Memorandum

Introduction
We, the members of Group 1 (Deanzel Masilungan, Jhonnel Montales, and Joshua
Ramirez) had successfully completed the Tensile testing for mild steel and cast iron. The
summary of our report is shown below. The test data, compuations, solutions and analysis are
attached.

Tensile Test
In tension test ends of a test piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and
to a load measuring device. The test involves straining a test piece by tensile force generally to
fracture for the purpose of determining one or more of the mechanical properties.

The Test are done by following the procedures given by the virtual labs (https://sm-
nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp13/index.html) for mild steel and cast iron. According to the procedure, the
specimen’s initial diameter will be measured using the vernier caliper and its length by the
measuring scale. Punch some marks that is 2.5 times its diameter for the latter measurements and
place them in the extensometer. The tensile process is then started. The data are graphed and
used to calculate to given properties.

For Mild Steel

The mild steel specimen with a diameter of 12.55mm and a length of 190mm is
hammered to make a punch mark at a distance of 2.5d ( 31.6mm) is placed in an extensometer
and was loaded until it breaks. The two pieces are join together and measure the final length
between three punch mark which is 82.1mm, final length between grips which is 208.5mm and
final diameter which is 7.5mm. We noticed

For Cast Iron

The cast iron specimen with a diameter of 20mm and a length of 200mm is placed in an
extensometer and was loaded until it breaks.
Procedure for Mild Steel:
Objective:
To study the mechanical properties of Mild Steel under Tensile testing
Steps:
1. Click on Tensile Test on mild steel file and a window will pop out
2. Click the Next button to proceed to the next step
3. Measure the initial diameter of the test sample into perpendicular directions using
vernier caliper.
4. Measure the length of the specimen between the grip using scale
5. Put marks are made at 2.5 times the diameter
6. Insert the specimen into its position and mount extensometer on the specimen
7. Readings on the dials A and B of extensometer are adjusted to zero
8. Experiment is conducted. Load, extensometer readings are read at regular intervals of
load up to the yield point. Ivory scale readings are noted till the specimen failure.
9. Join the two pieces of the test sample and measure the diameter at the neck of the
specimen
10. Measure the final length between three punch marks.
11. Input the calculated result in the given boxes based on your test values. To check the
calculated value, click on CHECK.
12. Observation on second trial
Procedure for Cast Iron
To study the mechanical properties of cast iron under Tensile testing
Steps:
1. Click on Tensile Test on mild steel file and a window will pop out
2. Click the Next button to proceed to the next step
3. Measure the initial diameter of the test sample into perpendicular directions using
vernier caliper.
4. Measure the length of the specimen between the grip using scale
5. Put marks are made at 2.5 times the diameter
6. Specimen is kept on its position. Readings on dial gauge indicator are adjusted to zero
7. Experiment is conducted. Load, extensometer readings are read at regular intervals of
load up to the yield point. Ivory scale readings are noted till the specimen failure.
Click on the green button.
8. Join the two pieces of the test sample and measure the diameter at the neck of the
specimen
9. Measure the final length between three punch marks.
 10. Input the calculated result in the given boxes based on your test values. To check the
calculated value, click on CHECK.
11. Observation on second trial
RESULTS for mild steel:
Average initial diameter=12.55 mm
initial length of the specimen between the grips=190 mm
distance 2.5 d=2.5 ×12.47=31.6 mm
final length between three punch mark=82.1 mm
final length of the specimen between the grips=208.5 mm
final diameter=7.5 mm

initial area ( Ai ) =123.64 m m2

final area( A f )=44.16 mm 2

Load (N) Length (mm) Stress (N/mm²) Strain ()

2,500 0.2 20.21999353 0
5,000 0.5 40.43998706 1.5
7,500 0.8 60.65998059 3
10,000 1 80.87997412 4
12,500 1 101.0999676 4
15,000 1.2 121.3199612 5
17,500 1.2 141.5399547 5
20,000 1.5 161.7599482 6.5
22,500 1.5 181.9799418 6.5
25,000 1.5 202.1999353 6.5
27,500 1.8 222.4199288 8
30,000 2 242.6399224 9
32,500 2 262.8599159 9
35,000 2 283.0799094 9
37,500 2.2 303.2999029 10
38,000 2.5 307.3439016 11.5
39,000 3 315.4318991 14
40,000 4 323.5198965 19
41,500 6 335.6518926 29
39,500 8 319.4758978 39
37,000 9.2 299.2559042 45
 40,000 12 323.5198965 59
42,500 14 343.73989 69
45,000 18 363.9598835 89
47,500 25 384.1798771 124
50,000 32 404.3998706 159
51,500 36 416.5318667 179
50,500 39 408.4438693 194
47,500 43 384.1798771 214

Stress-strain diagram of mild steel

450
425
400
375
350
325
300
275
250
Stress (N)

225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
Strain ()

This figure shows the stress- strain diagram for mild steel

RESULTS for cast iron:

initial diameter=20 mm
length of the specimen between the grips=200 mm

Original area=314 mm 2
 kN
slope1=0.34
¿
kN
slope2=0.22
¿
kN
slope3=0.43
¿
least count=0.01 mm

Load (N) Reading (div) Stress (N/mm²) Strain

2,500 6 7.961783439 0
5,000 14 15.92356688 1.333333333
7,500 20 23.88535032 2.333333333
10,000 29 31.84713376 3.833333333
12,500 35 39.8089172 4.833333333
15,000 43 47.77070064 6.166666667
17,500 52 55.73248408 7.666666667
20,000 60 63.69426752 9
22,500 68 71.65605096 10.33333333
25,000 78 79.61783439 12
27,500 85 87.57961783 13.16666667
30,000 94 95.54140127 14.66666667
32,500 102 103.5031847 16
35,000 112 111.4649682 17.66666667
37,500 122 119.4267516 19.33333333
40,000 132 127.388535 21
42,500 140 135.3503185 22.33333333
45,000 150 143.3121019 24
47,500 161 151.2738854 25.83333333
50,000 174 159.2356688 28
52,500 186 167.1974522 30
55,000 198 175.1592357 32
57,500 212 183.1210191 34.33333333
60,000 230 191.0828025 37.33333333
62,500 244 199.044586 39.66666667
65,000 262 207.0063694 42.66666667
67,500 286 214.9681529 46.66666667
70,000 324 222.9299363 53
72,500 367 230.8917197 60.16666667
75,000 405 238.8535032 66.5
 Stress-strain diagram Cast Iron
260
240
220
200
180
160
Stress (N/mm²)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Strain

This figure shows the stress-strain of cast iron.

Compuation for mild steel:
Yield Stress
yield load
σ yield stress =
Ai

41500 N
σ yield stress =
123 .64 mm 2
N
σ yield stress =335 . 6518926
m m2

Tensile Strength
Ultimate Load
σ tensile strength =
Ai

51500 N
σ tensile strength =
123 . 64 m m2
 N
σ tensile strength =416 . 5318667
m m2

Modulus of elasticity
gauge length
E=slope ×
Ai

kN 190 mm
E=137 .31 ×
mm 123 . 64 mm 2

E=211 . 00699557GPa

Percent Elongation
Lf −Lo
% elongation= ( Lo )
× 100

% elongation= ( 81 .2 mm−63
63 .2 mm
.2 mm
) ×100
% elongation=29. 90506329 %

Percent reduction in area

( Ai −A f )
% reduction∈area= ×100
Ai

( 123 . 64 m m2−44 . 16 mm2 )

% reduction∈area= × 100
123 . 64 m m2
% reduction∈area=64 .28340343 %

Computation for cast Iron

Proof Stress
 Proof load
σ proof stress =
Ao

59000 N
σ proof stress =
314 mm 2
N
σ p roof stress =187 . 8980892
m m2

Tensile Strength
Ultimate load
σ tensile=
Ao
75000 N
σ tensile=
314 m m2
N
σ tensile=238 . 8535032
m m2

Secant Modulus
1 L
secant modulus=slope1 × ×
LC A o

kN 1÷¿ 200 mm
secant modulus=0.34 × × ¿
¿ 0.01 mm 314 m m 2

secant modulus=21.65605096 GPa

Tangent Modulus
1 L
tangent=slope 2× ×
LC Ao

kN 1÷¿ 200 mm
tangent=0.22 × × ¿
¿ 0.01mm 314 m m2

tangent=14.01273885 GPa

Modulus of elasticity
 1 L
modulus of elasticity=slope 3× ×
LC Ao

kN 1÷¿ 200 mm
modulus of elasticity=0.43 × × ¿
¿ 0.01 mm 314 m m2

modulus of elasticity=27.38853503 GPa

CONCLUSION: