1. The document discusses the Financial Rehabilitation Act, which aims to balance the interests of creditors and debtors through rehabilitation proceedings rather than immediate liquidation of insolvent companies.
2. Rehabilitation proceedings are initiated when a debtor foresees an inability to pay debts as they fall due, and seeks to restructure payments through a court-approved rehabilitation plan.
3. Creditors are indispensable parties to rehabilitation proceedings who must be notified and allowed participation, as rehabilitation aims to equitably distribute assets to creditors rather than immediately liquidating the debtor company.
1. The document discusses the Financial Rehabilitation Act, which aims to balance the interests of creditors and debtors through rehabilitation proceedings rather than immediate liquidation of insolvent companies.
2. Rehabilitation proceedings are initiated when a debtor foresees an inability to pay debts as they fall due, and seeks to restructure payments through a court-approved rehabilitation plan.
3. Creditors are indispensable parties to rehabilitation proceedings who must be notified and allowed participation, as rehabilitation aims to equitably distribute assets to creditors rather than immediately liquidating the debtor company.
1. The document discusses the Financial Rehabilitation Act, which aims to balance the interests of creditors and debtors through rehabilitation proceedings rather than immediate liquidation of insolvent companies.
2. Rehabilitation proceedings are initiated when a debtor foresees an inability to pay debts as they fall due, and seeks to restructure payments through a court-approved rehabilitation plan.
3. Creditors are indispensable parties to rehabilitation proceedings who must be notified and allowed participation, as rehabilitation aims to equitably distribute assets to creditors rather than immediately liquidating the debtor company.
1. The document discusses the Financial Rehabilitation Act, which aims to balance the interests of creditors and debtors through rehabilitation proceedings rather than immediate liquidation of insolvent companies.
2. Rehabilitation proceedings are initiated when a debtor foresees an inability to pay debts as they fall due, and seeks to restructure payments through a court-approved rehabilitation plan.
3. Creditors are indispensable parties to rehabilitation proceedings who must be notified and allowed participation, as rehabilitation aims to equitably distribute assets to creditors rather than immediately liquidating the debtor company.
of the questions for Finals will - But when it comes to
come from FRIA. rehabilitation, is it for debtors. But in the longrun, those who will FRIA benefit are also the creditors. State policy - Encourage debtors, both juridical and natural persons, and their Nature of proceeding creditors to collectively and - Proceeding in rem meaning realistically resolve and adjust publication of notice of competing claims and property commencement of proceedings rights. in newspaper of general - Aims to balance the interest of circulation. both creditors and debtors. - Summary and non-adversarial. - Timely, fair, transparent, effective and efficient rehabilitation or Applicability to pending cases liquidation of debtors. Sec. 146 provides that it will govern all - Ensure or maintain certainty and petitions filed after it has taken effect. predictability in commercial All further proceedings in insolvency, affairs, preserve and maximize suspension of payments and the value of the assets of these rehabilitation cases then pending, debtors, recognize creditor rights General rule is that it will apply to all and respect priority of claims, cases, with the exception if the and ensure equitable treatment application will result to injustice. of creditors who are similarly situated. Debtors Covered - When rehabilitation is not Included: Sole proprietorships feasible, it is the interest to (registered with DTI), partnerships liquidate it with the necessary (registered with SEC), corporations proceeding. (even though they are non-stock, they may apply for rehabilitation), individual - debtors. - There are cases wherein the debtors initiate the rehabilitation Excluded: Banks, insurance companies, of creditor such as involuntary pre-need companies, national and process. local government agencies/units/ - Done when rehabilitation is not General Rule: Each debtor is considered feasible. as a separate entity! Exception: Insolvent defined 1. Commingling of related debtors Insolvent shall refer to the financial allowed where debtors are condition of a debtor that is generally related; unable to pay its or his liabilities as they 2. Assets and liabilities (co-mingled); fall due in the ordinary course of 3. Common creditors; business or has liabilities that are greater 4. Voluntarily joined; than its or his assets. 5. Consolidation is beneficial to all/will serve rehab objectives. May be actual or technical. Actual- corporation’s assets are not Proceedings Covered enough to cover its liabilities Rehabilitation defined Technical- sufficient assets but foresees Sec. 4, [gg] - Rehabilitation shall refer to inability to pay its debts for more than 1 the restoration of the debtor to a year. condition of successful operation and - If cash is not enough or it will take solvency if it is shown that its time to liquidate or convert into continuance of operation is cash, you may declare yourself economically feasible and its creditors as technically insolvent. can recover by way of the present value of payments projected in the Liquidation vs. Rehabilitation plan, more if the debtor continues as a Diametrically opposed to rehabilitation. going concern than if it is immediately Both cannot be undertaken at the same liquidated. time. In rehabilitation, corporations have - You are restoring a business to maintain their assets to continue operation. business operations. In liquidation, …. - If you need a ceasefire from paying payment, the proper REHABILITATION. petition would be for suspension. Applicable Laws 1. Financial Rehabilitation Liquidation defined Procedure Assets to be converted into cash. Where filed? RTC of principal office of debtor. Participation still truncated - no fair hearing. Basic issue in Rehab: The viability and - Creditors are broad enough to desirability of continuing the business cover even BIR when they are not debtor-creditor relationship. Rationale: To resuscitate businesses and Utility service providers, let debtor recover from financial distress. employees, consultants, suppliers, Assets are still valuable to keep than fall within contemplation of selling assets. creditors for purposes of fOR REHAB TO PROSPER, IT MUST BE proceeding called rehabilitation. SHOWN THAT ASSETS MUST BE - By not declaring its former SERVICEABLE TO MEET PURPOSES OF employees as creditors, the BUSINESS. employees were denied of due process. Purposes: Viva Shipping Lines vs, Keppel - Balance interest of parties concerns, allow recovery and DEBTS NEED NOT MATURE TO JUSTIFY continue ordinary business while REHAB APPLICATION attending to the interest of “Who foresees the impossibility of creditors to be paid equitable meeting its debts when they - Rehabilitative and equitable. respectively fall due” must be construed plainly to mean that element of Two-pronger purpose foresight is required. 1. To efficiently and equitable -Condition that triggers rehabilitation is distribute the assets to insolvent not maturation but the inability of the debtor to pay these. Creditors are indispensable parties A corporate rehabilitation case cannot Debtor in default can file rehab be decided without the creditor’s YES. participation. Claim means- nature of stay orders The failure of petitioner to implead its contemplate situations where debtor creditors as respondents cannot be corporations already in default may be cured by serving copies of the petition under rehabilitation. on its creditors. - Even if debtor has suffered in 3. Creditor, other than default, he may still apply for petitioners has initiated rehabilitation. foreclosure which will Debtors not yet in default prevent debt payments. YES. “When they respectively fall due” means that as long as the debtor Why would creditors initiate rehab? foresees the inability to pay. Because it will be difficult for creditor to enforce liability. If creditors will not act Types of Rehabilitation asap, they may be robbed by debtor 1. Court-supervised- Court has disposing of their assets without creditors control over rehabilitation. overseeing them. This will preclude them Starting from scratch where court from enforcing liability. will control proceedings. a. Voluntary- initiated by If sufficient in form and substance- debtor to file a petition to Commencement Order (CO) - 5 days undergo rehabilitation to from filing petition (Sec. 15, FRIA) by RTC. put to normal his business operations. CO contains among other things: Corporate Debtor - - Appointment of receiver a. Majority of BOD - Prohibit suppliers from withholding b. ⅔ of members to be goods/ services as long as debtor rehabilitated. can pay. Sole Proprietorship- (As long as debtor can a. Consent pay utility, water charges Partnership - or those current bills a. Majority of the existing after the fact that partners. CO was issued, the current b. Involuntary- initiated by bills- as long debtor can creditor pay, water supplier cannot Conditions- stop from rendering 1. No genuine issue of fact; service.) 2. Debtor has failed - Authorize payment of admin generally to meet liabilities expenses as they fall due; - Stay Order (Sec. 16, FRIA) other provisional remedies (equivalent of RTO in ordinary against the debtor; cases) 3. Prohibit the debtor from selling, encumbering, transferring or Is a Stay Order helpful? disposing in any manner any of its YES. Because debtor can focus on the properties except in the ordinary recuperation or recovery of his business course of business; and operation. Debtor will not be bothered 4. Prohibit the debtor from making by creditors. any payment of its liabilities outstanding as of the Atty Z: If you can no longer pay utility commencement date except as bills, this is a sign for the Court that you may be provided herein. are not qualified for rehabilitation because debtor does not have the Definition is all encompassing - for capability to pay them. money or otherwise. Liquidated or not, fixed or contingent, matured or not, Commencement Order these are covered by suspension or stay Are the ff. Allowed? order. 1. Receiver to access bank records of the debtor? YES Claims that are stayed: 2. Set off debts which creditor owes - Includes damages founded on a the debtor? NO breach of contract of carriage. 3. Constitution of new liens on - All claims of government, against debtor’s property? NO directors and officers of debtor 4. Continuation of cases initiated by arising from acts fone in the the Debtor? Court’s discretion discharge of their functions. (Sec. 17, FRIA) But if it is done in their personal Stay Order (Sec. 16) capacities, actions are not stayed. 1. Suspend all actions or proceedings, in court or Claims That Are Stayed otherwise, for the enforcement of 1. Non-pecuniary claims claims against the debtor; (Sobrejuanite vs. ASB); 2. Suspend all actions to enforce any judgment, attachment or 2. Preferred claims/maritime Upon issuance of the CO by the Court, liens/admiralty proceedings and until the approval of the (negros Nav. vs. CA); rehabilitation plan or dismissal of 3. Claims arising from alleged illegal petition, the imposition of all taxes and dismissal (Castillo vs. Uniwide fees including penalties, interest and Warehouse Club, Inc.)); charges shall be considered waived in 4. Included reinstatement order of furtherance of objectives of the Labor Arbitrer (Garcia vs. rehabilitation. PAL); - But arrears are not waived, only 5. Foreclosure by government deemed suspended. financial institutions (Sec. 20, CO shall: exempt debtor from liability for FRIA); taxes and fees, including penalties, 6. Case involving infringement of interest and charges. patent (PAL Case) Who may serve as rehabilitation Excluded Claims receiver? (Sec. 28, FRIA) 1. Cases pending appeal in the - May be a natural or juridical Supreme Court; person 2. Cases Pending or filed at a - If juridical, assign an individual specialized court or quasi-judicial who has all qualifications/solidary agency; liability 3. Sureties/Persons solidarily liable - Good moral character with the debtor, and third party - Knowledge on insolvency or accommodation - No conflict of interest mortgagors/LOCs. 4. Securities-related claims Powers, Duties and Responsibilities (objective is to recover securities In general: entrusted to debtor); 1. Court Officer; 5. Action of broker/ dealer 2. Preserve/maximize value of 6. Criminal cases involving directors assets; and officers acting in their 3. Determine viability of personal capacity. rehabilitation; 4. Recommend Rehab Plan (Sec. Tax Relief 31, FRIA)
Can He? or appoint a management committee 1. Sue/recover, amounts owed to, , that will undertake the management of and properties pertaining to the debtor upon clear and convincing debtor? Yes evidence of any of the ff. 2. Recover property transferred in Circumstances: fraud of creditor? YES a. Actual or imminent danger of 3. Access/Monitor dissipation, loss, wastage or operations/business of the destruction of the debtor’s assets debtor? YES or company; 4. Submit Rehab plan other than b. Paralyzation of business the one originally proposed? YES operation of debtor; 5. Take over management/control c. Gross mismanagement of debtor of the debtor? NO. Unless, or fraud or other wrongful Ordered by the Court (Sec. 31, conduct, or gross or willful FRIA) violation of FRIA by existing !! Just because there is a rehab receiver, management. does not mean that President, BOD, Management may be replaced by CEOs are disbanded or removed from receiver himself or Court may appoint. their positions. Because insolvency can be due to other circumstances. It Management Committee’s Role depends whether there is a reason to Sec. 37- When appointed pursuant to justify change of management or the foregoing section, the management president. committee shall take the place of the management and the governing body Management-Status Quo of the debtor and assume their rights Management of juridical debtor shall and responsibilities. The specific powers remain with the existing management. and duties of the management But ALL disbursements, shall be subject committee, whose members shall be to the approval of receiver. (Sec. 47) considered as officers of the court, shall be prescribed by the procedural rules. Displacement of Management Upon motion of any interested party, Creditors Approval of Rehab Plan the court may appoint and direct the Sec. 64- the Plan is deemed to have rehabilitation receiver to assume the been approved by a class of creditors if powers of management of the debtor, members of the said class holding more than fifty percent (50%) of the total - Initiated by an insolvent debtor, claims of the said class vote in favor of by itself or jointly with any of its the Plan. creditors. - Verified petition with the Court Court’s Confirmation of Rehab Plan - Endorsed or approved by - Stay order is lifted and once Plan creditors holding at least ⅔ of is approved by the court, parties total liabilities of the debtor, have no choice but to comply including: because it is in rem. a. Secured creditors holding 1. Who are bound by Plan? more than 50% of the total Debtor, creditors (whether they secured claims of the participated or not; opposed or debtor; and not); b. Unsecured creditors 2. Claims against debtor? holding more than 50% of To be paid according to the Plan the total unsecured claims 3. Contracts? of the debtor Will continue unless in conflict with the Plan. Is there a stay order in pre-negotiated 4. Compromise on debts? rehab? Binding upon creditors whether YES. Under Sec. 77, Court can issue an Plan is successful or not. order which embodies a stay order. 5. After-incurred claims? - Court to approve Rehab Plan Not suspensed. (Sec. 69, FRIA) within 10 days from second publication of the Order unless a creditor or interested party 2. Pre-negotiated- presupposes that submits an objection (Sec. 78.) creditors and debtors pre-agreed - Within 10 days from second before going to court on what publication, Court shall approve the rehab plan will be. Creditor Rehabilitation Plan unless a and debtor have plans agreed creditor or any other interested upon subject to the approval of party submits an objection to it in the Court. accordance with next succeeding section. - Same effect as approval of Court-Supervised Rehab (Sec. 82) and will therefore, they must provisionally from the payment of abide by the Plans as duly his debts in exchange for his approved by the Rehab Court. consent. - A stand-still agreement may include provisions identical with 3. Out of Court/Informal or similar to the legal effect under Restructuring- parties agree in Sec. 9, Rule 2 of A.M. No. principal of process and steps to be undertaken in order to Restructuring/Workout Agreement or re-structure the company. No Rehabilitation that is approved pursuant need for Court’s approval. to an informal workout framework has Binding effect is the output of the the same legal effect as confirmation of same in newspaper of general a plan by the Court provided that it is circulation. published at least 3 consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in Minimum Requirements: the PH which will serve as what bounds A. The debtor must agree; the parties. B. Approved by creditors representing at least 67% of The Rehabilitation Plan or restructuring secured obligations of debtor; agreement shall take effect upon lapse C. Approved by creditors of 15 days from the date of last representing at least 75% of publication of the notice thereof. (Sec. unsecured obligations of debtor; 86) D. Approved by creditors holding at least 85% of total liabilities, Other Key Provisions and Doctrines secured and unsecured of the Prohibitions debtor. secured obligations of 1. Disposal of property NOT in the debtor (Sec. 84) ordinary course of business; 2. Conceal property Is there a Stay Order? - Penalty- double the value of Instead of Stay Order, there is STAND property sold. STILL PERIOD. - Directors and officers- personally - Debtor can bargain to be given liable (Sec. 10) ceasefire or period allowing debtor to be relieved Alfredo Villamor vs. Umale Doctrine: While the waiver of rental Criminal Action NOT Suspended income is enough to constitute loss or - The rehabilitation of the dissipation of assets, complainant failed corporation is not a legal ground to show that there was an imminent for the extinction of its officers’ danger or paralysis of the company’s criminal liabilities. There is no business operations. reason why criminal proceedings The CA has no power to appoint a should be suspended during receiver or management committee. It corporate rehabilitation, more so, belongs to the competency of the RTC. since the prime purpose of RTC- Intra-corporate controversies, criminal action is to punish the including incidents of such offender. controversies. These incidents include applications for the appointment of Bank’s Liability Under Letter Of Credit receivers or management committees. NOT Stayed - The stay order issued by Suspension not a condition rehabilitation court DOES NOT - Petition for suspension is not apply to beneficiary of the letter needed. of credit against the banks that issued it because the prohibition Immunity from Suit on the enforcement of claims - The Rehabilitation Receiver and against the debtor, guarantors, or all persons employed by him, sureties of the debtors does not shall not be subject to any extend to the claims against the action, claim or demand in issuing bank in a letter of credit. connection with any act done or - It is solidary in nature, not an omitted to be done by them in ordinary guarantee where good faith in connection with the suspension applied to guarantor. exercise of their powers and - Letters of credit are primary functions under this Act or other obligations and not accessory actions duly approved by the contracts and while they are Court. (Sec. 41) security arrangements, they are - Still depends on whether sale is not converted into guarantees. germane to discharge of his authority. Shareholder’s Property NOT covered by Stay Order - Only covers those claims directed - Commitment may include against corporation or their voluntary undertakings of existing properties. shareholders or the would-be investors of the Economic Feasibility debtor-corporation indicating A thorough examinations and analysis of their readiness, willingness and the distressed corporation’s financial ability to contribute funds or data must be conducted. property to guarantee the continued successful operation C O N T I N U A T I O N . . . . . . . of the debtor corporation during the period of rehabilitation. (Phil. 1. Economic Feasibility Bank Of Communications VS. A thorough examination and analysis of basic Polyprinters and packaging the distressed corporation’s financial Corporation) data must be conducted. - MUST BE VOLUNTARY ON THE - If results of examination and PART OF SHAREHOLDER OR analysis show that there is a real FUTURE INVESTOR. opportunity to rehabilitate the - Additional working capital to be corporation in view of the sourced from a claim/receivable assumptions made and financial that has been written off cannot goals stated in the proposed partake of MFC. The commitment rehabilitation plan, the to add 10m working capital rehabilitation is feasible (Viva appeared to be doubtful Shipping Lines vs. Keppel) considering that the insurance claim from which said working capital would be sourced had 2. Material Financial Commitment already been written off. A claim (MFC) that has been written-off is - Significant in a rehabilitation plan considered a bad debt or a - Significant in gauging the resolve, worthless asset, and cannot be determination, earnestness and deemed a material financial good faith of the distressed commitment for purposes of corporation. rehabilitation (Phil. Bank Of - COMMITMENT = FINANCIAL. Communications VS. basic Polyprinters and packaging While corporation is undergoing Corporation) rehabilitation, all claims, regardless of nature, are suspenses from Source from Internal Operation enforcement. However, once the for Financial Commitment corporation has successfully - Liberty Co. intends to source its rehabilitated or finally liquidated, the funds from internal operations. enforcement of these secured claims That the funds are internally… takes precedence (Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company vs. Liberty) 3. Liquidation Analysis Lack of Liquidation Analysis- prevents Tax Deficiencies the Court from ascertaining if the (BIR vs. Lepanto Ceramics) Lepanto petitioning debtor’s creditors can applied for rehab and was issued a stay recover by way of the present value of order. Despite this, BIR enforced claim payments projected in the plan, more if for tax deficiency against Lepanto by the debtor continues as a growing sending a demand letter for tax concern than if it is immediately deficiency and requested liquidated, a crucial factor in a representatives to appear in an informal corporate rehabilitation case (BPI Family conference. Savings vs. St. Michael Medical Center - The act of sending a notice of Inc.) informal conference and formal - The failure to give a liquidation letter of demand are part and analysis thall bar the grant of parcel of the entire process for rehabilitation. the assessment and collection of - Neither should rehab be allowed deficiency taxes from a when the sole purpose is to delay delinquent taxpayer - an action enforcement: or proceeding for the a. Absence of sound and enforcement of a claim which workable business plan should have been suspended b. Sds pursuant to the Commencement c. Sdsd Order. Unmistakably, such acts are in clear defiance of the Secured Creditors are affected but Order secured status stays BIR Claims suspenses BIR insists that Misajon performed such Through mortgage to secure loans of act to toll prescriptive period for the debtor-still ownership is with collection of deficiency and cite them stockholders. in indirect contempt would unduly interfere with their function of collecting When Rehab not feasible taxes due to the government. It could If results of financial examination and have been done in the rehab court but analysis clearly indicate that there is no going after the debtor himself makes it probability that the distressed corp. contemptuous. Could be revived and that liquidation would be better subserve the interests of Rehabilitation Plan its stakeholders, then it may be said that - Debt forgiveness rehab is not feasible. The rehab plan - Debt rescheduling may be converted in a liquidation - Reorganization or proceeding. quasi-reorganiztation - Dacion en pago (instead of CASE OF liquidation of debt, swap of - SMMCI - Bpi Family Loan to stocks in the corporation nalang) finance construction of hospital - Debt-equity conversion facility (P35m credit line) - Sale of the business (or parts of it) - Had a problem with contractor as a going concern, or setting-up (increased cost and hospital of new business entity or other construction deferred) similar arrangements as may be - BPI loan became due and approved by the court or demandable creditors. - SMMCI applied for rehabilitation ISSUE: Vibaility of SMMCI Rehab Rehab Plan was approved as the real because hospital did not finish property on which the building structure construction of debtors is more than sufficient to Ruling: Rehabilitation assumes that answer for all the outstanding corporation has been operation but for obligations. some reason it had been insolvent. Real property belongs to major While it had indeed commenced stockholders - separate personality business through preparatory act of opening credit line, SMMCI itself admits that it has not formally operate income since its commencement. Hence, no - Rehab plan approved but over viable business concern to be restored the objection of BPI, questioned so rehabilitation is not proper. Not the approval of the court and did contemplated within FRIA. not consider the sentiment of How about sister hospital? creditors. BPI’s main concern: NO SINGULAR TREATMENT. Separate Interest rate approved was lower and distinct. than what was approved in the - SMMCI stands as the sole package, as well as extended petitioning debtor in this case; as period of loan repayment period. such, its rehabilitation should - SC: Notwithstanding approval of have been primarily examined creditor, c ram down rule. A from the lens of its own financial rehabilitation plan may be history. approved even over the - While SMMCI claims that it would opposition of the creditors absorb the operation of new holding a majority of the hospital, no evidence or merger. corporation’s total liabilities if - Even if there are common there is a showing that owners, it will not justify the rehabilitation is feasible and the singular treatment for opposition of the creditors is rehabilitation purposes. manifestly unreasonable. - Rehab Plan requirements: a. - Here the court believes that Economic feasibility; b. Material rehab is feasible for Sarabia, it financial commitment; c. continues to be profitable with its Liquidation analysis; hotelier business operations have not been disrupted; ability to Case of Sarabia have sustainable profits; the - Sarabia applied for special loan interest of Sarabia’s creditors package from FEBTC which is an - Court found opposition manifestly extension of an already existing unreasonable because the facility. But delayed completion approved interest rate it to resulted to cash flow challenge court’s determination- already which prompted Sarabia to file reasonable which is concordant rehab petition due to with sARABIA’S PROJECTED impossibility. REHAB; ON THE CONTRARY, bpi’S PROPOSED ESCALATING INTERESTS RATES REMAIN HINGED within 90 days prior to filing ON theoretical assumption of petition shall be entitled to vote. future fluctuation in the market. Claims are suspended: Exceptions LIQUIDATION - Properties held as security/ Insolvency of individual debtors secured creditors; 1. Suspension of Payment - Claims for personal labor, Requirement: maintenance, expense of alst a. Individual debtor must possess illness and funeral of the wife or sufficient property to cover all his children debtor incurred in 60 debts but foreseeing the days immediately prior to filing of impossibility of meeting them petition. when they respectively fall due, (Kulang lang ang pera niya sa banko petition that he be declared in pero madami pang assets pero wala ng the state of suspension payments. oras para makapag liquidate ng property para ma-meet yung deadline.) Note: (Kulang lang ang pera niya sa banko pero madami pang assets pero 2. Liquidation wala ng oras para makapag liquidate a. Voluntary ng property para ma-meet yung An individual debtor whose properties deadline.) are not sufficient to cover his liabilities, and owing debts exceeding 550k may Must include: 1. Schedule of debt apply to be discharged from his debts and liabilities; 2. inventory of and liabilities. assets; 3. proposed agreement Creditor’s Meeting will take b. Involuntary place: Quorum (Creditors holding Any creditor or group of creditors with a claims amounting to ⅗ of liabilities claim of, or with claims aggregating at and a bote of ⅔ of creditors least 500k may file a verified petition for voting unite ipon same liquidation with the court of the proposition and among to ⅗ of province or city in which the individual the total debt. debtor resides (Sec. 105, FRIA) iF SUSPENSION APPROVED, No creditor who incurred his credit Act of insolvency- Creditor must file a petition for involuntary liquidation to allege at least one of the acts of Three or more creditors the aggregate insolvency (May sign na tatakasan na ni of whose claims is at least either 1million debtor si creditor): or at least 25% os the subscribed capital 1. That person is about to depart or stock or partner’s contribution of debtor, has departed from Philippines, whoever is higher, may apply for and with intent to defraud his creditor seek the liquidation of an insolvent 2. That being absent from debtor. Philippines, with intent to defraud The petition shall show that: his creditors, he remains absent; a. No genuine issue of fact or law 3. That he conceals himself to on claims of petitioners and due avoid the service of legal process and demandable payments for the purpose of hindering or have been made for 18- days. delaying liquidation; 4. That he conceals or is removing May it be converted into involuntary any of his property to avoid liquidation proceeding in the middle of being attached or taken; petition for rehab ? 5. Confessed or offered YES. During the pendency or AFTER of court-supervised or pre-negotiated Liquidation of Juridical Debtor: rehab proceedings, it may be 1. Voluntary converted into liquidation, so long as 3 An insolvent debtor may apply for or more creditors MUST INITIATE. liquidation by filing a petition for Motion is to convert rehab to liquidation. liquidation with the court (Sec. 90) What happens if granted? May it be converted into voluntary Juridical debtor? WIll be dissolved liquidation proceeding in the middle of Individual debtor? Will be liquidated petition for rehab? Properties? Sheriff; no payments except YES. During the pendency of admin expenses court-supervised or pre-negotiated Creditors? Terminated in general rehab proceedings, it may be Mortgaged on Debtor’s property? Not converted into liquidation. allowed for 190 days Motion is to convert rehab to liquidation. Termination of Proceedings - EFFECT
2. iNVOLUNTARY Liquidation - Sale of assets in liquidation (auction, in general; private, with COURT APPROVAL) - Final Report of Liquidator - Juridical debtor- removed from SEC/ Govt. Agency Roster - Individual debtor- discharge from liabilities (per liquidation plan)
Atty. Z: Corporations continue to operate their business. Unlike in banks where they will be stopped from operating.