𝑐𝑚
𝛽
1067
Attenuation = 555.19 𝑁𝑝⁄𝑚 = 3.2808 𝑁𝑝⁄𝑓𝑡 = 169.22 𝑁𝑝⁄𝑓𝑡
Attenuation = 20 log(𝑒 −169.22 ) = 1469 𝑑𝐵/𝑓𝑡

Q7. Consider the case of underwater communication using electromagnetic waves. For seawater,
𝜖𝑅 = 81 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 4 𝑆/𝑚. What is penetration depth inside the seawater? Sketch a graph showing
the electric field intensity against distance. Use a frequency of 1.5 MHz.
Solution:
First, find the loss tangent =
𝜎 4(36𝜋)
= 2𝜋(1.5×106)(81×10−9 ) =
𝜔𝜖
592.6 ≫ 1. Hence, we can
use the “conductor
approximation”.
Attenuation constant = 𝛼 =
√𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎 =
√𝜋(1.5 × 106 )(4𝜋 × 10−7 )(4) =
4.867 𝑚−1 = 0.04867 𝑐𝑚−1
1
Penetration depth = =
𝛼
1
= 0.205 𝑚 = 20.5 𝑐𝑚
4.867
The strength of electric field as a function of distance: 𝐸(𝑧) = 100𝑒 −0.04867𝑧

Hence the waves losses its power very quickly. After 80cm, the power is almost finished. These are not
feasible for communication over long distances.

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