ASSOSA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

COURSE NAME: - SEMINAR ON CURRENT TRENDS IN IT

SEMINAR TITLE: - WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

COUSRSE CODE: - ITEC 3141

NAME: IDNO:

KABE MOTUMA RU|1155/10

SUBMITTED TO INSTRUCTOR: SUBMISSION DATE 17/05/2013

CHERU H.

ADVISOR: - INSTRUCTOR

BIRHANU A.
 ASSOSA, ETHIOPIA

Contents
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Overview.................................................................................................................................2
1.2 Objective.................................................................................................................................2
1.3 Problems.................................................................................................................................3
1.4 Motivation...............................................................................................................................3
2. Literature review..........................................................................................................................3
2.1 Radiative or Far-Field technique:.........................................................................................6
2.2 Near-field (non radiative) technique:....................................................................................6
3. Methodogy....................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Wireless power transmission using microwaves..................................................................7
3.2 Wireless power transmission using laser..............................................................................7
3.3 Wireless power transmission by magnetic resonance..........................................................7
4. Main work.....................................................................................................................................8
4.1 Short range wireless power transmission.........................................................................10
4.2 Long distance wireless power transmission........................................................................11
4.3 Advantages of WPT.............................................................................................................11
4.4 Disadvantages of WPT.........................................................................................................12
5. Results.........................................................................................................................................12
5.1 Result analysis......................................................................................................................13
5.2 Result discussion...................................................................................................................13
5.3 Result evaluation..................................................................................................................13
6. Conclusion..................................................................................................................................14
7. References...................................................................................................................................15

List of figures
Figure 1 wireless power transmissions...............................................................................................1
Figure 2 the main work of wireless power transmission....................................................................9

1. Introduction
Wireless power transmission (WPT) has become one of the most important research points
in this century. The research motivations and its relative importance are related to real time
applications. Portability is the main motivation for wireless power transfer as the number of
portable devices is enormously increasing and wired chargers will limit their portability.
Electric vehicles and mobile robots wide spreading is bonded to the availability of wireless
battery chargers because mobility is their main concern. Losses in power transmission grid,
which can reach 30% of the transmitted power is a problem that could be solved with
microwave power transmission.

Nicole Tesla was the first one to introduce the wireless power transfer concept
[CITATION Moh16 \l 1033 ]. In 1891, he began his work on wireless power transmission at
his laboratory in Colorado, USA. He managed to power a small incandescent lamp by
current induced in a three-wound coil and the circuit was grounded at one end and the other
end was free [ CITATION Sag12 \l 1033 ]. The transmitter used a resonant circuit and was
connected to ground. Tesla’s successful experiment was the first demonstration of wireless
power transfer concept. The Wardenclyffe tower, was designed by Tesla for trans-Atlantic
wireless telephony. He demonstrated the concept of wireless power transmission, but the
tower was not completed due to lack of fund.

Figure 1 wireless power transmissions

William Brown introduced great contributions to the development of microwave power
transmission, which are of great importance recently[ CITATION Sag12 \l 1033 ]. He invented the
rectifying antenna, called rectenna, which can receive microwaves and convert them to DC
current. In 1964, he demonstrated the rectenna ability by powering a helicopter through
microwaves only. Wireless power transfer can be achieved by several alternative methods
(will be demonstrated and discussed later), but only three of them are the mostly utilized.
The first method is the inductive coupling between two separated coils; the second one is
the microwave power transmission and the third method is using laser technology for
electrical power transfer.

1.1 Overview
Wireless power transfer is a generic term for a number of different technologies for
transmitting energy by means of electromagnetic fields. In general a wireless power system
consists of a "transmitter" device connected to a source of power such as a mains power
line, which converts the power to a time-varying electromagnetic field, and one or more
"receiver" devices which receive the power and convert it back to DC or AC electric
current which is used by an electrical load.

1.2 Objective
Previously, those who have worked researched on WPT have faced many challenges. The
limitations that the researchers and engineers are recharging batteries, continuation of
supplied power, dealing with moving points, optimizing the sensors and so forth. Though
these challenges still exist, day by day the limitations and problems are getting minimized
because of the continuous research going on WPT. The purpose of our research was to
contribute to minimize the limitations of the transmission of power wirelessly.

1.3 Problems

When wireless power transfer is in band with information transfer, there will be
interruption in connectivity. The wireless power density is hard to estimate and control. The
radio exposure can be over the limit due to reflection and refraction of the signals
originated from other wireless devices. Ensuring safety where end-users are allowed to
deploy new power transmission and modify the locations of existing energy transmission
and energy receiver at run-time is difficult. The more ETs are deployed; end users might be
exposed to more radiation.

Determining a power transfer schedule for ETs in order to maximize power transfer
and ensure EMR safety is a hard problem. In such a dynamic system, one should guarantee
the exposure safety considering run-time influence of unpredictable end-user actions. For
scenarios where ERs are wearable, body movements might lead to unpredictable exposure
influence on different parts of the body. Wireless power transfer through microwave
involves biological effects due to high frequency. Moreover, it will be very much costly.
The transmission of electric power through this method is susceptible to security risks like
cyber warfare.

1.4 Motivation
While wireless power devices have already been created by other companies and
institutions, they are still very basic and not practical. In modern times, no one wants to use
the wire or cord in case of charging any device and there comes the necessity of WPT.

Motivations for WPT can be summarized as[ CITATION Gra10 \l 1033 ]:

• Increase the device mobility

• Avoid the wiring hazards

• Improve electric vehicles reliability

• Safe the wiring cost and its isolation

• Immune to chemicals, dirt and water.

• Enhance the research of biomedical applications

• Maintenance free and no electrical plugs

 2. Literature review
In1864, James C. Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves. -In 1888, bolstered by
Maxwell's theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing experimental evidence of
radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The prediction and Evidence of the radio
wave in the end of 19th century was start of the wireless power transmission. -Nikola Tesla
has been the pioneer in the field of wireless transmission of electrical power. He started
efforts on wireless power transmission in 1891.

Nikola Tesla successfully lighted a small incandescent lamp by means of resonant

circuit grounded at one end. -William C. Brown contributed much to the modern
development of microwave power transmission which dominates research and development
of wireless transmission today. In 1960s Brown invented the rectenna which directly
converts microwave into dc current.

Although the fields of biotelemetry and microwave transmission involve some forms
of wireless power transmission and have been researched for decades, mid-range wireless
power transfer (that can energize home and office electronics) is a relatively new field with
significant potential. Industry hopes that with such technologies, the last remaining wire
connecting electronic devices – the power cord – can finally be cut. This could
revolutionize the deployment of electronic devices at home, offices and factories.

This paper analyzes publications of the different subjects of Wireless Power Transfer.
Most of science technology peer review journals in English are considered. The analysis of
publications can help assessing the productive and high-impact authors and countries
worldwide on Wireless Power Transfer research. Web of Science provides access to the
world’s leading citation databases. Authoritative, multidisciplinary coverage includes
current and retrospective journal and proceedings data in the sciences, social sciences, arts,
and humanities, with backfiles to 1900.

Some characteristics of this database are:

• Coverage of over 12, 000 journals.

• More than 148,000 proceedings from the most significant conferences, symposia,
seminars, colloquia, workshops, and conventions worldwide.

• Coverage as far back as 1900.

• Coverage of over 30,000 editorially selected books.

Scopus, launched in November 2004, is an abstract and citation database containing

both peer-reviewed research literature and web sources. With nearly 20,500 titles from
more than 5,000 international publishers, Scopus offers researchers a comprehensive
resource to support their research needs in the scientific, technical, medical and social
sciences fields and, more recently, also in the arts and humanities[ CITATION Jos17 \l 1033 ].

The idea of transmitting power wirelessly is not new. In fact it is widely popular since
19th century, when this technique was implemented conduction based wireless power
transmission system instead of using a resonance based magnetic field to transmit electrical
power without wires. As the method was radiative, large amount of electrical power was
getting wasted. Nikola Tesla was successful to light an electric bulb without using wires at
his Colorado Springs Lab by using electro-dynamic induction (resonant inductive
coupling).

Three electric bulbs were lit by a power source kept 60 feet (18metres) away from the
bulbs, and the complete demonstration was properly documented. Tesla had planned to
transmit power without using wires i.e. wirelessly across the Atlantic Ocean with his Long
Island based Warden clyffe Tower. This never happened due to several problems, including
timing and funding. Wireless power transmission technique makes use of time-varying
magnetic, electric, or electro-magnetic fields. This technique can be used to power
electrical and electronic devices where wires cannot be used or at the places where wired
interconnection is impossible or inefficient.

In 1826, Andre-Marie Ampere developed ampere’s circuital law that shows that the
electric current flowing through a conductor will produces a magnetic field. In 1831,
Michael Faraday developed Faraday’s law of induction, describing the E.M.F. gets induced
in a conductor when it comes in contact with a time varying magnetic field . In 1862,
James Clerk Maxwell done some modifications in these laws along with some other
observations, experiments as well as equations of electricity, magnetism and optics into a
consistent theory, deriving equations called asMaxwell’s equations. These laws together
form the base for wireless power transmission.

2.1 Radiative or Far-Field technique:

In radiative or far-field techniques, electro-magnetic radiation, like laser beams power or
microwaves is used to transmit power wirelessly. These techniques are capable transfer
energy over a longer distance but the transmitted signal must be directed toward the
receiver. Familiar applications related to this type of technique are wireless powered drone
aircraft and solar power satellites.

2.2 Near-field (non radiative) technique:

The near field components of magnetic and electric fields are approximately same as quasi-
static oscillating dipole fields for large relative distance. These fields reduce with the cube
of distance: (Drange/Dcoil). As the power is proportional to the square of the strength of
the field the transferred power reduces/decreases as (Drange / Dcoil) −6 or 60 dB per
decade. Therefore, in order to transfer power over a short range/distance only capacitive
and inductive coupling can be used within a few times the diameter of the antenna device
Dcoil, Dissimilar the radiative type systems in which maximum radiation occurs when the
dipole antennas are oriented transverse with respect to the direction of propagation, with
dipole fields the maximum coupling occurs when the dipoles are oriented longitudinally.

In near field techniques, inductive coupling is used to transfer the power between
two coils of wire, or by electric fields using capacitive coupling between metal electrodes.
Inductive coupling is the most widely used technique for wireless transmission of power.
Its applications include charging portable devices like phones and electric toothbrushes,
RFID tags, and chargers for cell phones.

Technology allows powering and charging of portable devices such as cell phones
and laptops. Building designers would integrate WPT technology into the walls or floors of
new construction to allow for the distribution of wireless power. Moving targets for
example fuel free airplanes, fuel free electric vehicles, moving robots and fuel free rockets.
Another applying WPT are wireless power source, wireless sensors and RF power adaptive
rectifying circuits (PARC). Mobility - user device might be moved easily in the wireless
range.

Neat and easy Installation - since no cable running occasionally, just start-up the
wireless device and you’re ready to rumble. Generating power by placing satellites with
giant solar arrays in Geosyn- chronous Earth Orbit and transmitting the power as
microwaves on the earth called Solar Power Satellites (SPS) will be the largest application
of WPT

3. Methodogy
3.1 Wireless power transmission using microwaves
Microwave wireless power transmission is a wide range process in which long distance
electric power transmission becomes possible. This process uses the microwave voltage
source which emits the microwaves. The microwave source acts as a transmitting antenna
and a microwave receiver is attached with the load which acts as receiving antenna. The
received microwaves are then converted back in to electrical energy through which the load
is driven. Different parts of the wireless power transmission through microwaves are
briefed as following. The microwave source antenna acts as transmitting antenna at the
base station. It uses the microwaves of high frequency ranging from 1GHz to 1000
GHz[ CITATION AMa14 \l 1033 ].

3.2 Wireless power transmission using laser

The second technique is the wireless power transmission using laser beam which acts as a
source. The laser beam of high intensity is thrown from some specific distance to the load
end. Depending on the range and intensity of the beam this method is used for small
distance applications[ CITATION Dil13 \l 1033 ]. The load is attached with the photovoltaic
cells which after being energized through laser beam convert light energy of laser beam
into electrical energy.
 3.3 Wireless power transmission by magnetic resonance
The mutual induction phenomena between two coils work on the principle that if there is a
continuous varying current passes through one coil produces the magnetic field in the space
around first coil called primary coil. This is also called magnetic resonance between two
coils operating at a same resonance frequency. Mutual Induction Process the frequency at
which the amplitude of the waves produced in the system is maximum called resonance
frequency. The resonance frequency is attained by varying different parameters affecting
the gain of voltage produced within the coils[ CITATION Bas13 \l 1033 ] .

The phenomena of wireless power transmission using mutual induction consist of

primary and secondary coils which act as transmitting and receiving antenna respectively.
Magnetic Resonance Method a set of copper wires is used which acts as transmitting and
receiving coil. The number of turns of copper wires, resistance and diameter affects the
mutual induction between them.

4. Main work
this wireless power transmission is the prominence in the development of electronics.
In WPT the power is transferred wirelessly via magnetic induction, magnetic resonance
and microwaves. By the use of these processes, electrical power is transmitted wirelessly
from one place to another without any interface.
The basics of WPT involve the transmission of energy from a transmitter to a receiver via
an oscillating magnetic field. To achieve this, Direct Current (DC) supplied by a power
source, is converted into high frequency AC by specially designed electronics built into the
transmitter. The AC energizes a copper wire coil in the transmitter, which generates a
Magnetic field. Once a second (receiver) coil is placed within proximity of the magnetic
field, the field can induce an alternating current in the receiving coil. Electronics in the
receiving device then converts alternating current back indirect current, which becomes
usable power.
Figure 1 the main work of wireless power transmission
We are trying to improve the efficiency of the WPT. For example, if we increase the
distance the induced voltage to the load reduces, but we are trying to achieve a certain
amount of voltage within a fixed range, so that the load can be operated from a certain
distance wirelessly. It will ease the way of life not only in terms or household chores but
also in respect of transportation like vehicle charging.

In this project, we have succeeded to light an LED wirelessly by a load coil which is
around 9.5 inches away from the secondary coil. Though we have not got the expected
brighter output, but it is clear that, if the efficiency is further increased, then this project can
become an ultimate smart power grid system which will recharge components like batteries
and run the devices which are able to get recharged through WPT. Wireless power
transmission work on the principle of inductive coupling between the coils.
 In this technique two copper coils are arranged one at transmitting end and another at
the receiving end, the transmitting coil is connected to the power source (230volts, 50Hz
AC) while the receiving coil is connected to the appliance/device at the receiving end.
When the power is turned on, the transmitting coil converts the supplied input power to
magnetic flux, which oscillates at specific frequency. This magnetic flux gets induced into
the coil at the receiver in the proximity to the transmitting coil, which in turn induces
E.M.F. in the receiving coil. This induced E.M.F. can be used to supply power to electrical
and electronic devices.

Researchers have developed several techniques for moving electricity over long
distances without wires. Some exist only as theories or prototypes, but others are already in
use. Magnetic resonance was found a promising means of electricity transfer because
magnetic fields travel freely through air yet have little effect on the environment or, at the
appropriate frequencies, on living beings and hence is a leading technology for developing
WiTricity.

4.1 Short range wireless power transmission

Power supply for portable electronic devices is considered, which receives ambient
radio frequency radiation (typically in an urban environment) and converts it to DC
electricity that is stored in a battery for use by the portable device. A Power transmission
unit (PTU) is connected to the electrical utility, typically in a domestic and office
environment, and uses the electricity to generate a beam of electromagnetic radiation. This
beam can take the form of visible light, microwave radiation, near infrared radiation or
any appropriate frequency or frequencies, depending on the technology chosen. The
beam can be focused and shaped using a focusing mechanism: for example, a parabola
shape may be chosen to focus light waves at a certain distance from the PTU.

A Power reception unit (PRU) receives power from one or several PTU's, and
converts the total power received to electricity, which is used to trickle charge a storage
unit such as a battery or transferred directly to the appliance for use, or both. If
transferred to the storage unit, the output of the storage unit can power the appliance.
Similarly to the focusing of the transmitted power, it is possible to concentrate the
received power for conversion, using receiving arrays, antennas, reflectors or similar
means. It is possible to construct power "relay units", consisting of PRU’s powering
PTU's, whose function is to make the transmitted power available at further distances than
would normally be possible.

4.2 Long distance wireless power transmission

Some plans for wireless power involve moving electricity over a span of miles. A few
proposals even involve sending power to the Earth from space. The Stationary High
Altitude Relay Platform (SHARP) unmanned plane could run off power beamed from the
Earth. The secret to the SHARP's long flight time was a large, ground-based microwave
transmitter.

A large, disc-shaped rectifying antenna, or rectenna, near the system changed the
microwave energy from the transmitter into direct-current (DC) electricity. Because of the
microwaves' interaction with the rectenna, the system had a constant power supply as long
as it was in range of a functioning microwave array. Rectifying antennae are central to
many wireless power transmission theories. They are usually made of an array of dipole
antennae, which have positive and negative poles. These antennae connect to
semiconductor diodes.

Here’s what happens:

1. Microwaves, which are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, reach the dipole
antennae.
2. The antennae collect the microwave energy and transmit it to the diodes.
3. The diodes act like switches that are open or closed as well as turnstiles that let
electrons flow in only one direction. They direct the electrons to the rectenna circuitry.
4. The circuitry routes the electrons to the parts and systems that need them.

4.3 Advantages of WPT

● First of all, WPT is a safe, secure, waterproof and durable form of power transmission.
● WPT relieves us from using annoying wire connections.

● It allows power transfer system to become portable.

● Wireless technology really allows a network to reach locations that could not be
achieved by using a network cable.

● the cost of transmission and distribution becomes less and the cost of electrical energy
for the consumer also can be reduced.

● the power failure due to short circuit and fault on cables will never exist in the power
transmission system and power theft will not be possible at all.

● Loss of transmission is at negligible level in the Wireless Power Transmission.

Therefore, the efficiency of this method is very much higher than the wired transmission.

● One of the major benefits is, wireless power allows a highly expandable power range.

● WPT increases the product life of a device.

4.4 Disadvantages of WPT

1. High capital cost for practical implementation of wireless power transmission.

2. Another potential disadvantage is the interference of the microwaves with the Present
wireless communication system.

3. The effect of microwave radiations at high doses received is not suitable to human
health.

5. Results
By wireless power transfer it is easy to transfer power from load to source without any
physical connection, so it is convenient to charge gadgets easily without complicated
wiring system. Tesla coil is used for wireless power transfer all over the world. But, to
make it work, the frequency has to be more than 50 kHz, otherwise it will not work.
There are many ways to increase the frequency. For large tesla coil and large output
power, Neon Sign Transformer (NST) is used. The output voltage of NST is 20-30 kV
which is used as the input of the primary coil through a primary capacitor. We worked with
the mini tesla coil and for mini tesla coil, the input voltage is very low with a high
frequency. So, we used oscillating circuit to increase the frequency. The idea of our project
based thesis is to transfer power wirelessly, and to get an idea of efficiency.

5.1 Result analysis

The frequency of our mini tesla coil model was 121 kHz. To measure the output voltage of
the secondary voltage, we couldn’t use multimeter, because multimeter does not work
when the frequency is so high. It gives a voltage rating which fluctuates between 0 - 1V.
So, we made a receiver coil which was connected to a full bridge rectifier circuit, to
convert the AC output to DC.

5.2 Result discussion

In our proposed wireless power transfer system, the input is given through a step down
transformer. So the input power must be calculated from the transformer. We know from
the basic concept of transformer that is the power is constant in the both of the sides of
transformer.

5.3 Result evaluation

As the wireless power transmission technology has been actively studied, many attempts
have been made to apply a method using an electromagnetic wave such as electromagnetic
induction technology or magnetic resonance method commercialized in an electronic
product to a human body insertion device.
 6. Conclusion
The concept of wireless power transmission offers greater possibilities for transmitting
power with minimum losses. Furthermore, this could reduce our society’s dependence on
batteries, which are currently heavy and expensive. As wireless technology is getting
popular now a days, the demand of battery is also decreasing. For the long range power
transmission power can be sent from source to receivers instantaneously without wires,
results in reducing the cost. Batteries need to be recharge or changed eventually, hence
there is the need for this kind of work.
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