Te Tiriti o

Waitangi
C HAPTER 1

Introduction
This short course is designed to give Year 9
students a greater appreciation and
knowledge of New Zealand’s early history. A
selection of key events and developments will
be explored and students will gain insights
into how today’s New Zealand came into
being. An exploration into the multi-national
character of this young nation will also be
discussed and a particular focus will be on
the Treaty of Waitangi and its importance
(both in 1840 and today) on New Zealand’s
people. This course is designed to take 5
weeks to be taught and will be taught
chronologically (from the past until today)
and thematically (a selection of key themes).
S ECTION 1 KNOWLEDGE FOCUS

Introduction By the end of this unit the pupil will be able to do most or all
of the following:

• Understand Maori views on land and government and how

these differ from European views
ACHIEVEMENT OBJECTIVES
• Recognise that the Europeans brought many benefits as well
Students will gain knowledge, skills, and experience to: as problems to Maori
LEVEL 4
• Explain the nature of the key settler industries in 19th
• Understand how the ways in which leadership of groups is century New Zealand
acquired and exercised have consequences for communities
and societies. • Understand the historical importance of the Bay of Islands
• Understand that events have causes and effects.
• Recognise why some Maori in the 1830s wanted closer links
• Understand how people participate individually and collectively with Britain
in response to community challenges.

LEVEL 5 • Discuss some key personalities and their impact on New

Zealand History
• Understand how cultural interaction impacts on cultures and
societies. • Recognise that Maori were not necessarily united
• Understand how systems of government in New Zealand
operate and affect people’s lives, and how they compare with • Discuss the foreign influence (especially French) in the
another system. period before 1840

• Understand how the Treaty of Waitangi is responded to • Explain why the Treaty of Waitangi was signed and how
differently by people in different times and places.
different parties had different expectations of it

• Understand how the Treaty was abused/ignored by learning

about Parihaka and the Bastion Point occupation.

2
• Explain the purpose(s) and impact(s) of the Waitangi USEFUL WEBSITES AND RESOURCES
Tribunal
The following websites are useful for gathering additional
• Understand why the Treaty of Waitangi is still relevant in information and for reading in your own time:
the 21st century
Te Ara New Zealand Encyclopaedia:
• Complete cartoon/source analysis http://www.teara.govt.nz/en

NZ History Online: http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/

Throughout this booklet you will find a variety of interesting NZ On Screen (documentaries and video clips):
tasks which have been designed to give you a wealth of http://www.nzonscreen.com/
different resources to aid your learning experience. Some of
New Zealand History Teachers Association:
the tasks will be signposted by a symbol. The explanations for
http://www.nzhta.org.nz/
the symbols are shown below:
Treaty of Waitangi:
http://www.treaty2u.govt.nz/the-treaty-up-close/treaty-of-w
aitangi/

New Zealand in History: http://history-nz.org/

3
S ECTION 2 Culture = customs and social behaviour of a group of people

Glossary Colony = country under the political control of another

Crown = the King or Queen of NZ from when NZ became a

British colony, aka monarch or sovereign; in effect, the
Government

Government = group of people and political party with

K EY D EFINITIONS
authority to govern
Use this section to find key words and definitions
Colonised = set up political control over
that are relevant to the topic.
indigenous = native

parliament = law-making body of a country

colonising = setting up political control over

4
C HAPTER 2

Do we need a
Treaty?
“Why do we have to learn this?”
“The Treaty is boring”
“We learnt about this in primary school”
“The Treaty was written nearly 200
years ago. It’s not relevant anymore”
“The Treaty is trivial”

These are all statements that we have

heard before. We need to focus on the
importance of the Treaty and keep an
open mind.
S ECTION 1 Why we can’t throw the Treaty away

Treaty malaise 1. New Zealand has a public holiday called Waitangi Day.

2. Both the Government and Maori would have to agree to

the treaty is agreement form that was used to rescind the Treaty and that won’t happen.
trick the Maori tribes in believing in things that
would not happen. 3. Nothing in the text suggests it was only temporary.

4. It is unlikely that a Government will want to be tainted with

the legacy of taking away the Treaty.
T ASKS
5. The Crown broke the Treaty. Taking it away will not make
Do Now: What are your thoughts on the Treaty these wrongs go away.
right now? Do you have treaty Malaise? Think,
6. The inequalities that exist between Pakeha and Maori would
Pair, Share this question. still be there.
1. Rank and copy the top 5 reasons that best
7. It would remove the right of the Government to rule.
explain why we can’t throw the Treaty away.
8.It would remove the right for non-Maori to be allowed in
2.Write a lawyer paragraph that responds to the
Aotearoa.
following statement.
9. New Zealand would lose the respect of other countries. We
“The treaty is more than just a piece of paper. It is are looked at as world leaders of indigenous relations.
essential that all New Zealanders learn about Te
Tiriti o Waitangi.” 10. Maori need a strong economic base to thrive and
colonisation damaged the thriving Maori economy.

11. Education is important to stop misinformation about the

Treaty and early colonisation from spreading.

12. Making things better for Maori will make things better for
all New Zealanders.
6
C HAPTER 3

What is a
treaty?
A Treaty is a formal agreement and an
exchange of promises between two or
more parties such as groups,
organisations and countries, written and
ratified (approved by all parties). It is
binding on the parties. Once they have
signed it they are supposed to stick to it.
S ECTION 1 Why would a treaty need to be created?

What is a Treaty? • To end a war

• To allow a colonising country to set up rule in another

country

Synonym of Treaty: Agreement, settlement • To create a union/partnership

deal, Protocol, accord, bargain, bond, covenant,
negotiation, sanction. • To stop nuclear weapons being built

T ASKS • To make a trade deal

Do Now: Find other words that could be used • To sort out borders
instead of the word treaty. E.G. contract. • To help get human rights
1. Look at the list that explains why treaties are
• To decide who is allowed to come and live in countries
created. Which options explain why a treaty was
needed in New Zealand? • To seal friendship between different groups/countries

2.Create a symbol that best explains what a Treaty Contra Proferentem

is. E.G. a hand shake. When European countries like Britain and France colonised
3. Write your own definition explaining what a other parts of the world such as Africa and the Americas, they
treaty is. signed treaties with indigenous peoples to make their
colonisation legal. These treaties generally favoured the
4. What is contra proferentem? colonisers (the Europeans). This is because many of the
people that were colonised were oral cultures (did not write
5. Examine the historical images of treaty
things down), therefore they did not always understand the
organisations. Choose one to research. Answer
ins and outs of what they were signing. Today, Contra
the 5 W’s and the H about your chosen treaty.
Proferentem is an international law that says the indigenous
version of the treaty is the one to use.

8
 The Treaty of Paris signed in
1783. It was the official peace
treaty between the United
States and Britain that ended
the American Revolutionary
War.

The Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919 in Versailles, Paris,

France which ended the First World War.

The Treaty of Callias established around 449 BC between

the Delian League (led by Athens) and Persia, ending
the Greco-Persian Wars. 
The Geneva Protocol was a treaty prohibiting the use
of chemical and biological weapons in international armed
conflicts signed in 1925. Created due to the horrors of WWI.

9
C HAPTER 4

Setting the
scene for
1840
Britain established a convict colony at
Port Jackson - now called Sydney - in
1788. A year later there was one at
Norfolk Island, and in 1803 another at
Hobart in Tasmania.
For these settlements, New Zealand was
now much closer - only 2000 kilometres
away. Soon ships were visiting this
country for timber, whales, flax, and
seals.
S ECTION 1 Whaling

European life in New Almost every bit of the whale has had its uses at some time.
Ambergris, for example, from the intestines of the sperm
Zealand prior to 1840 whale, was used in perfumes. Most valuable was whale oil.
Whale blubber was boiled in big pots called trypots to get the
They came to New Zealand before 1840 to oil, which was put into barrels.
create a connection between the indigenous
Maori people Deep-sea whalers hunted sperm whales around the world. At
T ASKS
the end of the 18th century (1700’s) they began calling in to
Do Now: Why do you think Europeans would have the Bay of Islands for food, water and firewood, and to give
come to New Zealand before 1840? crews a rest. Several Maori served as crew on whalers and
travelled the world.
1. Explain, using evidence from the text how
difficult the lifestyle of a sealer or a whaler Shore (bay) whaling to hunt the right whale developed about
would have been (use text and illustrations to 1820 in NZ. The whalers set up a shore-station of maybe 100
men in huts. Some married Maori women. When they sighted
help form your answer)
a whale they put out to sea in whaling boats. During the
2.Examine the sealing voyages graph. What trends off-season they looked after their small farms or collected flax
can you see? What would explain the increases to trade with visiting Australian ships.
and decreases in these voyages?
3. Why was the Kauri industry so successful in New
Zealand?
4. What impact did the logging industry have on
New Zealand’s natural forest cover? (see map)
5. How sustainable did these industries seem to
be? Explain using evidence.
Jillett's whaling station on Kapiti Island, 1844.

11
Sealing time they lived in fear of attack by Maori, however, neither
sealers nor whalers tried to change Maori culture.
Sealskins were turned into fashionable hats for Europeans
and Americans - and could be exchanged in China for the tea The sealing industry petered out by about 1810. Seal-fur hats
that English people liked to drink. had gone out of fashion, and the greedy and thoughtless
slaughter of seals had almost destroyed the herds. One boat in
From the 1790s, sealing gangs were dropped off in Dusky
1805 took over 80,000 skins from Foveaux Strait in just one
Sound, the southwest coast of the South Island, at Foveaux
year.
Strait and Stewart Island. The gangs were tough - and needed
to be. They often clashed fiercely with Maori and also had to
hunt for their own food. They stayed in makeshift shelters -
sometimes even under upturned boats - for many months in
cold, wet weather as they gathered sealskins. Some gangs
were even forgotten and marooned for years.

On a visit to NZ, Captain Cook ate seal meat, used seal hide to
mend Endeavour's rigging, and stowed away seal oil for
lamps. He reported great numbers of seals on the rocks and
isles near the south coast.

NZ fur seals and sea lions were hunted for their skin; elephant
seals were hunted for their oil. NZ seal skins were taken to
Britain and China and made into felt hats. Sealing voyages in New Zealand waters, 1790–1890

Sealers often lived on starvation rations unless they caught

food such as goneys (young wandering albatrosses). Home
Kauri Industry (Logging)
was a tent or a rough flax hut, or an upturned boat. They lived
among seal carcases, drying skins and smoke from cauldron Early years
fires; they spent their time skinning, sorting, pegging and
drying skins. They often had to stay in a place for several years Before people arrived in New Zealand, more than 80% of the
before the ship that dropped them off, returned, and all the land was covered in forest. When Māori came, around 1250–

12
1300 AD, they built dwellings, canoes and forts from wood.
They also burnt large areas of forest.

European arrival

Europeans exploring New Zealand in the 18th century saw the

trees as ideal for making ships’ masts. Later, traders came
from Australia and Britain to get timber. Kauri, with its huge,
tall trunks, was a favourite, but kahikatea, rimu and tōtara
were also logged.

By the mid-1830s, about a third of the European men in New

Zealand worked in the timber industry. Timber became one of
New Zealand’s main exports.

Building towns and farms

As Europeans settled in New Zealand from 1840, they needed

wood for houses, fences and firewood, and later for railway
sleepers. They also cleared the forest so they could build
towns and farms, burning trees as well as cutting them.

Timber industry

In the 19th century, teams of ‘bushmen’ lived in camps in the

forest, cutting trees. They worked long hours, and Sunday was Taking a break from felling a giant kauri
their only day off. Sawmills were built near forests and on the
coast, and towns grew up around the mills. Some timber was
exported to Australia, Britain and the Pacific Islands.

13
S ECTION 2 The Barter system

Trade Before New Zealand had a formal government and an

established banking system, goods were traded by Maori and
Pakeha. A system of bartering (swapping goods) was
established and various things were desired by both groups
that were swapped.
The Europeans needed resources and native
materials. They also wanted something like
souvenirs to bring back to Europe.

T ASKS

Do Now: What would a European need when they

arrived in New Zealand before 1840? Where could
they get these things?
1. What seems to be common amongst the things
that Pakeha wanted from Maori? Why did they
need these things?
2.Why was such a high value placed upon a
musket? Why would some resist from trading
these with Maori?
3. What can you learn about trade in source A? The two diagrams above show some of the main resources
4.Examine source B. What can you learn about that were bartered between the Maori and Pakeha.
Kororareka from the image? Does anything Examples of barter: 25 bags of potatoes could buy a musket.
surprise you? One tonne of scraped flax would buy two muskets.

14
Some traders mixed readily with local Maori and some even
married Maori women. The traders did not set out to change
Maori society. But indirectly they brought about many
changes. Some of the goods which the traders sold to the
Maori people had harmful effects, especially guns, liquor and
tobacco. On the other hand European tools, materials, crops
and livestock were very useful.

The Maori people had to change their way of life in order to

supply the timber, dressed flax, food and other goods and
services that the Europeans wished to buy from them. Many
of these changes had a harmful and long-lasting effect upon
the Maori people and their way of life. Many whaling ships
called into small settlements like Kororareka (Russell) in
Northland where supplies could be gathered (e.g. fresh water)
and trade occurred between locals and crew members.
Source B: Kororareka (Russell) in the early 1800’s – a bustling
small town

Source A: A trade taking place between Maori and Pakeha

15
S ECTION 3 The missionaries came to New Zealand with the aim of
converting the Maori people to the Christian religion. At first
THE CHRISTIAN they felt that it was necessary to introduce European skills,

MISSIONARIES culture and values to the Maori before conversion to

Christianity could take place. They also found that it was
necessary to trade with the Maori people in order to survive.
The Christian missionaries came in preparation
of colonization of NZ. In doing so, the Maori
The missionaries faced a very difficult task. The Maori
should and would be more friendly when more
European settlers came. generally looked upon them as traders, with very little to
trade. They were especially disappointed that the missionaries
T ASKS were unwilling to sell them muskets. Many of the skills that
Do Now: Why do you think Christian missionaries the missionaries tried to teach were of little value to the Maori
people at that time. Communication was another serious
came to New Zealand? Think, pair, share this
problem. Until the Maori learnt to speak English, or the
question.
missionaries learnt to speak Maori reasonably fluently, little
1. How difficult was the Missionaries task in trying progress could be made.
to convert the local Maori? What factors
Changing circumstances brought greater progress after 1830.
contributed to this? Bibles and prayer books, printed in Maori, became available.
2.How realistic do you think that the artist’s The Maori people developed a strong desire to learn to read
impression of Marsden’s first sermon in 1814 is? and write as well as learn about the Christian religion. It was
also around this time that a number of slaves who had been
Explain.
captured by the Ngapuhi tribe were set free. Many of them
3. Is it fair to state that Maori eventually started to had been taught at missionary schools in the northern part of
convert to Christianity because of European the country, and they became useful religious teachers when
influence and problems brought by Pakeha? they returned to their own tribal areas.
Explain. The Maori people also began to turn to the Christian God to
AR - -http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/missions-and- protect them against diseases, guns and social problems
brought about through contact with Europeans.

16
Samuel Marsden of the Church Missionary Society (Anglican)
came to New Zealand in 1814. He gave his first sermon in
Rangihoua in the Bay of Islands on Christmas Day. The
illustration below shows an artist’s impression of the sermon.

Thomas Kendall arrived at Rangihoua in 1814. He and other

missionaries and helpers remained there while Samuel
Marsden returned to New South Wales. Kendall
enthusiastically learned the Māori language and Māori
traditions. In 1820 he went to London with his teachers, the
Ngāpuhi chiefs Waikato (left) and Hongi Hika.

17
S ECTION 4 The Musket Wars

The Musket Wars Pakeha needed chiefs for protection, and the chiefs wanted
Pakeha trade goods and skills. One famous Ngapuhi chief in
the Bay of Islands was Hongi Hika (1772-1828). He protected
the missionaries, knowing it would bring Pakeha with tools
and weapons to trade. A great warrior, he led war parties
Hongi Hika was a great Maori Chief who had
great relationships with the European down to the East Cape and brought back prisoners and
Missionaries and settlers. He was born in 1772 preserved heads.
and died in 1828.
T ASKS In 1820 he went to England with missionary Thomas Kendall
and another chief, Waikato. There he met the King and people
Do Now: Who was Hongi Hika? Find out 3 facts gave Hongi Hika presents such as a suit of chain mail. On the
about him. way home they stopped in Sydney; Hongi sold most of his
1. Why did Hongi Hika swap his gifts that he presents and bought 300 muskets. This started an arms race
back in NZ because other Bay of Islands hapu had to get
received from his visit to Britain?
muskets in self-defence. Hongi marched off to deal with his
2.What seemed to be the main motivation/reason enemies down south.
why Hongi Hika went to war against other
Hongi was said to be gentle and polite, and especially kind to
tribes?
his blind senior wife whose advice he listened to. When his
3. What is meant by the term: ‘arms race’ (page eldest son was killed in battle, he was very upset. He was
15)? wounded himself in a January 1827 battle but lingered until
March of the next year. His place of burial was kept top secret.
4.From the map, what ideas can you draw about
Hongi Hika’s raids on other tribes? What In traditional Maori culture, tribes considered it very
important to return a favour - or punish an insult. If they
information could be lacking that would make
didn't, the tribe would suffer loss of honour, or mana. It was
this map more useful?
the custom of utu.

18
Hongi Hika's sense of utu was strong and his power and
influence was great. Wave after wave of Nga Puhi raids swept
down from the north on an unheard-of scale as he avenged
previous battles against his tribes and punished insults, some
more imagined than real. And the raids were much more
destructive because of the use of the musket.

In the early 19th century, especially during the 1820s, Maori

tribes fought other Maori tribes in raids and battles in places
around the top of the South Island and in places around most
of the North Island. Estimated numbers of Maori killed by
other Maori in these inter-tribal wars is around 20,000 and
historians describe the wars as 'bloodthirsty' and 'slaughter'.
To keep up with Hongi Hika, other Maori tribes produced flax
which was used to exchange for muskets. For example, in Hongi Hika
1831, more than 6000 muskets were sent to New Zealand
from Sydney. Most of these were traded for flax, especially
with tribes in the Waikato area.

The influence of the large number of muskets brought in by

the flax trade, was not as bad as one may imagine. The worst
effects of the 'musket wars' which were fought between
various tribes during the 1820's, were almost over when the
flax trade reached its peak.

Fortunately, the muskets brought in by the flax trade were

quite widely distributed throughout New Zealand, and this
tended to restore the 'balance of power.' When most tribes
were armed with muskets and better able to defend
themselves, raids became less successful.

19
S ECTION 5

How did Europeans

influence Maori society?
The Maoris gained fire arms and new tools from
the contact that had between the Europeans.
They gained the access to muskets and writing
tools. They also gained metal tools and utensils
from the Europeans.

T ASKS

Do Now: List 3 things Maori gained from contact

with Europeans?
1. Look at the colourful boxes on the next page.
Copy each box into the correct category.

POSITIVE FOR NEGATIVE FOR CHANGED MAORI

MAORI MAORI SOCIETY

2.Write a lawer paragraph that responds to the

following statement. “European contact was a
good thing for Maori before 1840.”

20
S ECTION 6 The Petition

The Declaration of In 1831, 13 northern chiefs met at Kerikeri and signed a

petition to send to Britain. A petition is a request written on
Independance 1835 paper and presented to someone in authority. This was an
early ask for social justice.

The petition said to Britain:

• You be our friend and guardian

T ASKS • Save us from foreign threat (many French and American
ships visited NZ)
Do Now: Who was James Busby? Find 2-3 facts.
1. Why did Maori consider James Busby to be a • Save us from the teasing of other tribes

‘man-of-war without guns’? (A man-of-war was • Save us from the bad behaviour of British people who live in
a type of ship) and visit NZ

2. Why did Britain send Busby to New Zealand? Results of the Petition: James Busby

3. Why did Busby and the Northern Chiefs decide When they got the petition, the British chose one man, James
New Zealand needed to declare its Busby, to be their representative in NZ. He was called the
independence? ‘British Resident’.

4. What is the purpose of a ‘declaration of On 17 May 1833 James Busby went ashore at Paihia where
independence’? What does declaring your missionary Henry Williams lived. While their house was being
independence actually mean? built at Waitangi, James and his wife Agnes were to stay with
the Williams and Henry was to fill James in on what had been
5. Discuss as a class what Normanby’s instructions happening in NZ. James was 33 years old and he had a tough
mean in simple terms. Bullet point the main job ahead. It didn't pay well. He did get a uniform and the
ideas

21
frame of a house to bring to NZ but no land to build the house
on.

Busby was given 2 clear directives from the Governor of NSW:

• Protect the more orderly British settlers and traders

• Prevent 'outrages' by the less orderly Europeans against

Maori.

Based at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands, Busby was given little

material support with which to achieve these aims; he had no
troops or police and no legal power to make arrests. Maori
derided him as a ‘Man-o-War without guns’.

In 1834 Busby gained official recognition for a New Zealand Busby’s house:
flag, under which locally built ships could sail to Australia https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/busbys-house
without fear of being
impounded. In 1835 he used
Charles de Thierry’s attempt
to declare a sovereign state in
the Hokianga to persuade
chiefs to sign a Declaration of
Independence asserting their
own sovereignty over New
Zealand. While there was
considerable doubt that the
'confederation' actually
existed, the British
Government recognised the
Declaration. James Busby: New Zealand’s first flag 1835:
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/phot https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/taming-the-frontier/uni
22
o/james-busby-painting ted-tribes-flag
The Declaration of Independence of New Zealand Lord Normanby’s instructions to William Hobson

23
S ECTION 7 The Wakefield Schemes

The First Settlers As a boy, Englishman Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1796-1862)

was always in trouble at school. When he was 20, he raced off
with a 16-year-old girl who had a rich father, and married her
The New Zealand Company was a scamming secretly They had two children before she died. Four years
“company” that conceptrualizes New Zealand later Edward heard of a 15-year-old schoolgirl with a rich
as a paradise escape from Britain. But the father. He had never met her but got her out of school by
reality is often disappointing which is the fact
sending her a note saying her mother was at death's door.
they New Zealand was a wild land full of bush
and forests. Then he told her that her father had terrible money troubles
T ASKS and the only way to save him was for her to marry Edward.
Do Now: What was the New Zealand Company? They dashed to Gretna Green in Scotland where marriage
rules were not as strict as in England. Her family chased them
1. Why would Wakefield’s scheme pose a ‘threat’ to France and Edward got three years in Newgate prison.
to the British government?
2. Explain in detail from the text above, how
tough the early New Zealander migrants
needed to be in order to survive.
3. Create a cartoon strip which describes how
Wakefield’s scheme would work – make sure
that you add words and descriptions
4. Write a diary/journal entry from the viewpoint https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/edward-gibbon-wake
of one of the early arrivals into Wellington in field-etching
early 1840. Describe your situation and the He used the time in prison to work out his next
hardships that you’re subjected to. money-making scheme - colonisation. As he thought the
British were soon going to take over New Zealand, he used
New Zealand to try out his idea.
24
Edward's idea was to buy land cheaply from Maori and sell it
at a higher price to people from Britain. This is how his idea
worked in practice:

1. The New Zealand Company was formed in London

On 22 January 1840 the first passenger ship entered the
2. People with money came to buy land in New Zealand
narrow heads of the harbour at Wellington. The settlers found
(even though they had never been to New Zealand)
wind, sand, thick bush and swamps. They and their
3. Wakefield’s son (Edward Jr.) was sent to New Zealand to belongings were dumped on the beach to wait for surveyors to
scout for land mark out streets and sections. The settlers faced earthquakes,
gales and fires. They had to learn new skills - how to build a
4. Rumours flew around London that soon the British
raupo hut, how to fish, how to hunt wild pigs and birds, how
government was going to take over New Zealand
to recognise danger such as tutu berries which could kill them,
5. Edward gave permission for land to be bought off local how to make tea from leaves of manuka, how to get through
Maori at a cheap price bush with no roads, how to cut down the forest with axes and
crosscut saws, how to cope with being so isolated, how to
6. A ship named the ‘Tory’ was sent with buyers and make clothes, how to cope with medical emergencies and the
speculators to New Zealand death of children. The only way to reach the Bay of Islands
was by ship and even a ship might not make it because the
7. Over a thousand people were keen on emigrating to New
coasts were so dangerous and the winds so bad. Yet by the
Zealand
time of the first Anniversary Day of 22 January 1841, almost
8. On the 3rd September 1839, the first ship packed with 2500 people were living in Wellington.
migrants to New Zealand set sail from Britain

25
S ECTION 8 There was a considerable fear that a foreign nation, such as
France or the United States might try to take control of New
The Threat of the French Zealand. Many whaling ships from the United States visited
the Bay of Islands each year.

In 1837, a Frenchman Baron Charles de Thierry arrived in the

Hokianga (Northland) and claimed a large area of land and
declared himself ‘Sovereign Chief’ of New Zealand. A short
time later, Jean Baptiste Pompallier arrived to set up a
Catholic mission in New Zealand, adding to fears of French
T ASKS intervention.
Do Now: Pompallier found converting Maori to Catholicism very
1. Explain why the French were considered a difficult, especially as his Anglican and Wesleyan ‘rivals’ were
‘threat’ to New Zealand? Realistically, does this well established in the area before he arrived. However, he did
have some success with Maori people who had defected from
seem over-blown? Explain.
rival groups or as a result of his healing some sick Maori
2. What legacy, if any, is there of French people. Following the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, things were
settlement in New Zealand? (you may need to made more difficult as French Catholics were regarded as
research at home) Link to Akaroa https:// foreigners and not to be trusted.
nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/akaroa

Bishop Pompallier

26
In 1838 Captain Jean-François Langlois made a provisional
purchase of land in "the greater Banks Peninsula" from
Tuaanau. A deposit of commodities in the value of ₤6 was
paid and a further ₤234 worth of commodities was to be paid
at a later period. On his return to France, he advertised for
settlers to come to New Zealand and ceded his interest in the
land to the Nanto-Bordelaise Company, of which he became a
part owner.

On 9 March 1840, 63 emigrants left from Rochefort. The

settlers embarked on the Comte de Paris– an old man-of-war
ship given to them by the French government – for New
Zealand. The Comte de Paris and its companion ship
the Aube, captained by Commodore Charles François Lavaud,
arrived in the Bay of Islands in the North Island on 11 July
1840, where they discovered that the Banks Peninsula had Street signs in Akaroa
been claimed by the British. The French arrived in Akaroa on
Baron de Thierry in 1853.
18 August and established a settlement.
Tried to establish a French
The area still has a French influence, reflected in many local colony in the Hokianga
place names. region in the far North of
New Zealand.
Before 1840, the area of the current Akaroa town was also
https://teara.govt.nz/en/bi
known as Wangaloa, and the subsequent French settlement
ographies/1t93/thierry-char
was known as Port Louis-Philippe, named after the French
les-philippe-hippolyte-de
king of the time.

27
C HAPTER 5

The Treaty of
Waitangi

The Treaty of Waitangi is a treaty that

was first signed on the 6th of February
1840 by representatives of the British
Crown and Māori chiefs. It is New
Zealand’s most important historical
document and represents the partnership
between the British Crown and the
tangata whenua of Aotearoa.
S ECTION 1 Reasons why Britain createed a treaty

Reasons why Britain

created the treaty
TASKS

Do Now: Why do you think Britain would want a

treaty
1. Examine each of the reasons provided that
explain why Britain wanted a treaty. Categorise
and summarise these reasons under one of the
following headings:

Social Political Economic

Humanitarians in
England were USA had appointed
Exploit New
shocked at Britain’s a consul to NZ and
Zealand’s natural
mistreatment of the French had
resources (timber,
indigenous peoples colonists on their
flax, gold)
and wanted Maori way to NZ
to be protected

2. Which reason best explains why Britain created

the Treaty and why?
No.8 best explained why the British decided to
create a treaty and also the queen wanted to
have supreme sovereignty over New Zealand
29
 Britain could exploit New Zealand’s natural resources like
Kauri which were perfect for building masts.

One reason Britain needed a treaty was because of the lawless

The Musket Wars and the significant loss of Maori life was
behaviour of some of the settlers
another reason why Britain needed a treaty.

30
S ECTION 2

Understanding the Treaty

The Treaty mistranslated and after most of the
chiefs had signed their version of the treaty,
only the English version was valid and sent to
Queen

TASKS

Do Now: Watch the video. What interesting fact/s

did you learn?
1. Watch video. What major mistake was made
when Henry Williams translated the Treaty? Do
you think he made this mistake on purpose?
Why/why not?
2. What are the differences in article 1 when
comparing the Maori and English versions?
3. What are the differences in article 2 when
comparing the Maori and English versions?
4. What are the differences in article 3 when
comparing the Maori and English versions?
5. Do you think Maori would have signed the
English version? Why/why not?
6.Fill in the translation table on page 32.

31
 WORD DEFINITION

Kawanatanga
Governorship

Tuhinga o
Pre-emption mua

Te rangatiratanga
Sovereignty

Nga mana whakahirahira

Privileges

Kawanatanga Governorships

Kaiwhakaputa
Proprietors

Sovereignty
Rangatiratanga

Property
Taonga

Rangatira
Chieftainship

British subject Ingarangi o ingarangi

32
S ECTION 3

Mapping Skills
TASKS

Do Now: What mapping conventions do you need

to follow?
1. Make sure you use a ruler and accurately label
the following places on the map:

• Waitangi, Wairau, Kororareka, Puketutu,

Ohaeawai, Ruapekapeka, Waitara, Mangatawhiri
River, Parihaka
2. Using a colour and a key, locate the following
regions on the map: Waikato, Taranaki, Te
Tairawhiti (East Coast)
3. Translate the following islands and cities into
Maori and place them on your map: Auckland,
Gisborne, Hamilton, Wellington, New
Plymouth, Nelson, Dunedin, Invercargill,
Christchurch, North Island, South Island,
Stewart island. Use this link to help you https://
www.andrewdc.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/
2018/03/NZ-TeReoMaori-Map-Web.jpg or look
on the next page.

33
34
C HAPTER 6

Loss of Maori
whenua

In the years immediately following the

signing of the Treaty of Waitangi there
were numerous disputes over the sale of
Maori land. Hone Heke and Te
Rauparaha both had clashes with Pakeha
over the loss of Maori land. In 1840 the
British crown acknowledged that all land
in Aotearoa 66,000,000 acres belonged
to iwi. By 1975 3,000,000 acres of land
were in tribal possession.
S ECTION 1

The Wairau Incident

TASKS

Do Now: Listening to this recount on what

happened at Wairau?
1. Watch the first 9 minutes of this documentary by
Source A: Wairau valley in 1850.
legendary NZ historian James Belich. Why did
Maori protest the surveying of the Wairau block?
2.Examine source A and B. Why would the Wairau
block be so desirable to Pakeha settlers?
3. What was the most important cause of the
Wairau Incident and why?
4. Do you think Fitzroy made the right decision?
Why/why not?

Source B: Wairau valley (modern photo)

36
Causes 3. Fitzroy investigated and found that European actions had
provoked the event and that he would take no further
1. After the signing of the Treaty settlers poured into New
action.
Zealand. The first immigrant ships arrived in Nelson in
1842 and by 1843 there were several thousand settlers living 4. The settlers were furious and became concerned about a
there. Maori uprising. Fitzroy was replaced in 1845 by George
Grey.
2. The NZ Company claimed to have bought land in the
Wairau Valley but Ngati Toa chief Te Rauparaha siad that 5. Te Rauparaha was captured in 1845 for organising an
the land had not been sold and wanted the Land uprising in the Hutt Valley and was imprisoned in
Commissioner to deal with the dispute. Surveyors were sent Auckland. Ngati Toa sold the land.
to Wairau before the Commissioner had made a decision so
6. In 1944 a Government investigation found that the land had
Ngati Toa burnt down the surveyors huts and sent the
never been legally sold to Pakeha and compensation was
surveyors back to Nelson.
paid to the Rangitane iwi who had been displaced by te
3. Arthur Wakefield (brother of Edward) of the NZ Company Rauparaha before the Wairau Incident had taken place.
got warrants for the arrest of Te Rauparaha. With a group of
48 men he sailed from Nelson to the mouth of the Wairau
River. Fighting broke out and several people were killed. Source C: Fitzroy’s comments on the Wairau Incident
Utu was demanded as Te Rauparaha’s daughter had been
killed and the captured soldiers were killed. ‘My first thought was to revenge the deaths of my friends,
and for that purpose bring many ships of war.... In the first
place, the white men were in the wrong. They had no right to
survey the land. As they were, then, first in the wrong, I will
Results
not avenge their deaths.’
1. 22 Pakeha killed, including Wakefield. 4 Maori were killed.

2. Settlers labelled the incident a massacre and demanded the

Governor of New Zealand (Robert Fitzroy) take action.

37
S ECTION 2

The Native Land Court

Whenua is land and Tangata whenua is “people

of the land”

T ASKS

Do Now: Define whenua. Define tangata whenua.

1. How were Maori and European attitudes
towards land different?
2. What were the results of the Land Court’s
creation?
3. How did attitudes change over time?
4. Complete the skills practice tasks on page 39.

38
39
S ECTION 3

Raupatu

the confiscation of Maori land during and after

the New Zealand Wars of the 19th century.

L OREM I PSUM

Do Now: Define raupatu

1. Examine the map at this link. What areas of the
North Island were mainly effected by Raupatu?
2.Why was land taken from the Maori?
3. Do you think this was a fair response?
4.Why is the map only of the North Island?
5. What were the results of Raupatu?
6. Find a link here that shows a creative way of
learning about Raupatu.

40
Land confiscation confiscations, and some prominent Pākehā criticised the
process from the start. Sir William Martin, the former chief
Substantial areas of Māori land were confiscated by the
justice, published a paper in 1863 in which he argued that the
government after the New Zealand wars of the early 1860s.
history of Ireland showed ‘how little is to be effected towards
On 5 May 1863, Premier Alfred Domett sent a memorandum
the quieting of a country by the confiscation of private land’.
to Governor George Grey proposing that Māori in a ‘state of
All that resulted was a ‘brooding sense of wrong’.
rebellion’ have their lands confiscated as a punishment. At
first confiscation was intended to be relatively restricted, but Some land returned
it gradually became more and more elaborate. Land was
Not all confiscated land was retained by the Crown. Much was
confiscated both from tribes who had rebelled against the
returned to Māori, although not always to its original owners.
government and from those who had fought as government
Some ‘returned’ areas were then purchased by the Crown.
allies. It was envisaged that military settlers would be placed
This happened at Tauranga, where a large part of the
on confiscated land.
‘returned’ area was purchased from a group of Ngāi Te Rangi
Confiscations under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863 chiefs and vested in the Crown shortly afterwards.
and its amendments took place in South Auckland, Waikato,
The history of each confiscation became very confused and
Tauranga, Ōpōtiki–Whakatāne, Taranaki, and the Mōhaka–
often generated large quantities of amending legislation,
Waikare district in Hawke’s Bay. Confiscations also took place
petitions, and litigation in the courts. In 1869 Donald
in Poverty Bay under separate legislation.
McLean, by that time native minister in the Fox–Vogel
The biggest confiscations (‘raupatu’ in Māori) were in Waikato government, concluded that the confiscations were nothing
and Taranaki. The effects varied from region to region, but the but an expensive mistake.
consequences were very severe for Waikato–Tainui tribes;
Taranaki tribes; Ngāi Te Rangi in Tauranga; and Ngāti Awa,
Whakatōhea and Tūhoe in the eastern Bay of Plenty.

Widespread confiscation

Confiscation in New Zealand has affinities with British

practice in other places, particularly 17th-century Ireland and
the southern African colonies. Māori naturally resented the
41
S ECTION 4 What really happened?

Parihaka: What really About 1600 government troops invaded the western Taranaki
settlement of Parihaka, which had come to symbolise peaceful
happened resistance to the confiscation of Māori land.

Founded in the mid-1860s, Parihaka was soon attracting

Parihaka was grieved even though they
dispossessed and disillusioned Māori from around the
welcomed the British soldiers with open arms.
Their settlement were destroyed and the country. Its main leaders were Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and
women there were raped. The Maori men were Tohu Kākahi, both of the Taranaki and Te Ātiawa iwi.
TASKS
captured and imprisoned without trial.
When in May 1879 the colonial government moved to actually
Do Now: Watch the video. What happened at occupy fertile land in the Waimate Plains that had been
Parihaka? declared confiscated in the 1860s, Te Whiti and Tohu
developed tactics of non-violent resistance.
1. Watch this video. What kind of leaders were the
2 prophets Te Whiti and Tohu? Ploughmen from Parihaka fanned out across Taranaki to
assert continuing Māori ownership of the land. The
2. Summarise what happened at Parihaka.
government responded with laws targeting the Parihaka
3. Write a fact file (5 W’s and the H) on Te Whiti. protesters and imprisoned several hundred ploughmen
without trial.
4. Why do you think that the Crown removed Te
Whiti and his followers? What threat did this Following an election in September 1879, the new government
movement represent? Do you think they were announced an enquiry into the confiscations while sending
right? the ploughmen to South Island gaols. In 1880 the West Coast
Commission recommended creating reserves for the Parihaka
people. Meanwhile, the government began constructing roads
through cultivated land. Men from Parihaka who rebuilt their
fences soon joined the ploughmen in detention.

42
The prisoners were released in early 1881. After ploughing in the Māori traditional world was augmented by a deep
resumed in July, John Hall’s government decided to act knowledge of Christian doctrine.
decisively while Governor Sir Arthur Gordon was out of the
Te Whiti was said to have taken part in the Taranaki wars of
colony. A proclamation on 19 October gave the ‘Parihaka
the 1860s, but by the mid-1860s he had decided to pursue
natives’ 14 days to accept the reserves offered or face the
peaceful resistance to European incursion and the loss of
consequences.
land.
On 5 November, 1600 volunteer and Armed Constabulary
One tradition has it that Te Whiti and his people first moved
troops marched on Parihaka. Several thousand Māori sat
to the inland village later known as Parihaka in the 1840s, to
quietly on the marae as singing children greeted the force led
escape the social and economic pressures of coastal life. Other
by Native Minister John Bryce. The Whanganui farmer had
sources say he began living there in the 1860s after the
fought in the campaign against Tītokowaru (see 9 June) and
Taranaki wars and subsequent land confiscations. In any
viewed Parihaka as a ‘headquarters of fanaticism and
event Parihaka became a centre of peaceful resistance and a
disaffection’. Bryce ordered the arrest of Parihaka’s leaders,
rallying point for many Māori. Parihaka was led by Te Whiti
the destruction of much of the village and the dispersal of
and his relative and fellow prophet Tohu Kākahi. The main
most of its inhabitants. The Sim Commission which
focus of Māori discontent was land confiscation and the
investigated these events in the 1920s was told that women
government's failure to set aside promised reserves.
were raped by troops, some bearing children as a result.
In 1879 the government began to survey 16,000 acres of the
Pressmen, officially banned from the scene by Bryce, were
confiscated Waimate Plain without setting aside Māori
ambivalent about the government’s actions, but most
reserves. In response, Māori, led by Te Whiti and Tohu, began
colonists approved. Te Whiti and Tohu were detained without
ploughing land occupied by settlers. Arrests followed, but the
trial for 16 months. The government managed to delay for
pace of protest continued to grow. Parihaka became a symbol
several years the publication in New Zealand of the official
for many Māori, and its people received food and other
documents relating to these events.
supplies from tribes throughout the country and as far away
Te Whiti as the Chatham Islands.

It is said he was identified as a teacher and prophet early in On 5 November 1881 a force of almost 1600 Armed
life, and much care was taken to ensure his safety. His stature Constabulary and volunteers, led by Native Minister John
Bryce, invaded Parihaka. The Māori inhabitants, numbering
43
about 2,000, put up no resistance. Instead they greeted Bryce Te Whiti
and his men with bread and song. They were dispersed and Te
Whiti and Tohu were arrested. The soldiers then
systematically wrecked the settlement, and Māori tradition
speaks of brutality and rape.

Te Whiti was charged with 'wickedly, maliciously, and

seditiously contriving and intending to disturb the peace'.
Held without trial, he was not released until 1883, when he
returned to the ruined Parihaka settlement. Te Whiti and
Tohu continued to lead peaceful Māori protest, and Te Whiti
was imprisoned again for six months in 1886. In 1892 the
West Coast Settlement Reserves Act brought in a system of
renewable leases to settlers on more than 200,000 acres of
Māori land. In response, Māori persisted with ploughing
campaigns. In 1897, 92 Māori were arrested for ploughing in Armed Constabulary units at Parihaka, 1881
protest at delays in resolving the grievances over the Native
Trustee's management of these leases.

Te Whiti and Tohu died within a few months of each other in

1907. The white albatross feather, which Te Whiti’s followers
adopted as a symbol protecting the mana of the Parihaka
settlement, remains an enduring emblem among Te Āti Awa.

Article and image taken from

https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/erueti-te-whiti-o-rongomai-
iii

44
S ECTION 5

The legacy of Parihaka

T ASKS

Do Now: Watch the song Parihaka by Tim Finn

and Herbs. The lyrics can be found on page 38-39.
What happened at Parihaka?
1. Why does Leonie Hayden believe that Parihaka
must be remembered? Do you agree? Why/why Source A: Parihaka in 1880
not?
Source B: Parihaka lyrics by Tim Finn
2. Why is the apology given by the crown
significant for Maori? My friend, My friend, I hate to see you suffer

3. What is the meaning behind this Events conspire to bring us to our knees
advertisement? What is the purpose of the
My friend, my friend, you've taken this the wrong way
exhibition?
Rise up, defend yourself, never give in
4. What is the legacy of Parihaka? Should it be
compulsory to be taught in schools? Why/why Look to the sky, the spirit of Te Whiti
not?
The endless tide is murmuring his name

45
I know Te Whiti will never be defeated To weep for my lost brother

And even at the darkest hour They gather still, the clouds of Taranaki

His presence will remain His children's children wearing the white plume

I'll sing to you the song of Parihaka So take me for the sins of these sad islands

Te Whiti he used the language of the spirit The wave still breaks on the rock of Rouhotu

Then stood accused, the madman and his dream And when you taste the salt that's on your pudding

He saw the train go roaring through the tunnel And when you taste the sugar in your soup

He heard the voice travel on the magic wire Think of Te Whiti, he'll never be defeated

But he loved the silence of the river Even at the darkest hour

He watched the dog piss on the cannon's wheel His presence will remain

I know Te Whiti will never be defeated I'll sing for you the song of Parihaka

And even at the darkest hour Come to Parihaka

His presence will remain Weep for my lost brother

I'll sing to you the song of Parihaka The spirit of nonviolence

One day you'll know the truth Has come to fill the silence

They can't pull out the roots Come to Parihaka

Come and take me home

46
S ECTION 6 Statistics on Maori and Pakeha population 1840-1900

Percentage Bar Graphs

TASKS
%
YEAR MAORI PAKEHA % MAORI
Do Now: What graphing conventions must be PAKEHA

followed when constructing a graph?

1840 90,000 2,000 98% 2%
1. Complete the table.
2. Using the data on 1840 create a percentage bar 1860 60,000 100,000
graph that shows Maori and Pakeha populations
3. Using the data on 1860 create a percentage bar 1900 40,000 700,000
graph that shows Maori and Pakeha populations
3. Using the data on 1900 create a percentage bar
graph that shows Maori and Pakeha populations
4. What trend(s) can be shown by the % bar graph?
5. What reasons can you think of that may have
caused the change in population trends?

47
C HAPTER 7

The Waitangi
Tribunal

Ever since the Treaty was signed, Maori

have been approaching the government,
both here and in Britain, to talk about
honouring the Treaty. In the 1970’s, the
Treaty was officially recognised and the
Treaty of Waitangi Act was passed. This
led to the setting up of the Waitangi
Tribunal in 1975. This tribunal listens to
grievances that have been caused by any
action of the Crown since the Treaty was
signed in 1840.
S ECTION 1 Living Side by Side

The Waitangi Tribunal The Treaty of Waitangi is the founding document of our
country.

Maori agreed:

• To let other people live in their country; and

• To let the British make rules about behaviour and

see that everyone obeys them.
TASKS
The British agreed:
Do Now: Watch the video. What is the purpose of
the tribunal? • To let Māori keep control of their own lives; and

1. What is the Waitangi tribunal? • That Māori would have the same rights as all other
people in Aotearoa.
2.What values is the tribunal founded upon?
Respect
3. How does the tribunal attempt to write wrongs?
4. How is the tribunal an example of the Respect means that you treat other people with consideration.
Respect does not mean that you have to be the same, like the
partnership that was established between Maori
same foods, or enjoy the same activities.
and the Crown in 1840?
The Treaty was a contract of respect between the British and
5. Do you think that the Tribunal will continue to
Māori. Today, there are a lot of people living here whose
be relevant once Historical Treaty claims have
families are not from Britain. The Treaty now means there
been settled? Why/why not? must be respect between Māori and non-Māori.

It is important that the laws and rules today consider and

respect both Māori and non-Māori ways of living. It is
important that Māori and non-Māori who live near each other

49
are considerate of each other and respect each other's Treaty promise, it suggests to the Government how it could
differences. put things right. In some cases, the Government has to do
what the Waitangi Tribunal suggests.
Trust
How to Put Right the Wrongs
A contract will work only if both groups who sign it trust that
the other group will do what the contract says they will do. The Government, Māori, and the Waitangi Tribunal are trying
to put right the wrongs that have happened as a result of
The Māori who signed the Treaty trusted that the British
Treaty promises being broken. They are trying to build a
would make laws that would be good for both them and the
better future for Māori and trying to create better
settlers. Unfortunately, as we have seen from what happened
understanding between Māori and Pakeha.
in Taranaki, the laws were often good for the Government and
for the settlers, but not for Māori. A lot of the land that was wrongly taken from Māori is now
owned by non-Māori. It would be just as bad to take that land
The Waitangi Tribunal
from those people and give it back to Māori. The Government
Ever since the Treaty was signed, Māori have been going to must talk with each iwi group that has a complaint concerning
the Government, both here and in Britain, to talk about the Treaty. The Government and Māori must find a solution
honouring the Treaty contract. Now, we have the Waitangi to the problem that will be fair for everyone, Māori and
Tribunal. The Tribunal studies Treaty claims about what the non-Māori.
Government did in the past that was not good for Māori.
Making Decisions Together
Claims can also be made about what the Government is doing
right now. The Waitangi Tribunal claims are not only about In the past, Māori were not treated as a partner with the
land. Māori have made claims about the Government allowing Government, as the Treaty had promised. Now, the
pollution of the sea, rivers, air, and land. They have made Government is trying to stop new problems arising between
claims about fishing laws, the Māori language, and education. Māori and the Government by making sure that iwi are
involved when laws and important decisions are made.
After the Waitangi Tribunal has listened to the claim, it
decides whether a government in the past, or the Government https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/publications-and-resources/
now, acted in a way that broke a promise given in the Treaty. school-resources/treaty-past-and-present/section-5/
If the Waitangi Tribunal decides that the Government broke a

50
S ECTION 2 The Occupation Begins

Case Study: Bastion Point - Led by Joe Hawke, the Ōrākei Māori Action Committee
occupied Takaparawhā (Bastion Point reserve), a promontory
Orakei overlooking Auckland’s Waitematā Harbour. Ngāti Whātua
maintained the land had been unjustly taken from them and
The police were trying to arrest Maori people in were angered by plans to subdivide it for a private housing
Bastion Point with military equipments. development.

In April 1977, a disused warehouse was re-erected on the site

T ASKS as Arohanui Marae, but facilities were rudimentary and in
winter the exposed promontory was a bleak place to live. In
Do Now: What is happening in this video? February 1978, the government offered to return some land
1. Listen to the interview. Why is this issue so and houses to Ngāti Whātua if the iwi paid $200,000 in
important to Joe Hawke and the people of Ngati development costs. The occupiers stayed put, but on 25 May –
506 days after they had arrived – a large force of police moved
Whatua?
in to evict them, arresting 222 protestors and demolishing
2. Listen to the roadside story about what buildings. 
happened at Orakei Bastion Point. Write a brief
When the jurisdiction of the Waitangi Tribunal was widened
summary of what happened. You can also use
to cover retrospective issues, Joe Hawke’s Ōrākei claim was
the reading to help you. the first historical claim to be heard. The Tribunal’s 1987
3. Why was the land returned? Use the notes to report recommend Led by Joe Hawke, the Ōrākei Māori
help you. Action Committee occupied Takaparawhā (Bastion Point
reserve), a promontory overlooking Auckland’s Waitematā
4. A documentary link can be found here. Harbour. Ngāti Whātua maintained the land had been
unjustly taken from them and were angered by plans to
subdivide it for a private housing development.

In April 1977, a disused warehouse was re-erected on the site

as Arohanui Marae, but facilities were rudimentary and in
51
winter the exposed promontory was a bleak place to live. In Following a Waitangi Tribunal inquiry in the mid-1980s,
February 1978, the government offered to return some land much of the land was later returned to or vested with Ngāti
and houses to Ngāti Whātua if the iwi paid $200,000 in Whātua.
development costs. The occupiers stayed put, but on 25 May –
There were similar protests during 1978 at Raglan, where
506 days after they had arrived – a large force of police moved
Māori land had been taken during the Second World War for
in to evict them, arresting 222 protestors and demolishing
an airfield that was never built. Instead of being returned to
buildings. 
its former owners, some of this land had been turned into a
When the jurisdiction of the Waitangi Tribunal was widened golf course in 1969. The land was eventually returned to the
to cover retrospective issues, Joe Hawke’s Ōrākei claim was Tainui Awhiro people.
the first historical claim to be heard. The Tribunal’s 1987
Land Returned
report recommended the return of land to Ngāti Whātua, and
the following year the government agreed the return of land to The government announced that it had agreed to the Waitangi
Ngāti Whātua, and the following year the government agreed. Tribunal’s recommendation that Takaparawhā (Bastion
Point) on the southern shore of Auckland’s Waitematā
Protestors Evicted
Harbour be returned to local iwi Ngāti Whātua.
Police and army personnel removed 222 people from Bastion
Protesters had occupied Bastion Point in early 1977 (see 5
Point, above Auckland’s Waitematā Harbour, ending an
January) after the government revealed that expensive houses
occupation that had lasted 506 days. Local iwi (tribe) Ngāti
would be built on former Ngāti Whātua reserve land. The
Whātua were protesting against the loss of land in the Ōrākei
reserve had been gradually reduced in size by compulsory
block, which had once been declared ‘absolutely inalienable’.
acquisition, leaving Ngāti Whātua ki Ōrākei tribal group
Protesters occupied Bastion Point in January 1977 after the holding less than 1 ha. The protesters, under the banner of the
government announced a housing development on former Ōrākei Māori Action Committee, refused to leave their
Ngāti Whātua reserve land. The reserve had been gradually ancestral lands and occupied Bastion Point for 506 days.
reduced in size by compulsory acquisition, leaving Ngāti
On 25 May 1978, when the government sent in a massive force
Whātua ki Ōrākei holding less than 1 ha.
of police and army personnel to evict the occupiers, 222
protesters were arrested and their temporary meeting house,
buildings and gardens were demolished. The Bastion Point
52
occupation became one of the most famous protest actions in
New Zealand history.

Ten years later the Waitangi Tribunal supported Māori claims

to the land, and the government accepted this finding.

Maori protestors at Bastion Point

Ngati Whatua occupation of Bastion Point

The police and army personnel encircle the Bastion Point

camp in May 1978 before evicting all 222 protesters.

53
S ECTION 3

Resource Analysis Source A

T ASKS

Do Now: Identify what skills are required to

successfully analyse a cartoon.
1. Examine source A: What event is the cartoon
referring to?
2. Examine source A: What is the cartoonist’s
attitude on the Treaty of Waitangi?
3. Examine source A: What is the message/theme
of the cartoon?
4. Examine source B: Who are the people in the
cartoon?
5. Examine source B: What is the cartoonist’s Image from Savaged to Suit, Paul Diamond's latest book
attitude towards the Treaty of Waitangi? Is he
critical? Approving? Neutral? Explain your
answer with details/evidence from the cartoon.
6. Examine source B: Explain the relevance of the
other historical events referred to in the source.
7. Do the two sources contradict or compliment
each other? Explain your answer using evidence
from the sources.
54
 Source B

Bob Brockie captures the ambiguities and inadequacies of one of New Zealand's founding documents. It appeared in the
National Business Review, 8 February 1982.