2568 11065 1 PB

The Level of Compliance Behavior in using Personal Protective Equipment on Nurse in the Hospital
Yuliana
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 1, Number 2, page 185 - 198, April 2018
THE LEVEL OF COMPLIANCE BEHAVIOR IN USAGE OF PERSONAL

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ON NURSE IN THE HOSPITAL
Lina Yuliana
Study Program of Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Vocational Diploma IV,
University of Balikpapan, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT MANUSCRIPT HISTORY
Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) is one of the risks for nurses in the  Received
hospital. Several diseases related to the HAIs, such as HIV and hepatitis. December 2017
The level of compliance behavior in using PPE is one of the solutions in  Revised
controlling the hazards caused by illnesses and injuries (accident). Hospital February 2018
X is one of the general hospitals in Surabaya. Accident rates for patient's  Accepted
body fluids and needle stick injury are 51.1% and 46.7%. Aims: This March 2018
research aim is to analyze the level of the compliance behavior in usage of  Available online
personal protective equipment (PPE) on nurses at inpatient installation. April 2018
Methodology and Results: This research using quantitative method with
cross sectional design. The total sample technique was used to get sample
(n = 29). The result of this study is the correlation coefficient of
employment status (r = 0.340), working shift (r = 0.446), knowledge (r= KEYWORDS
0,394), attitude (r= 0,215). From the result of correlation test, it is shown
the work shift has stronger correlation than knowledge with the level of
 Hospital
compliance behavior. From the result of regression test simultantly, it is
 Level of compliance
shown the variables of working shift and knowledge have significant
behavior
values. Furthermore, the value of Pseudo R-Square, the variables of
working shift and knowledge is about 46.9%. Conclusion, significance and  Personal protective
impact study: Work shift and knowledge have a correlation to the level of equipment
compliance behavior in usage of PPE, both in bivariate and multivariate
test.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v1i2.2568 185

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1. INTRODUCTION
Occupational health and safety programs in hospitals should be able to ensure a good health
and safety for workers, patients, visitors, and also communities. Occupational health and safety
programs should be conducted, which is must integrated and holistic manner to prevent and
reduce the incidence of occupational diseases and occupational accidents in the hospital.
Hazards and risks that exist in the hospital should be minimized by the risk control which has
been done effectively by the hospital.
Since there the high risk of Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) in hospitals, hence the
danger control efforts in the form of use of PPE is needed to be done. The compliance
behaviour of using PPE is one of the control for nurse to avoid the hazards in the hospital when
doing nursing actions. This could prevent the occupational diseases and accidents, like needle
stick injury. It is based on the spread of infectious diseases that can be transmitted through the
medium of blood and body fluids from the patient to environment (Depkes, 2008).
Hospital X Surabaya is one of the Type B educational hospitals in Surabaya which has 10
inpatient rooms with nursing time of 3 shifts per day. The highest occupational accident data on
nurses at Inpatient Installation of Hospital X Surabaya was in the form of patient fluid expossion
and needle stick injury. An accident of exposed of the patient fluid is equal to 51.11%, while of
needle stick injury is equal to 46.7%, from the preliminary study who conducted by researcher
before. The result of the preliminary study also concluded that the level of compliance behavior
in using of masks and gloves is still low about 17.8% and 57.8%. Therefore, this study aims to
examine more deeply the level of compliance behavior in using PPE on nurses.
The level of compliance behavior on nurses in using PPE is important to d, since nurse as a
personnel who conducted the nursing actions directly and indirectly. When a nurse doing
nursing actions with an appropriate PPE, direct contact as a precaution programs for nurses will
be occur (Perry, 2005). Uncompliance in using PPE based on Standard Operating Procedure will
harm for nurse, others, and hospital (Depkes, 2008).
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted at inpatient installation of Hospital X Surabaya. The research has a
quantitative method with cross sectional approach. Cross sectional approach is a study to know
the correlation between risk factors and effects, which the observation or data collection is

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conducted in a certain period of time. In this method, each subject is observed only once and
measurements are made on the status of characters or subject variables at the time of
examination. Populations and samples are 29 nurses with total population techniques. This is
often done when the population is relatively small, less than 30 people, or for research that
wants to make generalizations with a very small error (Sugiyono, 2007). The samples were taken
from nurses who worked in the morning, noon, and night shift. As an effort to protect the
human rights and welfare of the research subjects, a previous ethical test has been conducted
by Ethics Committee.
This research concept uses ABC model (Antecedents, Behavior, and Consequences)
(McSween, 2003). Antecedents are the trigger factors for behavior that consist of internal
factors (knowledge, attitude, and employment status) and external factors (work shift)
(Notoatmodjo, 2014). Independent variables of the research are knowledge and attitude
variables which are divided into 3 categories, based on the highest and lowest score of each
question item in the questionnaire. Dependent variable of the research is the level of
compliance behavior in using PPE. Data collection techniques used questionnaires to measure
the independent variables. sheets of research questionnaires. Data of the Dependent variable
was used observations with checklist form. Compliance behavioral variables in using PPE is
categorized into three parts, there are less, enough, and good. Categorization in each part
based on the class interval from the lowest score and the highest score calculation from the
observation result based on chesklist form.
Data analysis divided into two sections that are correlation test and multivariate test.
Correlation test in this paper using Spearman correlation test to know the correlation
coefficient, while multivariate test using linear regression test to know the relation of
independent variable with dependent variable simultaneously.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hazards in the Inpatient Installation requires to be prevented from the workers during work.
Nurses must obey the regulation about using personal protective equipment based on Standard
Operating Procedures (SOP). If the nurse performs a nursing action not using the appropriate
PPE, it will potentially cause work accidents or occupational diseases.
Hospitals have made a programs to make a compliance behaviors in using PPE, so it can

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prevent and control an infection for workers and patients. Infection Prevention and Control
Commitee has incorporated a program to conduct monitoring and evaluation of compliance in
using PPE. One of Committee’s program is integrated supervision in every installation in the
hospital, including in the inpatient installation. The hospital has provided PPE facilities for nurses
with the appropriate amount so that the needs of PPE in the inpatient installation space has
been fulfilled. PPE provides surgical mask, gloves (clean and sterile), N95 mask, goggle,
protective gown, head protection, and shoes.
Table 1 Frequency distribution of independent variables at inpatient installation of

Hospital X Surabaya, year 2015
Variable Category Number Percentage
Employment Status PNS* 15 51.7

BLUD** 14 48.3
Work Shift Morning 12 41.4
Noon 8 27.6
Night 9 31.0
Knowledge Less 3 10.3
Enough 20 69.0
Good 6 20.7
Attitude Enough 3 10.3
Good 26 89.7
The Level of Compliance Less 1 3.4
Behavior Enough 18 62.1
Good 10 34.5
Total 29 100
Note : * Government Employees ** Regional Public Service Agency Employees
Table 2 Correlation of employment status with the level of compliance behavior

in using ppe in installation inpatient Hospital X Surabaya, year 2015
Employment The level of compliance behavior

Status Less Enough Good r
PNS* 1 11 3
0.340
BLUD** 0 7 5
Note : * Government Employees ** Regional Public Service Agency Employees
Based on table 2 it is known that the level of compliance behavior with good category on
respondents for BLUD status is higher than PNS status, that is 50%. While the behavior of
respondent with respectable category of respondents with PNS status is higher than
respondents with BLUD status, that is equal to 73.3%.

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3.1 Correlation of Employment Status and Level of Compliance Behavior in Using

PPE
Nurses with employment status BLUDs tend to behave more compliancely in using PPE
compared than PNS status. Based on the results of the study it is known that the majority of
BLUD nurses aged 20-30 years (70.6%). Increased age will tend to make the level of compliance
behavior in the use of PPE is decreasing. Nurses with BLUD status tend to have a level of the
level of compliance behavior in better use of PPE. That's because they have concerns if their
employment contract will be terminated if known to get infectious diseases. Therefore they are
more compliance in using PPE.
This is not in line with Nugroho (2004) study where nurses with PNS status have higher
adherence levels than contract nurse adherence. Based on the theory of motivation and job
satisfaction by Herzberg (1966) in Wijono (2012) which stated that salary is one hygiene factor
that does not work as a motivator, so it can only reduce the feeling of dissatisfaction. Salary is
not one of motivation factor, so salary can not increase one's satisfaction. Therefore salary is
not the only one that determines the behavior of nurses in the hospital. In line with the study of
Badi'ah (2002) which states that the nurses still carry out the job well regardless of incentives.
The results showed that nurses with employment status of BLUD tend to behave more
compliancely in the use of PPE compared with PNS who tend to behave quite compliancely in
the use of PPE. Based on the observation, it is found that nurse with BLUD status majority is
nurse with age 20-30 years old (70,6%) which is classified as young adult age.
In line with Peaget's theory in Armwar (2007) that young adulthood will tend to be more
adaptive, flexible, and open. Any information obtained by nurses in young adulthood will be
more easy to accept and respond, so apply them properly and correctly. Therefore, nurses with
BLUD status tend to pay more attention to appropriate PPE when performing nursing actions
compared with PNS nurses. This is related to the financial factor which is also explained by
Nursalam (2011), that the financial factor (salary) can improve staff performance.
According to Cialdini and Martin (2004), there are six basic principles of compliance,
including commitment, scarcity, social relations, social validation, reciprocity, and authority.
Based on the results of the interview also obtained information that the nurse with BLUD status
of their contract of work will be extended by the hospital with one of the health status
requirements, where if known they suffer from infectious diseases, they fear the contract will

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be terminated or not extended again. In contrast to nurses with PNS status who if known to
suffer from infectious diseases, it is possible to apply early retirement. However, the
enforcement of the policy will remain through a series of stages that have been determined by
the hospital in accordance with applicable rules. One of the decisive things in the BLUD
employment contract is the attitude value. If the employee has a good attitude, then it will be
considered by the hospital management to continue the contract work.
Correlation of Work Shift and the Level of Compliance Behavior in Using PPE.
Table 3 Correlation of work shift with the level of compliance behavior

in using ppe at inpatient Installation Hospital X Surabaya, year 2015
Working The level of compliance R
Shift behavior
Less Enough Good
Morning 0 5 7 0.446
Noon 0 6 2
Night 1 7 1
Based on Table 3, respondents with morning shift predominantly have the level of
compliance behavior category both in using PPE, that is equal to 58.3%. In the afternoon shift
obtained dominant data has a fairly adherent behavior in the use of PPE, which is equal to 75%.
While at night shift obtained dominant data have behavior well enough also in the use of PPE.
Good category adherence behaviors experienced a decrease in day and night shifts. In contrast,
the adherence behavior of categories is quite increasing in day and night shifts.
The correlation test results show a fairly strong relationship between working shift and
nurse behavior during do nursing action. Behavior of use of PPE on respondent on the morning
shift tends better than respondent with day and night shift. According to Nurmianto (2008)
workers who served at night shift tend to have a higher risk of health problems, causing errors
and omissions. This can make a person discompliance to work.
Working shift is one factor that causes differences in the level of level of compliance
behavior in the use of PPE. Behavior of APD usage on nurse with morning shift tends to be
better / compliance than respondent with day and night shift. The level of compliance behavior
tends to decrease during day and night shifts.
According Nurmianto (2008) nurses on duty at night shift tend to have a higher risk work
accident compared with workers who served on the normal shift (morning shift). Workers on

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duty at night shift will experience health problems such as disturbance of sleep patterns,
fatigue, hypertension, and gastrointestinal disorders.
Based on the observation result, the level of compliance behavior in the use of PPE is only
found at night shift. This can be caused by the fatigue factor experienced by the nurse as it
works during the hours that are required to sleep. Nurses who experience sleep disorders will
cause health problems. Nurses who experience health problems will be able to cause errors and
negligence when working so will tend to disobey in work. The impact will increase the risk of
accidents and occupational diseases. Workers working on night shifts will also experience
disturbances in the circadian system, so that workers can reduce the ability of individuals in
doing the job. Decrease in ability will lead to work accidents and decreased work productivity
(Monk, 2009).
Correlation of Knowledge and the level of Compliance Behavior in Using PPE is shown in
Table 4.
Table 4 Correlation of knowledge with the level of compliance behavior
in using ppe at inpatient installation Hospital X Surabaya, year 2015
Knowledge The level of compliance R
behavior
Less Enough Good
Less 0 1 0.394
Enough 1 2 4
Good 0 15 5
1
Analysis results indicates that the compliance behavior of good category mostly found in
good knowledge, that is as much as 5 respondents. Behavior of compliance category of
sufficient enough with enough knowledge, that is as much as 15 respondents, whereas
compliance behavior of less category that is less enough knowledge, that is as much as 1
respondent.
On table 4 it can be seen that correlation value is 0.394. This indicates that the knowledge
variable has a strong enough positive correlation with compliance behavior in the use of PPE.
The nurse's knowledge level determines the level of compliance behavior in using PPE.
Knowledge of PPE specifically makes the nurse aware of the use of PPE in every nursing action
to prevent disease transmission. Adherence in the use of PPE in the workplace is expected to be
well applied to reduce accident rates and occupational illness in hospitals. Based on the result of
research conducted by Sharif (2012), there is a relationship between knowledge, attitude, and

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motivation with nurse compliance. This is consistent with the Green (1980) theory which states
that knowledge upgrading does not always cause behavioral change, but knowledge is an
important element that must be given to someone before doing something. According to
Milgram (1963) is an autonomous state in which a person takes responsibility for what he does
according to his awareness of the behavior.
According to Carpenito (2013), factors that influence compliance include understanding of
instruction, level of education, beliefs, attitudes and personality, and social support. According
to Notoatmodjo (2010), behavior may be affected by internal and external factor.
Knowledgeand attitude classified in to internal factor. Knowledge is the result of human
sensing, or the result of knowing to the object through his or her senses. While sensing
produces such knowledge that strongly influenced by the intensity of attention and perception
of the object. Much of a person's knowledge is acquired through the sense of hearing (ears), the
sense of smell (nose), and the sense of sight from eye.
Without knowledge, person has no basic for making decisions and determines actions
against problems encountered. Factors that affect one's knowledge are internal factors and
external factors. A person's knowledge of a particular object has different intensities or levels.
Lack of worker knowledge about the state of the workplace can adversely affect the worker
itself. The lack of knowledge by Bird (1985) is due to lack of experience, lack of orientation or
poorly understood training. Broadly divided into 6 levels of knowledge, there are:
1) Know
Know is defined only as a recall (memory) of a pre-existing memory after observing
something.
2) Understanding
Understanding an object does not just know the object, not just mentioning it, but the
person must be able to interpret correctly about the known object.
3) Application
Application is defined when the person has understood the object in question can use or
apply the known principle to another situation. For example, someone who has understood
the planning process should be able to make health program planning in the workplace and
will be able to make research proposal easily anywhere.
4) Analysis

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Analysis is the ability of a person to describe separately then look for relationships between
the components contained in a known problem or object. The indication of one's
knowledge has reached the level of analysis is when the person able to distinguish,
segregate, group, and make diagrams (charts) of knowledge of the object.
5) Synthesis
Synthesis shows a person's ability to encapsulate or put in a logical relationship of the
components they possess. Synthesis process is formulating new formulations of existing
formulations. For example, can create or summarize with words or sentences themselves
about what has been read or heard so that could conclude about an article.
6) Evaluation
Evaluation relates to a person's ability to justify or judge a particular object. This judgment
is by itself based on a self-determined criterion or a prevailing norm.
Behavior will be in accordance with knowledge if the individual receives a motivation signal
strong enough to behave according to his knowledge. Another theory that in line is theory of
safety triad described that knowledge has a significant relationship with labor compliance in
using PPE (Geller, 2001). Knowledge is the result of knowing and this occurs after a person
performs sensing of a particular object through the sense of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and
touch. Knowledge is the domain that determines the formation of one's actions (Notoatmodjo,
2014). More explained that the behavior of someone who is based on knowledge, awareness
and positive attitude then the attitude will be long lasting, otherwise if the behavior is not based
on knowledge it will not last long. In this case the workers already have knowledge about the
PPE and the dangers posed by the work it does. Thus it can be concluded that knowledge is a
very important domain in shaping one's behavior, in this case is the behavior of the nurses
adhere to the use of PPE.
Correlation of Attitude and the Level of Compliance Behavior is shown at Table 5.
Table 5 Correlation of attitude with the level of level of compliance behaviorin using ppe at
inpatient installation Hospital X Surabaya, year 2015
Attitude The level of compliance R
behavior
Less Enough Good
Enough 0 3 0 0.215
Good 1 15 10

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3.2 Correlation of Attitude and Level of Compliance Behavior in Using PPE
Based on the theory Notoatmodjo (2014), attitude is a reaction or a closed response to the
stimulus or object. Attitude can not be seen directly. Attitude is not yet a single action or
activity, but it is a predisposition of an action or behavior. People who have a positive attitude
tend to have a sense of enthusiasm and oppression. Conversely, people who have negative
attitudes tend to be less enthusiastic and pessimistic. According to Richard LaPiere in Suryanto
(2012) attitude is not always positively correlated with behavior. Attitude is one of the
determinants of behavior, but there are still other determinants to be considered in the
formation of a behavior.
Level of attitude based on intensity, that is (Notoatmodjo, 2010):
1) Receiving
Receiving means that the person or subject is willing to receive a given stimulus (object).
For example, the attitude of a worker who uses PPE can be seen from the workers'
willingness and attention to the counseling about the importance of using PPE.
2) Responding
Responding means to provide answers or responses to questions or objects faced.
Providing answers when asked, working on, and completing a given task is an indication of
an attitude. The existence of an attempt to answer a question or do a given task, regardless
of the work is right or wrong, so that means the worker accepted the idea. For example, a
worker who has followed the counseling on the importance of using PPE will respond if
asked or asked questions by superiors.
3) Respect
Respect is defined as giving a positive value to the object or stimulus, in the sense of
discussing with others, even inviting or influencing or encouraging others to respond. For
example, the attitude of a worker who invites co-workers to use PPE is a proof that the
worker has a positive attitude toward the importance of the behavior of the use of PPE.
4) Responsible
The highest level of attitudes is to be responsible for what he has believed with all the risks
that he will receive. For example, a worker who wants to follow the counseling importance
of the use of PPE while working despite the sacrifice of rest time.

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According to Nursalam (2011), Age is one of the characteristics of individuals who are
counted from birth date. According to the psychological theory of the development of workers,
age can be classified into young adulthood, old adults, and old. Young adult age is age from 20-
40 years old, old adult from 41-65 years old, and old age is over 65 years old (Haditono, 2000).
A good attitude does not show a change in the level of compliance behavior. In the filling
questionnaires majority respondents chose to be positive in the use of PPE. This can be caused
by the filling of data that is less open. This is in contrast to the fact at the time of the interview
that they tend to be negative about personal protective equipment. This condition can occur
because of the lack of awareness of the importance of being positive in the use of PPE in doing
the work.
Observation Result of the Level of Behavior Compliance in Using PPE is shown in Table 6.
Table 6 Observation behavior result in using ppe in installation inpatient

Hospital X Surabaya, year 2015
No. Item Percentage

Yes No
1 The nurse uses gloves when needed when performing 100 0
low-risk nursing actions
2 Nurses use PPE that corresponds to the action before 62 38
contact with the patient
3 Nurses wear gloves when performing actions that allow 90 10
exposure to blood but no splashes
4 Nurses use closed shoes when at work 41 59
5 Nurses check the quality of PPE before use 21 79
6 The nurse uses gloves that match the size of his hand 100 0
7 Nurses change gloves to different patients 34 66

8 Nurses use flip-flops while working 59 41
9 The nurse uses a mask right in the nose and covers the 100 0
mouth
10 Nurses use appropriate PPE when taking action with 55 45
moderate risk
11 The nurse places the used glove on the crooked tool 2 7 93 7
12 The nurse keeps the gloves on the action troly for easy 100 0
reach
13 Nurses dispose of APD that has been used in infectious 52 48
waste bins
Table 6 shows the highest 3 types of behavior that are not appropriate in the use of PPE is
not checking the quality of PPE before use (79%), not changing gloves to different patients
(66%), and not wearing shoes at work (59%).

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3.3 Linear Regression Analysis
Linear regression test is conducted to determine the effect of each dependent variables
simultaneously, so the formula of the resulting equation can be applied to the real condition in
the hospital. Based on Table 7 and Table 8, the results of the independent variables in the form
of wrk shift and employment status have significance value <0.05. It means both of independent
variables have an influence to the dependent variable.
The value of RSquared used in this study based on the value of 0.530, so it can be concluded
that the variable status of employment and work shift able to explain the variation inthe level of
compliance behavior in Using PPE is about 46.9%.
Table 7 Results of linear regression test analysis at inpatient installation public

Hospital Haji Surabaya, year 2015
R R Square Std. Error The Sig.

Estimate
0.685 0.469 0.42620 0.003
Table 8 Table anova regression test
Model B Std. Error T Sig.

Constant 0.396 0.992 0.399 0.000
Employment Status 0.98 0.181 1.649 0.140
Work Shift - 0.270 0.098 -2.761 0.023
Knowledge 0.326 0.151 2.149 0.042
Attitude 0.450 0.284 1.584 0.126
Regression Equation Model
𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏1 𝑥1 + 𝑏2 𝑥2 + 𝑏3 𝑥3 + 𝑏4 𝑥4 (1)
𝑌 = 0,396 + (−0,27𝑋2) + 0,326𝑋3
Based on the results of linear regression equation, only the working shift variable
(X2/Independent) and knowledge variable (X3/Independent) have an influence to the variable
of the level of level of compliance behavior (Y/Dependent). The employment status variable
(X1/Independent) and attitude variable (X4/Independent) have a significance value > 0.05.
Therefore, the variable must be excluded from the equation. Only two variables that influence
to the variable of the level of compliance behavior. There are the working shift

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(X2/Independent) and knowledge (X3/Independent). Working shift variable has a significance

and the value is negative. Negative value from working shift variable in the equation means that
the value of the level of compliance behavior will be reduced. In other words, every 1 point
decresement from the independent variable of employment status (X1 / Independent) will add
value from the dependent variable, the amount is 0.7. Otherwise, positive value from
knowledge variable in the equation means that the value of level of compliance behavior will be
increased. Therefore, every 1 point increasement from the independent variable of knowledge
(X4/ Independent) will add value from the dependent variable, the amount is 0.326.
4. CONCLUSION
Working shift and knowledge are the variables that have a significance value with the level of
compliance behavior in using PPE. Working shift is a variables that have a stronger correlation
than the knowledge variables. Working shift and knowledge influence simultantly to the level of
compliance behavior in using PPE, the amount is 46,9%
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The Level of Compliance Behavior in using Personal Protective Equipment on Nurse in the Hospital

THE LEVEL OF COMPLIANCE BEHAVIOR IN USAGE OF PERSONAL

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT MANUSCRIPT HISTORY

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v1i2.2568 185

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v1i2.2568 186

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Table 1 Frequency distribution of independent variables at inpatient installation of

Variable Category Number Percentage

Employment Status PNS* 15 51.7

Table 2 Correlation of employment status with the level of compliance behavior

Employment The level of compliance behavior

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3.1 Correlation of Employment Status and Level of Compliance Behavior in Using

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Table 3 Correlation of work shift with the level of compliance behavior

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3.2 Correlation of Attitude and Level of Compliance Behavior in Using PPE

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Table 6 Observation behavior result in using ppe in installation inpatient

No. Item Percentage

7 Nurses change gloves to different patients 34 66

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3.3 Linear Regression Analysis

Table 7 Results of linear regression test analysis at inpatient installation public

R R Square Std. Error The Sig.

Table 8 Table anova regression test

Model B Std. Error T Sig.

Regression Equation Model

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(X2/Independent) and knowledge (X3/Independent). Working shift variable has a significance

Bird, Frank E, Jr. 1985. Commitment. Georgia: Institute Publishing Loganville.

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Notoatmodjo. 2014. Ilmu Perilaku Kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta

Nursalam. 2011. Manajemen Keperawatan Aplikasi dalam Praktek Keperawatan Profesional.

Perry, P. 2005. Buku Ajar Fundamental Keperawatan. Jakarta: EGC.

Sugiyono. 2007. Statistika Untuk Penelitian, Cetakan Keduabelas, Alfabeta, Bandung.

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