PERCEPTION TOWARDS THE FACTORS OF TRUANCY AMONG

FORM 4 STUDENTS AT SMK KAPAR INDAH, KLANG

SELANGOR

SITI NADHIRAH BINTI GHAZALI

2013641334

Bachelor of Education (Hons.)

Physical and Health
Education Faculty of
Education

JULY 2017
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PERCEPTION TOWARDS THE FACTORS OF TRUANCY AMONG FORM 4

STUDENTS AT SMK KAPAR INDAH, KLANG SELANGOR

SITI NADHIRAH BINTI GHAZALI

Academic Exercise waa submitted in requirement for fulfillment of the

Bachelor of Education (Hons.) Physical and Health Education

Faculty of Education

JULY 2017

i
 DECLARATION

I declare that the work in this thesis was carried out in accordance with the regulations of
Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is original and is the result of my own work, unless
otherwise indicated or acknowledged as a reference work. This topic has not been
submitted to any academic institution or academic institution for another degree or
qualification.

In the event that my thesis be found to violate the conditions mentioned above, I
voluntarily waive the right of conferring of my degree and degree to be subjected to the
disciplinary rules and regulations of Universiti Teknologi MARA

Name of Candidate : Siti Nadhirah binti Ghazali

Candidate’s ID No : 2013641334

Program : Bachelor of Education (Hons.) Physical and

Health Education

Faculty : Faculty of Education

Thesis title : Perception Towards the Factors of Truancy Among

Form 4 Students at Smk Kapar Indah, Klang
Selangor

Signature of Candidate:

Date:
The supervisor approve the academic exercise of Siti Nadhirah binti Ghazali

Submitted to the Faculty of Education, 2017

This thesis approved by

………………………………

MRS. HAMIMAH BINTI HASHIM

(ACADEMIC EXERCISE SUPERVISOR)

DATE:

iii
 ABSTRACT

Study on Form 4 SMK Kapar Indah students involving 50 students. This study uses a

questionnaire as a test to collect data, in particular, their recent academic decisions and

the frequency of their absence to school. The purpose of this study was to identify the

factors that influenced the students to skip this questionnaire. This questionnaire also

contained other information such as gender and the factors that caused truancy among

school students. On the whole, peer-peer data showed the highest mean factor that led to

the truancy amongst the students. The influence of a friend is able to influence the

behavior of other students to do negative behaviors of truancy which shows the highest

mean (3.70) among the other five factors. This study is expected to help students in

identifying truancy factors and they know how to solve the problem of truancy school

based on proposed proponents.

 ABSTRAK

Kajian terhadap pelajar Tingkatan 4 SMK Kapar Indah yang melibatkan seramai

50 orang pelajar. Kajian ini menggunakan borang soal selidik sebagai ujian untuk

mengumpul data khususnya keputusan akademik terbaru mereka serta kekerapan ketidak

hadiran mereka ke sekolah. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti apakah faktor-

faktor yang mempengaruhi pelajar untuk ponteng sekolah Borang soal selidik ini juga

mengandungi lain-lain maklumat seperti jantina serta factor-faktor yang menyebabkan

berlakunya masalah ponteng dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah. Secara keseluruhannya,

data factor rakan sebaya menunjukkan factor min yang tertinggi menjurus kearah ponteng

dalam kalangan kalangan pelajar sekolah iaitu sebanyak 3.70. Pengaruh rakan mampu

mempengaruhi tingka laku pelajar lain untuk melakukan tingkah laku negatif terumanya

ponteng sekolah. Kajian ini diharapkan agar dapat membantu pelajar dalam

mengenalpasti factor-faktor ponteng dan mereka tahu bagaimana untuk menyelesaikan

masalah ponteng sekolah berdasarkan caadangan yang di usulkan.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah the Almighty Lord of the world. Thanks to Him for giving me the

opportunity for completing my Academic Exercise. I managed to complete this study has

been undertaken so far, entitled “Perception Towards the Factors of Truancy Among

Form 4 Students at Smk Kapar Indah, Klang Selangor”.

A big thank to all who have helped, especially supervisors Mrs Hamimah Binti Hashim,

for all her guideline, co-operation and all sorts of support. The supervision and support

that she gave in patience truly help the progression and smoothness of my project and

truly without her guide, the present study would be impossible. I would like to thank her

contribution during my research and write up, without her guidance I am really sure that I

cannot finish my writing very well. Thank you so madam, I really appreciate it.

Thanks to the infinite also belong to my lovely parents Nik Abdullah Bin Nik Soh and

Faridah Binti Haji Zakaria and also my one only brother Nik Faidzal Bin Nik Abdullah

for giving financial help and encouragement to me to finish up my research. All this are

for you dad, mom. A special thanks to my all friends who help me a lot during my

research writing. You guys are such a great friend who always helps me a lot during my

research studies. Do not forget also to colleagues who are struggling to complete their

studies. Help each other in terms of information about the study is very much appreciated.

The kindness of all willing to take the time to give and shared me any information I will

never forget. Finally, thank you to those who helped me directly or indirectly during the

study were conducted and completed. Alhamdulillah, Thank you Allah for everything.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION ii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Research Objectives 5
1.4 Research Questions 6
1.5 Significance of Study
1.6 Limitations of Study 7
1.7 Operational Definition 8
1.8 Conclusion 9

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE RIVIEW

2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Concept Related Towards Truancy 12
2.3 Theories Related Towards Truancy 13
2.4 Previous Study Related Towards Truancy 16
2.5 Factors and Mean Influenced Truancy 22
2.6 Conclusion 25

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample 28
3.4 Research Instrument
3.5 Method of Data Collection 29
3.6 Method of Data Analysis 31
3.7 Pilot Study 32
3.8 Conclusion 35

CHAPTER 4: FINDING
4.0 Introduction 37
4.1 Analysis of Part A 38
4.2 Research Question 1&2 40
4.3 Research Question 3 52
4.4 Conclusion 54

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND RECOMENDATION

5.0 Introduction 58
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Implication of Research 62
5.3 Recommendation from The Researcher 63
5.4 Conclusion 64

References 67
Appendix 72
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Problem related to discipline cases that occurs among school students is getting

worried. Lots of steps should be taken by Ministry of Education, school authorities

and private sectors to overcome this problem that happened among school students.

The collapse of social values and misconduct rate among students is constantly

increasing year by year. This has led to concerns over the country’s future because the

future of a country highly dependent on the younger generation who are now mainly

students.

There are lots of social illness occur among our society nowadays. Students are

the future inheritors of the country so their activities are warmly talked by all walks of

life. The mass media often publish news about student delinquency and problems that

overwhelmed them. One of the problems that is commonly occur among school

students is playing truant. Statistic of playing truant is getting increased among

primary school students and secondary school students. Truancy is considered as a

very serious discipline problem among school students nowadays.

According to the Malaysian School Student Disciplinary report (2012), truancy is

one of ten types of discipline problems among school students. Based on the study by

1
Discipline Unit of the School Ministry of Education Malaysia (2012) cases of truancy

recorded the highest frequency percentage compared to other cases which is 0.33%.

Although there are proposals on ways to address truancy, but it only ended in

discussions, forums or seminars. There are programs designed for students but it only

benefits certain of them. Parents, teachers and societies must worked together in order

to cope with this problem. It is important for us to explain to the students about

negative effects that will occur if they are always playing truant. The government

should also launch a campaign to awaken the youth to stay away from social ills that

could ruin their family names. Students should be exposed to the law so that they are

afraid of punishment to be imposed.

Truancy has become the highest percentage of disciplinary cases rather than other

cases .It is proven by discipline report of School Ministry of Education of Malaysia

2008-2012.This problem occurs on a variety of factors such as poverty, peer pressure,

student’s attitudes and also school factors. Whatever the factor is, playing truant has

become a dangerous illness and can spread to other students easily.

This research is important because want to know the exact findings about the

truancy which is one of the discipline cases that always happens in all schools and it

has become a serious problem for everyone, especially to the Ministry of Education

and the educators. Students that are involved in this case will be left behind in

education and their level of academic performance will be affected. This will give

negative effects to the country because it affects the excellence of the next generation.
 Nowadays people are not really concerned about their surrounding were affect the

’students who always playing truant usually give the bad example in school. Students

who are having problems in school usually hate the school and ignore their teacher’s

instruction, and then they acted in violent of school rules, not finishing their

homework and damaging their school properties. This problem will occur concerns

among teachers and administrators. Discipline cases among students and young

people nowadays are increasing seriously.

According to Bernama, total students who involved in the cases were decreased to

2.05% from 2.06% since 2010. This fact is reinforced by the Executive Director of the

Institute of Mind (Inmind), Dr. Zambry Abdul Kadir. According to him, the offense

committed by juveniles and young students is increasing every year.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The problem of truancy is not a new problem in the education sector in Malaysia.

This problem is never abated but it became more serious. It is also about students who

leave the classroom when learning is unfortunate news for the generation of Malaysia

nowadays because they are entrusted to administer the country soon.

Truancy is a behavior that violates school rules. Hyacinth Foo (2003) reported that

students involved in cases of truancy are 3.5 times likelier to become involved with

crime and other social problems. Sociologists have called truancy the “kindergarten of

crime” because it can lead teens toward maladaptive behavior (Mulrine 2001). In
particular, truancy is a major factor of delinquent behavior in Malaysia. According to

a 2012 statistic, in the state of Perak, Malaysia, a total of 2,493 students were

involved in truancy compared to a total of 17,343 in all of Malaysia (Johor Education

Department, 2013). Overall, the data showed a drop in truancy in Malaysia, but the

appropriate action should be taken to continue decreasing these numbers.

Although numerous studies have been conducted to determine the cause of

truancy and at the same time find a cure, most previous studies have focused on

finding the cause or the occurrence of external behavioral factors rather than by

exploring these issues from a counseling theory perspective. Basically, every theory

has an individual philosophy for understanding the cause of the problem. One

counseling theory that can be used to understand problematic student behavior is

Choice Theory. According to Choice Theory, problems start when there is a conflict

between an individual’s wants and what the individual actually has For example,

many people have their own needs in life, but others don’t usually understand those

needs. Based on the fundamental principles of Choice Theory, it is reasonable for the

professional to understand the specific of a student’s situation. Problems occur when

counselors do not understand the client’s motivation and believe that they can help the

client without following scientific counseling theories. However, professional help

should be given to truant students only after counselors understand the students’

motivation based on Choice Theory.

Truancy is caused by many factors. However, we cannot recognize yet what

factors cause truancy among school students. Truancy will disrupt the learning
 environment and school achievement. According to Hussein Mahmood (1993),

effective learning comes from the peaceful atmosphere of the school, because it is a

critical aspect in order to produce excellent achievement among students.

As a nutshell, the existence of a positive school atmosphere in terms of school

facilities, learning technique and the school location will ensure effective learning

among students thus it will reduce cases of truancy among students. This observation

has been conducted to obtain information on truancy issue in SMK Kapar Indah.It is

because; SMK Kapar Indah has recorded the highest truancy cases. Factors involved

such as student’s attitudes, school environment, teacher’s attitude, family factors,

electronic media, and peers.

1.3 RESEACRH OBJECTIVES

The objective of the study is focused on the factors that will be discussed related to

the truancy problem in schools. Things that questioned me in this research are as

below:

i. To identify the main factor that influence truancy

ii. To examine the mean of each factors involved in truancy

iii. To compare between gender and races for the factors that influencing truancy.
1.4 RESEACRH QUESTIONS

There are lots of questions related to this problem such as below:

i. What are the factors that influence truancy?

ii. What are the means of each factors involved n truancy?

iii. Is there the difference between gender and race for the factor that influencing

truancy?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Through this study, the subject will answer the questionnaires that have

distributed to them. From the questionnaire, the researcher will find out the answer

about the truancy of the students among the students. Besides, this research can be the

reference for the other group if they want to know deeper about the relationship of the

factors that related to the truancy among the school children.

1.5.1 Parents/guardians

The parents or guardians may use this research as their references

to add up their knowledge in misbehavior problems in the aspect of

truancy cases. The most important are they must know the factors and side

effect that their children can gain from skipping the class such as can drop

their pointer and low in the cognitive thinking skills.

 1.5.2 Teachers

The teachers may use this research as their references in their

teaching in the classroom especially Physical and Health Education

teachers that most related to this topic. The teacher may teach the students

more detail about the misbehavior problems by doing any methods in the

teaching of using the media to attract their attention and to ensure the

students understand about the content of truancy.

1.5.3 School and Ministry

The school and ministry may use this research as their references

by implement any program that related to the importance of attends to

school. The school can collaborate with the ministry to hold the program

and awareness campaign about the breakfast at the school by opening the

booth, invite the speakers from the “Jabatan such as Penjara, AADK” or

any athlete that can attract the students to participate the program.

1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

To solve the problem of this research, there have several barriers that have faced

by the researcher to complete this research. One of the barriers is about the sincerity

of the respondents in answering the questionnaire because most of them are not like

and did not participate in answering the questionnaire. These matters make the

researcher feel difficult to find the respondents who are sincere to answer the

questionnaire because if the questionnaire did not complete well, it is difficult for

researcher to analyze the data and to find the result regarding this topic.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

In this study, there are a few terms used that have their own meaning. They are as

mention below:

1.7.1 DEFINITION OF PROBLEM

The definition of the problem is things that need its solution and also

things that give trouble. Problems are composed of many types of problems that

give different trouble to everybody. The problem that is recognized in this study is

about truancy and it will give different impact towards the people either physically

or mentally.

1.7.2 DEFINITION OF TRUANCY

Truancy has been defined as students who are absent from school without

their parents’ and teachers’ permission. This includes a student who ran away

from their class or school during school hours. Other than that, truancy also

referred to anyone who is absent from school purposely. They leave their house by

wearing school uniforms and bringing some books on their bags but they went to

the garden for fishing, bathing in the river, or watch movies in cinema and hang

out around the shopping malls.

1.7.3 DEFINITION OF STUDENT (AGE 16 YEARS OLD)

This age for the starting point where the students enter the teenager’s

world where some of them are studying at the new place with the new
 environment. From this age level, the researcher can determine their

understanding and tendency towards the truancy because they are still young and

can form through learning.

1.7.4 DEFINITION OF SCHOOL

The school is a socialization agent who provides implementing rules and

prescriptive, provides a student to be able to play the role of a responsible adult. It

also a place to study and teach, and also a place to obtain and share lessons.

During this study, school is referred to SMK Kapar Indah, Klang.

1.8 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, truancy that is happening now is very serious and cannot be

contained until now .From time to time, truancy has become a very hot topic to be

talked among all walks of life. This situation will affect the development of education

and allows the dropout rate in education become increase. Based on the results

obtained from the other study, the cause of the internal school affects the rate of

student misconduct. It affects in such many ways such as teaching attitudes and

concerns of teachers and also a school facility includes classrooms and learning

equipment. Other causes are too strict enforcement of discipline, extreme attitudes of

discipline teachers and long distance between school and student’s house. These

factors became factors affecting the truancy rate to increase from time to time among

school students.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, it is aimed to investigate things that are related to the truancy

problems among school students. For the purpose of the literature in this chapter, the

study is converging to researcher's opinions' related to various factors that lead to truancy.

Based on the discipline cases among school students according to categories and cases

percentages in 2011, truancy marked as the highest discipline cases which are 38,053

cases and 0.793% (Berita Harian, 18 August 2010).It has shown high improvement and

can lead to rising other discipline cases in school. All in all, this problem should be

overcome to avoid other harmful effects towards societies as saying goes prevention is

better than cure.

Truancy among school students is one of the serious cases where there is no

solution yet for this problem. This phenomenon can give harmful effects towards

education field and also drag someone to other negative activities such as smoking,

stealing, drug addicting and other criminal activities. From the factors that lead to

truancy, truancy is caused by learning techniques, school facilities and enforcement of

discipline. This chapter is converging to researcher's opinion related to school factors that

lead to truancy.

11
 Based on dropout research learner by the Ministry of Education Malaysia (2010),

dropout factor that leads truancy is in terms of students' socio-economic and their

families. It is because of economics family that causes the poor students to feel shy.

Family's problems can lead to truancy because student feels like he or she has no one to

share problems with. In the Program Model Penalty System that has been issued by the

Department Technical Education, the factors of came late to school and truancy are

because of student's attitude, family, and other factors. According to research from

Discipline Unit of school Ministry of Education (2012), truancy is caused by various

factors such as student's attitude, family and school.

2.2 CONCEPT RELATED TOWARDS TRUANCY

Truancy is categorized into several parts according to Mohamed Noor (2011),

truancy of someday, truancy of all day long, truancy of season tickets, truancy from learn

and mental truancy. This means that truancy happens according to the purpose of the

students, whether they want to follow others or to fulfill their own.

According to research that has been executed by National of Educational Research

in England and Wales, male students have the higher frequency of doing discipline cases

rather than female students (Smith, 2013). Result obtained from this research is parallel to

the results obtained by Kratchoski (2010), where he found that discipline cases among

male students are higher than female students. In the meantime, Ivan (2013) also found

the rates of discipline cases occur among male students are higher than female students in

the same school.

 It has been supported by Hirsch (2013), male students hate the school more

compared to the female students and they more commit problem in violation of discipline

compared to the female students. Other than that, Mussen (2009), says that male students

more prone to free themselves from their parent's control. While female students assume

controls by parents are fair and right. In school, male students assume teachers control

makes them feel confined want to escape from discipline. This is different with female

students who griping that controls by the teacher at school are necessary.

Mostly the factor can influence the habit of the student in truancy is from the

family background, financial management, lack of self-awareness, lack of encouragement

and the lifestyle. All of this factor can be the main point whether it is effective towards

their skipping habits or not. The skipping and inconsistent of attendance can affect

towards the performance of people whether it is the performance of physical and health,

the performance of function body system and the performance of cognitive thinking

skills. Skipping classes also might effect to our unhealthy lifestyle and may cause some

other negatives effect such as being a thief and bullying among them (Walton, 2013).

2.3. THEORIES RELATED TO TRUANCY

Based on the theories of Glasser (1998), the rule of Choice Theory is an inward

control brain research; it clarifies why and how people settle on the decisions that decide

the course of their lives. Decision Theory also underscores that an individual has a

decision in deciding individual conduct and along these lines ought to be in charge of the

decisions he or she makes. Glasser (1965) expressed that human issues emerge from the
unfulfilled fundamental needs. All human conduct is guided by these fundamental needs.

Singular essential needs incorporate both physiological and mental viewpoints. Glasser

(1998) contends that Choice Theory clarifies in detail how all bliss and agony is gotten

from our endeavors to satisfy the five essential needs incorporated with our qualities.

These requirements are love and having a place, control, fun, opportunity, and survival.

All conduct that undertaking yet comes up short, to fulfill at least one of these necessities

is agonizing.

Other than that, in the view of the theory of Glasser (2003) characterizes outer

control brain research as dangerous; it can disclose a relationship since it comminutes

individual opportunity. The outer world control trusts that a man who is fouling up ought

to be rebuffed so that the individual will make the best choice consistently and be

satisfied. Glasser (2003) said that a man who is experiencing issues coexisting with

another is thought to be an outside control individual. Glasser utilized the expression

"outside control" since it is simply the direct inverse control. Individuals under outside

control are continually attempting to transform others as opposed to evolving themselves.

James and Gilliland (2003, p. 210) keep up that the three premises innate in outer control

brain science are the endeavor to control other individuals, the staggering confirmation

that outside control slaughters connections and the faith in the possibility that "I realize

what's ideal for other individuals."

According to Glasser (2003), external control psychology conduct on the premise

of many of the world's prevalent beliefs in and the usage of external controlling strategies

such as criticizing, blaming, complaining, nagging, threatening, punishing and rewarding

to control. Glasser has replaced external control psychology with internal control
psychology, using the following seven connecting habits: caring, trusting, listening,

supporting, negotiating, befriending and encouraging.

This research expects to dissect the reasons why understudies play hooky utilizing

the Choice Theory. The extent of the examination is to investigate the mental parts of

outer control and inside control brain research. Scientists have likewise analyzed parts of

the five fundamental needs (love and having a place, control, fun, opportunity, and

survival) as they relate to truant understudies. This investigation breaks down why the

specific conduct of truancy exists among members by taking a gander at the parts of

acting, considering, feeling, and physiology.

Choice Theory is selected as the framework for this study because this theory

seems more suitable in the context of Asia. As indicated by Wubbolding (2000, p. 201),

in view of human instinct itself, Choice Theory clarifies all human conduct. It is in this

way not culture particular. Every single person has five internal inspirations

notwithstanding an inward universe of particular wishes, center convictions, and mental

pictures of what is imperative. They pick practices and look for recognitions or instructive

contribution from the world. The hypothesis would thus be able to be connected

individuals of all societies.

This opinion is strengthened by an examination directed by Ahmad Jazimin

(2008) on the utilization of Reality Therapy among advocates in Malaysia. The outcomes

demonstrated that Reality Therapy was identified with the social and religious practices in

Malaysia which underline the person's obligation in basic leadership. Despite the fact that

there are circumstances inside Malaysian culture that underscore consistency to the
family, which is a test to the utilization of this hypothesis, the greater part of the

investigation members concurred that they can apply Reality Therapy to deal with

different issues of their customers. The consequences of the report demonstrated the

examination members among advocate reacted decidedly subsequent to applying Reality

Therapy in a guiding session. The examination member likewise found that Reality

Therapy is anything but difficult to be connected, advantageous, straightforward, and

spares time, particularly in the school setting.

2.4 PREVIOUS STUDY RELATED TO TRUANCY

Truancy among school students is getting worried by the citizens of educators and

society because schools, whether the school in the countryside or in a city is still dealing

with it. Based on the report of a part of the school, the Ministry of Education Malaysia

(1996) has shown the high volume of cases and is getting a rise. In SMK Kapar Indah,

truancy marked the highest cases rather than other cases.

Truancy has been an all-inclusive uncertain instructive issue in nations that made

tutoring a necessary routine for youngsters matured seven years and more established.

The goal of this investigation is to recognize the contributory elements of truancy and the

connection between being the variables among optional school understudies. The

example included 472 truants from Malaysia who have been routinely missing from

school for 10 days to over 40 days for each year. Results exhibited that instructor's

identity, understudies' states of mind toward school, a situation in school; school

organization, educators' instructing, and a domain outside of school, associates, and

family is critical contributory components of truancy. Critical positive relationships

between's every one of the components causing truancy was found. Connection between's

instructors' instructing and educators' identity was the most astounding while the least

relationship was uncovered between school organization and family.

The essential point of this examination was to research how understudies'

observations of associations with peers at school and instructors' classroom

administration are related with school refusal-related reasons and truancy-related

explanations behind school nonattendance.

The researchers have included controls for passionate dependability and important

parental factors. An understudy self-report survey was actualized, and understudies were

enrolled from 45 schools in seven regions in Norway. The overview was led toward the

finish of the fall term in 2012, with a sum of 5,465 understudies from the 6th–10th grades

taking part. The specimen of understudies was inspected to acquire a subsample

comprising of those understudies who detailed that they had been truant from school

eventually amid the previous 3 months (N = 3,629). Multivariate affiliations were

examined in this subsample using basic condition demonstrating. The discoveries of this

examination recommend that poor associations with peers at school could be a vital

hazard figure for school refusal and could be direct hazards calculate for truancy.

Besides, as indicated by these outcomes, instructors' classroom administration

could assume a part in school refusal in a roundabout way by anticipating tormenting and

social prohibition by peers. At long last, an immediate relationship of instructors'

classroom administration with school refusal-related and truancy-related reasons was

found among secondary school understudies, proposing that apparent poor help from

educators could build the danger of school refusal and truancy among these understudies.

The present examination underscores the significance of endeavors to avert tormenting as

a measure to diminish school refusal. At long last, the discoveries suggest that the part of

school elements should dependably be considered regarding unexcused school non-

participation.

Hallfors, Vevea, Iritani, Cho, Khatapous and Saxe (2002) recognized truancy, low

scholastic accomplishment, and sex as the key variables that caused liquor, medication

and cigarette use among understudies in grades 7-12. Specifically, truant understudies

were likewise found to tend to mishandle drugs.

An examination completed by Baker, Sigmon, and Nugent (2001) indicated three

components connected to truancy: school, family and group and the understudy's own

conduct. The school figure was related to an insufficient school participation approach, a

perilous school setting and a school air unconducive to learning. The family and group

figure included companion weight to play truant, a family unsupportive of instruction,

family weight, for example, monetary and medical issues, manhandle, and risky

conditions close to the house or school. The researcher additionally demonstrated that the

understudy's character and conduct impact truancy in school.

The conduct considers incorporated a low-accomplishing scholastic foundation,

low self-esteem, an awful state of mind, past doping infraction and extract utilize. Dough

Puncher et al. (2001) additionally found that truancy or unapproved truancy were firmly

identified with misconduct action among youth and can prompt negative conduct among
adulthood. There is likewise a relationship between truant understudies and other future

issues, for example, married issues, business issues, and inclusion in wrong doing.

Rohani (2007) revealed the reasons for truancy were the absence of control,

supervision and guardians' consideration on their youngsters. In this investigation, the

father admitted in his meeting that he was so occupied in his business that he didn't have

sufficient energy to go through with his kids at home. This condition made two of his five

kids play truant, and both were captured as speculated quite addicts. The two youngsters

played truant to abstain from being fined for not finishing their homework and in light of

the fact that they worked low maintenance as a caddy in the fairway, a worker on a

development site, and a sales representative in a market to help their way of life. They

were missing from school since they were excessively drained from working.

According to Azizi et al. (2007), the reason for truancy was the change of nature

around the school, which shifted because of the urbanization procedure, however, could

incorporate computer game arcades, cybercafés, a strip mall close to the school. Different

causes incorporate the impact of electronic media, an absence of affection and observing

from guardians, peer impact and strict school setting.

Studies led by Nik Jaafar, Tuti, Mohammad, Wan Salwina, Fairuz Nazri, Kamal,

Prakash, and Shah (2013), Sälzer, Trautwein, Lüdtke, and Stamm (2012), Darmody,

Smyth, and McCoy (2008), Ek and Eriksson (2013), McIntyre-Bhatty (2008), and

Attwood and Croll (2015) depicted the brain research of understudy truancy. These

investigations concentrated on reasons why understudies were truant and the variables

impacting their conduct.

 In the other hand, concentrates by Hudson and Ron (2004) distinguished the

impact of family ties, scholastic accomplishment and closeness with the associate

gathering that prompts reprobate conduct among youth. An examination completed on an

example of youngsters from different locales in Mississippi utilizing Choice Theory,

Sociological Theory (Sutherland and Cressey) and Social Control Theory (criminology -

Hirshi) demonstrated that the associate gathering was shown as the primary driver of the

issue of misconduct among the adolescent at 12%, trailed by family ties at 5%, with

scholarly accomplishment at just 1%. This examination demonstrated that the higher the

family ties score, the lower the reprobate conduct score. Moreover, with scholastic

accomplishment, the higher the scholarly score, the lower the reprobate conduct scores.

Other than that, according to Discipline Unit Part of the school Ministry of

Education Malaysia (2012), truancy marked the highest cases among school students

from 2008-2012.If truancy is getting a rise, it will give negative effects to students,

families, and school itself. Students who always involved in truancy will be left in their

studies and may involve in other negative activities.

It was accepted based on the research that has been conducted before by Rafiah

Ismail (2013) was mention the school factor that causes students to violate school

discipline is too strict discipline teachers in the implementation of discipline and

excessive in sentencing on the student without noticing and investigating the cause of

student misconduct. Discipline enforcement in school should be carried out strictly to

keep the school environment but do not have to overdo it. If this happens the students will

feel depressed and began to rebel and to violate any rules provided by the school. A

truancy case is getting increased because of this problem. The research was supported by
Olive Banks (2013), student uprising as truancy and driven out of the classroom by the

teacher when students against the rules provided by the school. Truancy will lead to drug

addicted, vandalism, theft and so on.

This clearly shows that the involvement of students, especially the gangsters,

fighting and engage in a variety of misconduct which is bad outside school is worrying. It

is shown that disciplinary cases among students already reach to an alarming level. Many

cases of discipline are known but the appropriate action is not taken because of certain

reasons. One of the reasons is because there are many procedures to be performed when a

discipline problem in a particular cases become a police case. Then school authorities

assume more secure if they take attitude silence according to acts and regulations

prescribe channels. Action taken by school authorities is not only contrary to the

educational goals and regulations but could be considered as encouraging the school

students to do discipline problems.

According to Professor Madya Dr. Amla. Mohd. Salleh (Utusan Malaysia, 10

January 2010) from a faculty of education National University Malaysia states that the

schools in town confront problems of the class seriously until it affected student's

performance. According to him, a large number of students in a classroom for example 50

students can affect the learning process. If the thing is to happen, teachers cannot

recognize their students well thus lead the students to feel bored in class. Besides, truancy

cases will increase too.

2.5 Factors that influence truancy and the means factors which influence

truancy among the students.

Truancy is a complex phenomenon, affected by the interplay of multiple

determinants at individual, family, school, and community levels. Prior research on

demographics by (Henry 2007) also suggested that race/ethnicity was strongly associated

with truancy among youth in middle and high schools Considerable evidence also

showed that student demographics including male, races, family low-income status, and

disabilities differentiated school absence patterns (Maynard et al. 2012; Schoeneberger

2012) may influenced the truancy among the students.

Based on the research that has been done, there were consisting of six factors that

influence student’s behaviors in daily life which bring them to do the negative behavior

like truancy. The most famous cases which are involving the truancy are based on their

attracted with their other negative students or can be mention as peer influence. The

peers influence was shows the highest means which is 3.70 and also 19% of the

respondent also agreed which are peers are the most factors that can be seen clearly Peer

influences also play a strong role in influencing other students to skip school. Their

peers' encouragement for truancy will affect the minds of students who do not think

rationally. They will follow every invitation and invitation of their friends without a long

thought. Friends who intend to skip school will provide a variety of reasonable reasons

such as schooling is very boring and so on. They have the impression that school truancy

can calm down and this is the reason for them not attending school.
 The next factor that will cause organism is the school factor. Based on the

research that has been done, school surrounding were shows the second highest mean

which is 3.32 and almost 17% students mention that school is also the factor of truancy.

The school is a place to learn knowledge and it is the second home to students because

this is because students spend most of the time in the school. Leadership in the school is

very important, this will affect the administrative structure

For example if a less experienced principal in administering this school will cause

school travel structure to be smooth. The teacher's approach is also very important in the

school. The quality of a teacher will cause the knowledge that a student can learn. If a

teacher does not have the experience in teaching style of the teacher will influence the

student's decision in that class. When there are many less experienced teachers, students

will feel bored and do not understand what they are taught by then the student will not

go to school.

Other than that, Parents can be the most important factor where it is can take a

part of giving a big impact towards their children academic performance. Parents on this

research were shows the means of 3.10. Increased parent involvement significantly

related to increased quality of the student-teacher relationship (Topor, Keane, Shelton &

Calkins, 2010).

Besides that, parents encourage their children to give any contribution to any field

that they like because they know it also can help their children in order to increase the

academic achievement (Saleem & Ali Khan, 2013). The students will keep focusing on

the studies when their parents always keep concern about the children academic
achievement. From that matter, the student also feels that they fully care and responsible

by their parents that's can increase their spiritual in the studies to become better.

Furthermore, parental involvement about the needs and requirements of their

children will help them to assist their children in achieving they're successful in

academic (Kadondi, 2014). The need of the study is enough to the students such as

academic tools and books will help them increase the achievement in academic and test

scores. This shows that the requirements of the study will help and influence them to

succeed in the studies.

Lastly, the academic activities and performance might have the positive impact

causes from the consultation between the parents and their teachers (Saleem & Ali Khan,

2013). When their parents are always kept in touch with the teachers to discuss their

children achievement in academic, it will help the parents to figure out the ways to

increase their children academic achievement by any initiative such as send them to the

extra class and tuition.

One of the factors is the family socioeconomic which is can support anything that

related to education such as books payment, payment for extra class and tuition, learning

stuff and so on. Paying the fees of any facilitation on time may lead the absenteeism of

students from school also can affect towards their academic performance (Kadondi,

2014).

Besides that, there have two types of status which are a girl who comes from a

better financial and socio-economic group that get a good achievement in education

rather than a girl from a poor and lower socio-economic group ( Rothman's, 2003).
 Students of a lower socioeconomic status often face additional challenges including a

dearth of learning resources, difficult learning conditions and poor motivation that

negatively affect their academic performance. This problem sometimes happens to the

students because the barrier for them to succeed in the study is the socioeconomic

problem that makes them was not able to buy academic stuff and tools.

While it is different, from the students that comes from wealth and rich

background family because they can afford all the things that can improve their

academic performance. The children who have higher financial status is getting a better

result in their academic rather than who having low financial status because their parents

have provided every facility for their children including children education and health

which can affect towards their academic performance (Ahmar & Anwar, 2013).

2.6 Conclusion

Based on theories and article that related to truancy among school students, there

are a few factors that affect an individual in their actions. School factor is one of the

factors that lead to discipline cases among school students especially truancy. Schools do

not provide good utilities such as nice and tidy classrooms. Teacher's attitude who is not

concerned about their students can lead to truancy. Besides, school is far from students'

house so that they will feel lazy to attend school.

 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter will be explained and describe the framework that was created in

order to help the researcher to recognize and identify the data obtained. Data obtained

from this research are important to compare with the correct result.

Analysis and presentation of data is a problem which should be the main concern

to get the correct results. Therefore in this chapter, there will be the discussion on

matters that include design, sample and population studies, research instruments, data

analysis, pilot study, procedures, limitations and constraints of work.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

The method used for this research was the non-experimental research design and

quantitative approach which was the most used survey research by the previous

researcher to find views, opinions, and information about the research problems and

research questions .Other than that the Survey research is a research methods used in

accumulating data directly from the group through subject (Chua,2012) Therefore, the

researcher distributed a set of the questionnaire as a tool to find the solution for the

research questions. The purpose of this study was to explain the causes that affect the

truancy cases in SMK Kapar Indah.

27
3.3 RESEARCH SAMPLE

According to Krejeie RV and Morgan DW (1970), the sample can indicate the

size of the population. The target population in this research was based on the

purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling was selected by the researcher due

to the limited time and resources. By using purposive sampling, the researcher

randomly selected a sample where all the subjects possess the characteristics of the

research population. Apart from that, the researcher chose the simple random

sampling procedure, where the subjects have equal chances of being selected as a

respondent. The selected subjects were Form4 students from SMK Kapar Indah,

Klang.

This part of a study was a measure designed to SMK Kapar Indah. The study

population consisted of form 4 students at the school. A total of 50 students from form

4 have been selected for this study. The 50 samples were chosen based on Krejeie RV

and Morgan DW with the total number of 60 students. Other residents and sample are

not considered in this study because it is a research for SMK Kapar Indah only.

3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The instrument used in this research was a set of questionnaire. (Godwin V

Ong’anya & Dr Harry O. Ododa,2009) has said that the questionnaire were called

differently, including surveys, tables, indexes/indicator, profiles, studies, battery,

tests, checklist, scales, inventories, forms, among others.

 According to Brown (2001), any instrument in writing that the respondent was

present with several question or statements that they were to respond either by writing

out their answers or choose among existing answers. The set of questionnaire was

used to gain data from this study about the background of the student, the student’s

attitude, the situation of the school and the teacher who leads truancy cases at SMK

Kapar Indah. The questionnaire consisted of two parts which are A and B.

Questionnaire Part A is a question that relates to the background of the

respondents including question-related to gender, the PT3 (Form 3 Assessment)

result, the nation, and school. While part B is consist of question that related to factors

such as self-factor of truancy, school situation, teacher’s attitudes, the families, the

electronic media and peers in influencing student truancy.

3.5 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Before conducting a study, firstly I send a letter request from UiTM Puncak Alam

for permission to study at SMK Kapar Indah. Then the next step is, by getting

permission from the school principal to facilitate the implementation of this study. A

study will be conducted at SMK Kapar Indah on 10 respondents from Form 4 students

who are involved in truancy cases. This study is conducted to ensure that the

questions posted on the questionnaire understandable and not misleading and

reliability can be tested.

After obtaining approval for the set of questionnaire, the researcher distributed the

questionnaire to the selected Form 4 students. The questionnaire was attached with a

letter that explained the purpose of the study. However, the researcher briefed the
subjects about the questionnaire before distributing them to make sure that the

subjects understood the instructions and questions provided in the questionnaire. The

researcher was also open to any questions asked by the subjects. In addition, the

subjects have informed the importance of completing the questionnaire and the

confidentiality of their responses. The researcher then collected the questionnaire

after the subjects completed it.

Distribute questionnaire to form 4 students

35 Male

15 Female

Respondents

Questionnaire contains 2 sections:

Section A) Demographic survey

Section B) Factor influence truancy

Respondents answer the question at the

classroom

Questionnaire collects from the

respondents

Table1 Data collection procedures

3.6 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS

3.6.1 Mean/ Standard Deviation

This research study was analyzed and interpreted to the form of data by

using descriptive analysis. The independent variable was the form 4 students,

while the dependent variable or the outcomes of the study were the factors that

influence truancy. According Singh, Puzziawati & Teoh (2009), standard

deviation is to calculate the average distance spread of each score from the mean.

Other than that are the one sample T-Test and also one way anova.

This section uses a Likert scale where respondents only have to mark the

appropriate answer by marking in the box numbered upon 1-5 representing the

statement strongly disagree, disagree, unsure, agree and strongly agree. Only one

answer is allowed for each item.

According to Best and Kahn (1998), the range scale of 5(five) points to

3(three) points is to facilitate the analytical data. Researchers classify respondents

answer from five to three as shown in Table 2 below. The researcher can explain

the findings by using 3 points in the form of frequency, percentage and mean.

Scale Five Points Scale Scale Three Points

Strongly Agree (SA) Disagree

Disagree(DA) 1 and 2 (Negative)

Not sure (NA) 3 (Neutral)

Agree (A) Agree

Strongly Agree (SA) 4 and 5 (Positive)

 Table 2: Likert Scale in Research

Scoring levels are divided into three categories, namely low level, medium level

and high level. The distribution of scores for each level is shown in Table 3.

Level Marks

Low 1.00 until 2.33

Medium 2.34 until 3.67

High 3.68 until 5.00

Table 3: Marking Score and Level

Data are obtained from the questionnaires that have been answered and collected

from minimum 30 students. This data will then be analyzed by using the Statistical

Package for The Social Science (SPSS) Statistics 21. Through this analysis, the

researcher obtained results in the form of frequency, percentage and mean.

The mean value is obtained through analysis of the data. It will determine the

positive or negative aspects of things. According to Mohd Najib (2010), the mean is

calculated based on the mean value of 3, thus it indicates negative and the mean value

is greater than 3 is positive. This means the score of 3:00 is used as a cross point

where the mean values<3.00 were classified as respondents do not agree on truancy

factor, while the mean values>3.00 are classified as respondents agreed.

Once the data is processed, the conclusions made either by teachers, the school

environment and attitudes affect students or not in the case of truancy.

3.7 PILOT STUDY

A pilot study was conducted to study questions prior to test comprehension

questions. According to Mohammad Najib (2000), prior to the actual study, a pilot

study should be carried out by using a sample which has characteristics similar to the

population to be tested.

The questionnaire developed by researcher need to be tested to maintain the

quality and to achieve the objectives of the investigation. The reliability of an

instrument can be identified by using various methods such as Alpha Cronbach.

Wiersma (1995) states that the pilot study was conducted to test the item in terms of

language and to get a good degree of confidence which is 0.6 and above.

For that, the study a pilot study on 8/4/2017.I took a sample of 10 students and

reliability of the questionnaire was involved in truancy from SMK Kapar Indah, to

answer the question. After conducting pilot study, the analysis shows that this

instrument can be used for the actual study.

Table 4: Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

.637 10
 Table 5: Item-Total Statistics

Scale Mean if Scale Variance if Item Corrected Item- Cronbach's Alpha if

Item Deleted Deleted Total Correlation Item Deleted

E1 27.08 11.463 .283 .617

E3 26.96 11.509 .178 .646

E2 27.08 13.014 .461 .670

E4 25.82 11.498 .324 .609

E5 26.14 11.102 .314 .610

E7 26.24 11.329 .383 .598

E9 26.24 11.574 .279 .617

E6 26.28 10.124 .524 .560

E8 26.38 10.200 .565 .554

E10 26.38 11.342 .256 .624

SPSS output in figure shows that the overall internal consistency value of

Cronbach’s Alpha among the items is a high 0.637 for the 10 items in the factors of

truancy.

SPSS output in figure show the reliability analysis for the factor of truancy in

school. The values in the column “Corrected Item-Total Correlation” indicate the

correlation between each item and the total score of the construct (factors of truancy). If

an item is reliable, we will expect all items to be correlated with the total.

The value in the “Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted” indicates the overall alpha

value if that item is not included in the computation.

 The smallest correlation is .178, which occurs between the score on E2 and the

sum of the score items E1, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E9, and E10. Researcher can say that

the relationship between item E2 and the other items is not very strong.

From item-total statistic (figure shows that if E2 is deleted from the construct, the

internal consistency will improve substantially from 0.637 to 0.670. in view of this,

researcher either drop the item completely or modify the items by examining its validit y.

3.8 CONCLUSION

In this chapter, researchers have concluded that there are several measures used in

this research. Procedures that have been designed in chapter 3 are to facilitate the study

and thus be able to provide guidance and instructions to prepare researchers in this study

from beginning until end of the investigation.

 CHAPTER 4

FINDINGS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter was analyzed the findings of the data that collected from from SMK

Kapar Indah. The data is analyzed by using Statistical Packages for Social Science

(SPSS) and presented in table forms.

This research aims to answer the following objectives:

1. To identify the main factors that influence truancy.

2. To examine the mean of each factors involved in truancy.

3. To compare between gender and races for the factors that influencing truancy.

The result of the questionnaire is discussed in two parts which are Part A and B.

Part A describes the demographic data of the respondents. The demographic data is

presented by using frequency distribution and percentage for seven presented items.

On the other hand, in Part B, the level of the measurements percentage and mean is

used to show the findings of each item. The findings of Part B describe the factors of

truancy among Form 4 students of SMK Kapar Indah. The data of the research is

collected by distributing 50 sets of questionnaires to Form 4 students in the school.

37
 4.1 ANALYSIS OF PART A

4.1.1 Respondents’ profile based on gender

The data for Part A reveals the background or profile of the respondents. There

are 7 presented items in this part which are gender, Gender, and distance to school,

PT3 result, estimated truancy rates in a month and estimated truancy rates in a year.

The items in this part present questions on the respondents’ profiles.

Table 5: Gender

Frequency Percent

Male 35 70.0

Female 15 30.0

Total 50 100.0

Table 5 presents respondents’ profile based on gender. The highest percentage of

gender is male which (n=35, 70%). On the other hand, the percentage of female is (n=15,

30%). Based on the percentage, the percentage of male is higher compared to female.

4.1.2. Respondent profile based on race

Table 6 represents respondent’s demographic data on race. In term of the race, most of

the respondents was Indian which is 56% (n=19) which were average of Malay is 38%

(n=19) and for Chinese is 6% (n=3).

 Frequency Percent

Malay 19 38.0

Indian 28 56.0

Chinese 3 6.0

Total 50 100.0

Table 6: Race of Respondent

4.1.3 Mode of Transportation

Table 7 represents respondent’s demographic data on transportation. In term of the

transportation, most of the respondents transportation was by motorcycle which is 38%

(n=19) which were average of public transport is 34% (n=17) while sending by parents is

22% (n=11) and for walking is 6% (n=3).

Frequency Percent

Parents 11 22.0

Public 17 34.0

Transport

Motorcycle 19 38.0

Walk 3 6.0

Total 50 100.0

Table 7: Mode of respondent’s transportation

 4.2 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS OF PART B

In this part, the analyzed data from the study is explained in tables. The presented

analysis by the researcher will answer the research questions. Therefore, the

researcher has collected 45 items to answer 6 research questions. The research

questions are students’ attitude, school surroundings, teachers’ influence, parents’

influence, media electronic factor and peers’ influence that lead to truancy among

Form 4 students of SMK Kapar Indah .Next, and Table 2 presents the investigated

research questions. For each research question, several items are presented.

4.2.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1 : To Identify the main factors that influence

truancy

Factor of truancy Percentage Mean

Peers 19% 3.70

17% 3.32
School surroundings

Students’ attitude 17% 3.25

Parents 16% 3.10

Media Electronics 16% 3.07

Teachers 15% 3.03

Table 8: Factors and Mean of the Truancy Factor

Based on the table above, the main factors that influence truancy among the

students is from the peers. Based on the result, it shows that 19% of the respondent
were said that the truancy among the school students happen because of their friends

itself. Skipping students are those who have a stand weak. The weakness of a person's

stand will cause someone to be easily influenced by others. At this age, students in the

process want to find their identity then they are happy to try something new without a

long thought. The positive and negative behavior of many students influenced by

peers.

Therefore the appropriate peer selection will improve the student's performance in

the lesson. It is also important to improve the quality of the learning achievement. So

students should be wise to find out who the friends should be friends when they are in

school because good friends will always be on our side regardless of circumstances.

with that Also the truancy of the school will be reduced.

Other than that the table also shows the highest mean value is 3.70 which is peers’

influence and followed by school surroundings with 3.32 and students’ attitude with

3.25. On the other hand, the lowest mean is 3.03 which is teachers’ influence. Based

on the mean value, the researcher concludes that peers’ influence is the dominant

factor that leads to truancy among students in school. This is because, most students

believe in their peers more than their own parents. They feel their peers are willing to

share all problems with them compared to their parents that are busy to get rich. When

the students are friends with the problematic students, they eventually get involved in

every acts done by the problematic friend.

Besides that, the school surrounding also leads to truancy among students.

Therefore, schools are encouraged to seek for effective solutions to tackle this

problem. The suggested actions are enforcing strict rules and conducting more

activities for the students to participate. Furthermore, the students’ attitude itself plays
a role in improving the issue of truancy. Students in this school do not have any goals

to study and be successful in life. They only study for the sake of getting school

leaving certificate and they feel that working is better than studying. They prefer

working because they get paid when they work and they get to buy anything that they

desire with the money.

The factor of truancy is not important but the most vital matter is the ways to

solve the issue. If this issue is prolonged, more students will end up skipping schools.

Parents must give full cooperation with the schools to overcome this phonemon.

Parents should not pass full responsibility to educate and take care of their children

but they must play a role in guarding their children outside of school. If parents do not

play any role in this matter, their children become uncontrollable and free to roam

outside of schools.
4.2.2 RESEARCH QUESTION 2: To Examine the Mean of each Factor Involved

in Truancy

Factors Involved in Truancy Average Mean

1 Students’ Attitude 3.25

2 School Surroundings 3.32

3 Teachers’s Attitude 3.03

4 Parents 3.10

5 Media Electronics 3.07

6 Peers 3.70

Table 9 : Average Mean

Table 9 shows the average mean of the factors involed in truancy among the school

students. The highest means of the factors is from the peers which is made from 3.70 and

for the lowest means of the factor is the teachers’ attitude towards the students and also

towards the teaching and learning process.

4.2.2.1 Does student’s attitude lead to truancy among students?

This question is to identify related factor that leads to truancy among students. 10

items are included in the questionnaire and the findings is showed in Table 2. The total

mean of each item and overall mean is used to answer the first research question of this

study.
 Table 9 : Distribution of Respondents based on percentage, mean and standard

deviation for truancy from student’s attitude.

1 2 3 4 5
Item Statement % % % % % Mean SD
STS TS TP S SS
1 My parents force me to go to school 16.0 52.0 12.0 18.0 2.0 2.38 1.03
2 I go to school for the sake of getting 18.0 8.0 0 60.0 14.0 3.44 1.34
School Leaving Certificate
3 I prefer working than studying 18.0 16.0 8.0 32.0 26.0 3.32 1.48
4 I feel education is not important for me 30.0 12.0 24.0 34.0 0 2.62 1.24
5 I feel bored learning certain subjects 10.0 20.0 0.0 42.0 28.0 3.58 1.36
6 I am always tired in class 18.0 16.0 0 44.0 22.0 3.36 1.45
7 I am very active in sports 16.0 50.0 0 16.0 18.0 2.70 1.40
8 I always study until midnight 34.0 32.0 0.0 24.0 10.0 2.44 1.43
9 I enjoy being at the cyber cafe 2.0 2.0 2.0 74.0 20.0 4.08 0.69
10 I prefer doing other activities rather than 0.0 6.0 0.0 22.0 72.0 4.60 0.78
studying
Average 3.25 1.22

Table 9 shows the respondents’ analysis based on percentage, standard deviation

and mean for truancy from students’ attitude. The statement “I prefer doing other

activities rather than studying” has the highest mean which is 4.60 and standard deviation

of 0.78. 6% chooses disagree, 22%, chooses agree and 72% chooses strongly agree.

Meanwhile, the statement “I enjoy being at being at the cyber cafe” has the second

highest mean with the mean value of 4.08 and standard deviation of 0.69. Then, the item

“I feel bored learning certain subjects” has the third highest mean with 3.58 of mean and

standard deviation of 1.36. The average mean is 3.25 and this shows the influence of

students’ attitude is average.

4.2.2.2 Does the school surrounding lead to truancy among students?

This research question is to identify the related factor that leads to truancy among

students. 5 items are included in the questionnaire and the result is presented in Table 10.

The total mean for each item and the overall mean is used to answer the third research

question of the study.

Table 10 : Distribution of Respondents based on percentage, mean, standard deviation

for truancy from school surrounding.

1 2 3 4 5
Item Statement % % % % % Mean SD
STS TS TP S SS
1 I am comfortable with the 2.0 38.0 0 30.0 30.0 3.48 1.33
arrangement of furniture in the
class
2 I feel there are too many 36.0 26.0 0.0 36.0 2.0 2.42 1.36
students in my class
3 I enjoy the ambience in the class 30.0 28.0 2.0 38.0 2.0 3.54 1.33
4 The rules of my school are too 2.0 36.0 0.0 32.0 30.0 3.52 1.31
strict
5 The school prepares adequate 0.0 30.0 2.0 42.0 26.0 3.64 1.17
facilities for students’ use
Average 3.32 1.30

4.2.2.3 Does teacher’s attitude leads to truancy among students?

This research question is to identify the related factor that leads to truancy among

students. 9 items are presented in the questionnaire and the result is showed in Table 4.
The total mean of each item and overall mean is used to answer the fourth research

question of the study.

Table 11: Distribution of Respondents based on percentage, mean and standard

deviation for truancy from teacher’s influence.

4
1 2 3 5

Item Statement % % % % % Mean SD

STS TS TP S SS

1 I think my teacher is boring 34.0 4.0 20.0 6.0 36.0 3.06 72

2 My teacher conducts various exciting 2.0 38.0 20.0 6.0 34.0 3.32 1.35
activities during Teaching and Learning
process
3 My teacher neglects my activities in the 34.0 26.0 2.0 36.0 2.0 2.46 1.34
class
4 My teacher punishes me whenever I 36.0 6.0 14.0 12.0 32.0 2.98 1.72
commit mistakes
5 Teacher gives too many homework 4.0 60.0 0.0 6.0 30.0 2.98 1.44
6 My teacher is always punctual 2.0 36.0 0.0 30.0 32.0 3.54 1.33
7 Teacher’s teaching style is not effective 6.0 32.0 6.0 56.0 0.0 3.12 1.06
as I expected
8 I have a good relationship with my 2.0 54.0 0.0 10.0 34.0 3.20 1.44
teachers
9 My teacher is always searching for my 32.0 16.0 14.0 36.0 2.0 2.60 1.32
fault
Average 3.03 1.41

Table 11 shows the distribution of teachers’ influence that leads to truancy. Based

on the table, the statement “My teacher is always punctual” shows the highest mean with

the value 3.32 and standard deviation of 1.35. Next, the statement “My teacher conducts

various exciting activities during Teaching and Learning process” has the second highest
mean value which is 3.32 and standard deviation of 1.35. Then, “I have a good

relationship with my teachers” records the third highest value with the mean of 3.20 and

standard deviation of 1.44. The average mean value is 3.03 while the standard deviation is

1.41. Thus, the factor of teachers’ influence is average.

4.2.2.4 Does parents lead to truancy among students?

This research question is to identify the related factor that leads to truancy among

students. Seven items are included in the questionnaire and the data is presented in Table

5. The total mean of each item and overall mean is used to answer the fifth research

question of the study.

Table 12 : Distribution of Respondents based on percentage, mean, standard

deviation for truancy from parents’ influence.

1 2 3 4 5
Item Statement % % % % % Mean SD
STS TS TP S SS

1 My parents are always busy and rarely 32.0 4.0 0.0 40.0 24.0 3.20 1.64
at home
My parents are never angry at me when 32.0 4.0 2.0 26.0 36.0 3.30 1.73
2
I come home late because of hanging
out with friends
3 My parents always argue at home 6.0 30.0 2.0 58.0 4.0 3.24 1.12
4 My parents are clueless about my 34.0 2.0 0.0 58.0 6.0 3.00 1.49
education
5 My parents always encourage me to 36.0 38.0 0.0 2.0. 34.0 2.70 1.75
study
6 My parents always give me pocket 36.0 2.0 0.0 32.0 30.0 3.18 1.73
money
7 My parents prepare internet facility, 18.0 38.0 0.0 6.0 38.0 3.08 1.65
video games and other sources of
entertainment at home for me
Average 3.10 1.59

Table 12 shows the distribution of respondents based on percentage, mean and

standard deviation for truancy from parents’ influence. The statement “My parents are

never angry at me when I come home late because hanging out with friends” records the

highest mean with the value 3.30 and standard deviation of 1.73. Next, “My parents

always argue at home” has the second highest mean with the value of 3.24 and standard

deviation of 1.12. Meanwhile, the statement “My parents are always busy and rarely at

home” has the third highest mean with mean value of 3.20 and standard deviation of 1.64.

Next, the statement “My parents always encourage me to study” has the lowest mean with

the value of 2.70 and standard deviation of 1.75. The total mean is 3.10 and standard

deviation is 1.59. This shows that the level of parents’ influence is average.

4.2.2.5 Does Media Electronic lead to truancy among students?

This research question is to identify the related factor that leads to truancy among

students. 6 items are included in the questionnaire and the result is presented in Table 6.

The total mean of each item and the overall mean is used to answer the third research

question of the study.

Table 13 : Distribution of Respondents based on percentage, mean and standard

deviation for truancy from the factor of media electronics.

1 2 3 4 5
Item Statement % % % % % Mean SD
STS TS TP S SS
1 I always spend my time playing video 30.0 6.0 0.0 48.0 16.0 3.14 1.55
games
2 I spend at least three hours a day for social 34.0 2.0 14.0 50.0 0.0 2.80 1.37
media
3 I use personal laptop in my room 56.0 0.0 0.0 14.0 30.0 2.62 1.87
4 I always watching variety channel on 0.0 40.0 0.0 12.0 48.0 3.68 1.42
television
5 I like to watch Premier English League that 6.0 34.0 0.0 40.0 20.0 3.34 1.30
is broadcasted live in the middle of the
night
6 I always spend my time messaging or 34.0 6.0 4.0 54.0 2.0 2.84 1.43
talking on the phone with my friends until
midnight
Average 3.07 1.49

Table 13 shows the factor of truancy from the factor of media electronics. The

statement “I always watch various interesting shows on television” has the highest mean

with the value of 3.68 and standard deviation of 1.42. The second highest mean is the

statement “I like to watch Premier English League that is broadcasted live in the middle

of the night” records mean value of 3.34 and standard deviation of 1.30. Next, the

statement “I always spend my time playing video games” has the third highest value

which is 3.14 and standard deviation of 1.55. The overall average mean is 3.07 and

standard deviation is 1.49. Thus, the influence of media electronics is average.

4.2.2.6 Does peers’ influence leads to truancy among students?

This research question is to identify the related fator that leads to truancy among

students. 8 items are included in the questionnaire and the result is presented in Table 14.

The total mean of each item and the overall mean is used to answer the third research

question of the study.

Table 14 : Distribution of Frequency based on percentage, mean and standard

deviation for truancy from the factor of peers’ influence.

1 2 3 4 5
Item Statement % % % % % Mean SD
STS TS TP S SS

1 I prefer to express my problems to 6.0 2.0 2.0 80.0 10.0 3.86 0.86
my peers rather than my family
I prefer spending my time with my 0.0 18.0 0.0 64.0 18.0 3.82 0.94
2
friends
3 My friends always invite me out to 14.0 2.0 0.0 76.0 8.0 3.62 1.14
the shopping mall or cyber café
during school days
4 I have many friends at school 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 76.0 4.76 0.43
5 My friends always help me when I 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.0 40.0 4.40 0.49
have problems
6 I like to dress like my friends 8.0 6.0 0.0 68.0 18.0 3.82 1.06
7 My friends always encourage me 20.0 42.0 2.0 4.0 32.0 2.86 1.60
to study hard
8 I have followed my friends to skip 36.0 22.0 0.0 42.0 0.0 2.48 1.36
school before
Average 3.70 0.99
 Table 14 shows the factor of truancy from the factor of peers’ influence based on

percentage, mean and standard deviation. The statement “I have many friends at school”

has the highest mean which is 4.76 and standard deviation of 0.43. Then, the statement

“My friends always help me when I have problems” records the second highest mean

which is 4.40 and standard deviation of 0.49. “I prefer to express my problems to my

peers rather than my family” has the mean value of 3.86 and standard deviation 0.86.

Meanwhile, the statement “I have followed my friends to skip school before” records the

lowest mean which is 2.48 and standard deviation of 1.36. In average, the mean value is

3.70 and standard deviation is 0.99. Thus, the level of peers’ influence is high.
4.2.3 RESEARCH QUESTION 3: To Compare Between Gender and Races for

The Factors That Influencing Truancy.

In order to answer the third research question, the statistical test has been conducted.

Independent sample t-test was used to examine there is any significant difference between

truancy and gender among form 4 students of SMK Bukit Kapar, Klang Selangor.

Table 15: Independent Sample t-test result

t-test for Equality of Means

N Mean Std. t df Sig. (2-

Gender Deviation
tailed)

Male 35 2.5513 .41419 .319 .98 .750

Female 15 2.5767 .38183

The result indicate that there is no significance difference between male and

female students in truancy t (50) =0.319, p-value=0.750. Thus is, the average score to

compare of truancy among male students (M=2.5513, SD= .414) was not significantly

different from female students (M=2.5767, SD=0.414). The average score of male

students in truancy is slightly high than female students in SMK Kapar Indah, Klang

Selangor.

The table shows that the mean score for the Chinese was the lowest (1.00) and

Malay was the highest (1.47) among the three races.

 Race

N Mean Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval Minimu Maximum

Deviation for Mean m
Lower Upper Bound
Bound
Malay 19 1.47 .513 .118 1.23 1.72 1 2
Indian 28 1.21 .418 .079 1.05 1.38 1 2
Chinese 3 1.00 .000 .000 1.00 1.00 1 1
Total 50 1.30 .463 .065 1.17 1.43 1 2

Table 16: Descriptive

A one way anova revealed that there were significant difference in race for statistics

among the three groups, F (2, 47) = 2.608, p<.05

Race

Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares

Between 1.049 2 .524 2.608 .084

Groups

Within Groups 9.451 47 .201

Total 10.500 49

Table 17: ANOVA

Post Hoc Tests

Dependent Variable: Race

LSD

(I) Race (J) Race Mean Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Difference (I- Lower Bound Upper Bound
J)
Indian .259 .133 .058 -.01 .53
Malay
Chinese .474 .279 .096 -.09 1.03
Malay -.259 .133 .058 -.53 .01
Indian
Chinese .214 .272 .435 -.33 .76
Malay -.474 .279 .096 -1.03 .09
Chinese
Indian -.214 .272 .435 -.76 .33
Table 18: Dependent Variable

LSD comparison revealed that only one mean score was significantly different from

another. The Malay race had a significantly higher mean score (M=1.47) than the Indian

race (M=1.21) and the Chinese race (M=1.00). The Malay race received a significantly

higher score than the Indian and Chinese.

4.3 Conclusion

As a conclusion, the data collected is from the form 4 student of SMK Kapar Indah

Klang Selangor has been analysed by using thr Statistical Package for Social Science

(SPSS). Based on the result, the malay races shows the higher means score (M=1.47)

rather than other than two races. The lowest is from the Chineese race which is (M=1.00).

So researcher can conclude that based on her research at the school shows the Malay

student were in the highest mean of truancy.

 CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

This chapter will discuss about conclusion of result, discussion of data

analysis and recommendation for future research. The discussion is based on the result

of data analysis that has been presented in Chapter 4.

5.1 Discussion

This discussion includes finding of the research questions which is

searching for the factor and the means that influence truancy among the school

students. Also the differences between gender and races for the factor that influencing

truancy.

5.1.1 The factors and the mean of the factors which influence truancy among the

school students

On the whole, the average mean for the first factor that leads to truancy

among students is about the attitude of the student itself. The average mean is average

which is 3.25. The major students’ attitude is seen based on several aspects including

forced to go to school, get the school leaving certificate and prefer working rather than

58
studying. Nonetheless, from the data analysis, it is found that students’ attitude is not

the main factor of truancy among students.

Besides that, the factor of school surrounding is investigated to identify

whether that is the main factor of truancy. According to Azizi et al. (2007), the reason

for truancy was the change of nature around the school, which shifted because of the

urbanization procedure, however, could incorporate computer game arcades,

cybercafe, a strip mall close to the school. The factor of school surroundings includes

the provided facility, comfortness in classrooms and school rules. These may affect

students from coming to school or skipping school. For instance, a conducive

classroom can enhance students’ learning. If the ambience of the classroom is chaotic

and disorganized, it may cause the students’ participation in learning activities to

decline. Nevertheless, the overall of second objective shows an average mean value

which is 3.32. This shows that the factor of school surroundings is not the main factor

of truancy among students.

Based on the result, teachers’ influence has the lowest mean value which is

3.03. It is found that teachers’ influence does not give a big impact towards the

students. However, teachers still play an important roles in ensuring students to come

to school. Teachers can influence students’ attendance to school. The teaching

techniques must vary by conducting various activities to attract students’ interests. By

doing so, students can enjoy and feel enthusiastic to come to school because they

know that teachers have prepared many exciting activities during learning process.

Family relationship is also a factor that is related with truancy among

students. Teenagers or students that are involved with problems usually come from

problematic families. Unconcerned parents towards their children cause the students
feel free to do anything. This is because they believe that nobody cares about them.

Based on the mean value of 3.10, parents’ influence is average. Most respondents

agree that their parents are too busy working and rarely at home.

For the parents, providing pocket money to them is an act of responsibility

of parents towards their children. Moreover, most respondents agree that their parents

do not scold them when they go home late and spend their time with friends.

Nevertheless, parents play an important role in educating the children for a bright

future. Baseed on Rohani (2007) revealed the reasons for truancy were the absence of

control, supervision and guardians' consideration on their youngsters. Parents who

lack play a role in the family will cause them to fall into social problems easily.

Parents are role models for their children.

Therefore, parents need to show positive behavior patterns to their children.

Some parents give their children the right to attend school on Saturday, showing

Saturday classes have been legalized by the parents. Later on, the student will give

many reasons to his parents not to attend school on Saturday or regular school days.

Learners who have family problems such as from family, The parent is divorced will

cause the student to easily fall into the social phenomenon. Less fond of learners will

easily engage in social problems to get attention from the person concerned.

On the whole, the influene of media electronics towards truancy among

students is average with the mean value of 3.07. In this modern and advanced era,

many modern technologies have been invented. However, some teenagers tend to

misuse the given facility. For instance, computers are used for chatting, surfing

Facebook or Twitter and playing online games. Based on the research, majority of
students admit that they spend most of their time to play video games and surfing the

internet. These activities are more interesting rather than attending school.

Based on the research, peers’ influence shows the highest mean value which

is 3.70. Teenagers are easily influenced by their friends’ behaviours. In this era,

teenagers are mainly exposed with outdoor world. Some of them treat their homes as a

place to sleep only. They spend more time with their friends compared to their

families. Furthermore, they tend to believe in their friends as they share their problems

with friends rather than their parents or teachers. Therefore, choosing the right peers

can lead to success while choosing the wrong peers lead to destruction.

5.1.2 The differences between gender and races for the factor that influencing

truancy.

Based on the result indicate shows that there is no significance difference

between male and female students in truancy t (50) =0.319, p-value=0.750. Thus is,

the average score to compare of truancy among male students (M=2.5513, SD= .414)

was not significantly different from female students (M=2.5767, SD=0.414). The

average score of male students in truancy is slightly high than female students in SMK

Kapar Indah, Klang Selangor.

Other than that, there also have other test A to revealed used one way anova

that there were significant difference in race for statistics among the three groups, F

(2, 47) = 2.608, p<.05

5.2 Implications of Research

This study acts as a guideline for future and other researchers that are

interested to investigate the discipline problems among students in schools. The data

of this study is collected through questionnaire that can help interested researchers to

investigate factors that lead to truancy among students.

This research gives a big impact to the researcher that would like to explore the

factors of truancy among students of SMK Kapar Indah. Based on this study, it is

proven that peers’ influence affects students’ behaviors. Peers’ influence can influence

students’ behaviors in doing certain things.

This research is aimed to identify the frequency of truancy among students of

SMK Kapar Indah. According to the school counselors, the issue of truancy in the

school is serious until it disrupts teaching and learning process in the school.

Eventually, the academic result of the school declines as well. By having the analyzed

data, it can help the school to solve the issue of truancy at the school.

The findings of the research show that students realize the factors that lead to

truancy. Perhaps they are not mature to tackle the problem that they are facing, thus

skipping school acts an escape from their problems.

Through this research, the researcher can know some opinions and problems

faced by the students. In addition, the weaknesses of management and administration

of the school are also shared. These are important to solve discipline problem such as

truancy among students.

The findings of the study can be prolonged soon. Based on the findings of the

study, several recommendations are given to the school:

 i. Act smart in tackling discipline problems

ii. Teachers must vary teaching styles during teaching and learning

iii. Teaching professionalism must be appreciated by the entire educators and

educate the students excellently

iv. School administration must aware of problems faced by teachers and students.

v. Ensuring a nice ambience in the classrooms

5.3 Recommendations from the researcher

Based on the findings, discussion and conclusion from the study, the

researcher would like to give several recommendations that can be considered by

Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM), Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri (JPN),Pejabat

Pelajaran daerah (PPD), principals, teachers and parents. Based on the findings of

factors of truancy among high school students, it is found that peers’ influence shows

the highest mean value and followed by family, teachers, school surrounding and

students’ attitude. The Ministry of Education can employ several preventive measures

such as conducting workshops, seminars and courses on discipline among students.

Each course conducted by the ministry must cooperate well with schools to get

information in choosing the suitable courses to tackle the issue of truancy among

students.

Youth centers is another preventive measure that should be considered.

Teenagers’ participation in youth centers can be planned efficiently. By doing so,

programs or activities that are conducted in youth centers can provide essential skills

that can be used for their own benefits. Apart from skills, these centers can conduct

talks, religious classes and recreational sports needed in improving students’s well

being. Moreover, the exchange of youth between states and countries can enrich the
knowledge and experience among the teenagers. Currently, there are cooperation

between some agencies. For example, there is an organization formed between Polis

Di Raja Malaysia and Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri to observe students’ activities and take

necessary preventive actions before the students are involved in activities that are

against the rules.

Rehabilitation programs in a community or institution under Jabatan kebajikan

Masyarakat need to be constanatly improved. This can ensure the planning and the

programs are alligned with the needs and surroundings of the teenagers. Moreover,

media plays a role too. The media must give more attention towards the efforts of

solving the issue of truancy. In addition, media electronics is an effective medium to

conduct programs that are related to a great personality of a teenager. An exempalary

teenager can be a role model for other teenagers. Apart from being an attraction to

readers, pictures of successful teenagers can encourage young readers to be successful

in any fields.

Moral education delivers a massive influence in building the attitude and

behavior of teenagers. It also instill social values as well. Due to this, moral education

has been taught since the students are still young and it creates positive values ad

behaviors in individuals. Therefore, students need to be given an explicit explanation

on teenage world and problems that they are facing before reaching adulthood. This

can be done by conducting talks about problems by teenagers and campaigns to instil

civic awareness. Furthermore, crime issues among students is not the parents and

teachers’ responsibility, but the community is responsible as well.

Counselling service in schools plays a major role in helping teenagers to

overvcome their problems. Besides that, counselling acts as a guide in career wise too.

Counselors can encourage peer counselling among students. This is the best way to
build a good relationship among the teenagers and instill the value of responsibility

towards each other.

Ministry of Education must offer disciplinary courses at all levels of education

including diploma, bachelor degree, master and PhD to build discipline teachers that

are knowledgable in handling discipline problems among students. Such courses can

help disciplinary teachers to solve discipline issues diligently. As a result, these

teachers will receive more respect by students and the community.

5.4 Conclusion

A survey on the perceptions of truancy among high school students is the title

of this study as the issue is very serious according to the counsellors of the school.

Based on counselling records, there are various excuses and reasons that cause

students for skipping school. Therefore, the factors of truancy among students are

analyzed as research questions of the study. The comparison of distribution of mean

score is used to identify the main factor of truancy among students.

Comparison in percentage of a survey on the perceptions of tackling the issue

of truancy reveals that the administration roles are the heroes in solving the issue of

truancy. Among the roles are imposing strict school rules, frequent spot check and

monitoring students activities effectively. If the management and administration

system are effective and systematic, harmony in the school can be instilled.

The findings are based on the high, average and low distribution of mean

score. The collected data revolves around 50 respondents that have skipped school
during a period of time. ‘Pilot test’ has been conducted and followed the ethics of

questionnaire.

The impacts of truancy are negative towards self, religion, community, country

and the future of the students. The youths are the country’s assets where they are the

future leaders of the country. Therefore, it is a must to ensure the young generation

has an excellent personality and values for the future. If this generation fails to be a

great human being, Malaysia will face a serious problem in the future. In conclusion,

research must be done to identify and explore the factors of truancy among students.

By investigating the factors of truancy, all parties can cooperate to prevent the

problem from getting more serious throughout the time.

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Appendix

Dear students,
I am Siti Nadhirah binti Ghazali is undergraduate student of Faculty of Education,
UiTM Puncak Alam, pursing a degree in Bachelor of Physical and Health Education
(Hons). I am conducting a research on Perception Towards Factors of Truancy among
Form 4 Students at SMK Kapar Indah as a requirement for my degree. I need your
cooperation to participate in this survey which will take about 5-10 minutes. Your
response will be kept anonymous and completely confidential. Your cooperation in
completing this questionnaire is greatly appreciated.

Background
i. This questionnaire is designed to obtain feedback about the causes of truancy.
ii. Hopefully you answered all questions with sincerity to assist investigators to get the
data.
iii. Any feedback you provide will be kept confidential.
iv. Your cooperation in completing this questionnaire is greatly appreciated.
PART A: Respondents’ Information

Instructions: Please mark (/) in the boxes below.

1. Gender
( ) Male ( ) Female

2. Race
( ) Malay ( ) Indian ( )Chinese ( )etc:

3. Distance to school: km

4. Mode of transportation to school:

5. PT3 results :

6. How many times have you are absent from school in a month:

7. How many times you are absent from school in a year:

PART B: Factors Influence Truancy

DIRECTIONS: Please mark (/) based on your answer from the scale of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Score Scale
Strongly Disagree (SD) 1
Disagree (D) 2
Undecided (U) 3
Agree (A) 4
Strongly Agree (SA) 5

Factors Influence Truancy from Students’ Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

1 My parents force me to go to school
2 I go to school for the sake of getting School Leaving
Certificate
3 I prefer working than studying
4 I feel education is not important for me
5 I feel bored learning certain subjects
6 I am always tired in class
7 I am very active in sports
8 I always study until midnight
9 I enjoy being at the cyber cafe
10 I prefer doing other activities rather than studying

Factors Influence Truancy from School surroundings 1 2 3 4 5

1 I am comfortable with the arrangement of furniture in the
class
2 I feel there are too many students in my class
3 I enjoy the ambience in the class
4 The rules of my school are too strict
5 The school prepares adequate facilities for students’ use
 Factors Influence Truancy from Teachers’ Influences 1 2 3 4 5
1 I think my teacher is boring
2 My teacher conducts various exciting activities during
Teaching and Learning process
3 My teacher neglects my activities in the class
4 My teacher punishes me whenever I commit mistakes
5 Teacher gives too many homework
6 My teacher is always punctual
7 Teacher’s teaching style is not effective as I expected
8 I have a good relationship with my teachers
9 My teacher is always searching for my fault

Factors Influence Truancy from Family’s influence 1 2 3 4 5

1 My parents are always busy and rarely at home
2 My parents are never angry at me when I come home late
because of hanging out with friends
3 My parents always argue at home
4 My parents are clueless about my education
5 My parents always encourage me to study
6 My parents always give me pocket money
7 My parents prepare internet facility, video games and other
sources of entertainment at home for me

Factors Influence Truancy from Media Electronics 1 2 3 4 5

1 I always spend my time playing video games
2 I spend at least three hours a day for social media
3 I use personal laptop in my room
4 I like to watch Premier English League that is broadcasted live
in the middle of the night
5 I always spend my time messaging or talking on the phone
with my friends until midnight
6

Factors Influence Truancy from peers’ influence 1 2 3 4 5

1 I prefer to express my problems to my peers rather than my
family
2 I prefer spending my time with my friends
3 My friends always invite me out to the shopping mall or cyber
café during school days
4 I have many friends at school
5 My friends always help me when I have problems
6 I like to dress like my friends
7 My friends always encourage me to study hard
8 I have followed my friends to skip school before