Fourier Series

TOPIC: FOURIER SERIES
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
3 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
4 HALF RANGE SERIES
5 PARSEVAL’S THEOREM
1 INTRODUCTION
The concept of Fourier series was first introduced by Jacques Fourier (1768– 1830), French Physicist and
Mathematician. These series became a most important tool in Mathematical physics and had deep influence on the
further development of mathematics itself. Fourier series are series of cosines and sines and arise in representing
general periodic functions that occurs in many Science and Engineering problems. Since the periodic functions are
often complicated, it is necessary to express these in terms of the simple periodic functions of sine and cosine. They
play an important role in solving ordinary and partial differential equations.
2 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
A function f (x) is called periodic if it is defined for all real x, some positive number p such that
f (x + p ) = f (x) for all x.

This number ‘p’ is called a period of f(x)
If a periodic function f (x) has a smallest period p (>0), this is often called the fundamental period of f(x).
For example, the functions cosx and sinx have fundamental period 2p.
DIRICHLET CONDITIONS
Any function f(x), defined in the interval c ≤x ≥c + 2p, can be developed as a Fourier series of the form
Provided the following conditions are satisfied.
f (x) is periodic, single–valued and finite in [ c, c + 2 p].

f (x) has a finite number of discontinuities in [ c, c + 2p].
f (x) has at the most a finite number of maxima and minima in [ c,c+ 2p].
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These conditions are known as Dirichlet conditions. When these conditions are satisfied, the Fourier series converges
to f(x) at every point of continuity. At a point of discontinuity x = c, the sum of the series is given by
f(x) = (1/2) [ f (c-0) + f (c+0)] ,

Where f (c-0) is the limit on the left and f (c+0) is the limit on the right.
EULER’S FORMULAE
The Fourier series for the function f(x) in the interval c < x < c + 2pis given by
These values of a0, an, bn are known as Euler’s, formula .The coefficients a0, an, bn are also termed as Fourier
coefficients.
Example 1
Expand f(x) = x as Fourier Series (Fs) in the interval [ -π, π]
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Example 2
Expand f(x) = x2 in the interval ( -p<x <p) and hence deduce that
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Example 3
Obtain the Fourier series of periodicity 2π in [for-π, π]
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Example 4
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Example 5
Find the Fourier series for f (x) = (x + x2) in (-p< x < p) of periodicity 2p and hence deduce that
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Here x = -pand x = pare the end points of the range. \ The value of FS at x = pis the average of the values of f(x) at x
= pand x = -p.
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Exercises:
Determine the Fourier expressions of the following functions in the given interval
1. f(x) = (p- x)2, 0 < x < 2p

2. f(x) = 0 in -p< x < 0
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3 Even and Odd functions
A function f(x) is said to be even if f (-x) = f (x). For example x2, cosx, x sinx, secx are even functions. A function f
(x) is said to be odd if f (-x) = - f (x). For example, x3, sinx, x cosx, are odd functions.
(1) The Euler’s formula for even function is a
(2) The Euler’s formula for odd function is
Example 6
Find the Fourier series for f (x) = x in (-p, p)
Here, f(x) = x is an odd function.
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Example 7
Expand f (x) = |x| in (-p, p) as FS and hence deduce that
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Example 8
Then find the FS for f(x) and hence show that
Here f (-x) in (-p,0) = f (x) in (0,p)
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f (-x) in (0,p) = f (x) in (-p,0)
f(x) is an even function
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Example 9
Obtain the FS expansion of f(x) = x sinx in (-p< x<p) and hence deduce that
Here f (x) = xsinx is an even function.
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4 HALF RANGE SERIES
It is often necessary to obtain a Fourier expansion of a function for the range (0, p) which is half the period
of the Fourier series, the Fourier expansion of such a function consists a cosine or sine terms only.
(i) Half Range Cosine Series
The Fourier cosine series for f(x) in the interval (0,p) is given by
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(ii) Half Range Sine Series
The Fourier sine series for f(x) in the interval (0,p) is given by
Example 10
If c is the constant in ( 0 < x < p) then show that
c = (4c / p) { sinx + (sin3x /3) + sin5x / 5) + ... ... ... }

Given f(x) = c in (0,p).
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Example 11
Find the Fourier Half Range Sine Series and Cosine Series for f(x) = x in the interval (0,p).
Sine Series
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5 Parseval’s Theorem
Root Mean square value of the function f(x) over an interval (a, b) is defined as
The use of r.m.s value of a periodic function is frequently made in the theory of mechanical vibrations and in electric
circuit theory. The r.m.s value is known as the effective value of the function.
Parseval’s Theorem
If f(x) defined in the interval (c,c+2π), then the Parseval’s Identity is given by
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Example 13
Obtain the Fourier series for f(x)
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TOPIC: FOURIER SERIES

f (x + p ) = f (x) for all x.

Provided the following conditions are satisfied.

f (x) is periodic, single–valued and finite in [ c, c + 2 p].

f(x) = (1/2) [ f (c-0) + f (c+0)] ,

1. f(x) = (p- x)2, 0 < x < 2p

(1) The Euler’s formula for even function is a

(2) The Euler’s formula for odd function is

Then find the FS for f(x) and hence show that

Here f (-x) in (-p,0) = f (x) in (0,p)

f(x) is an even function

Here f (x) = xsinx is an even function.

(i) Half Range Cosine Series

If c is the constant in ( 0 < x < p) then show that

c = (4c / p) { sinx + (sin3x /3) + sin5x / 5) + ... ... ... }

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