Contents

Introduction...........................................................................................................................................2
Literature Review...................................................................................................................................2
Advanced Wireless Electrical Power Transfer System Methods:........................................................3
1. AWPTS Induction Based:........................................................................................................3
2. AWPTS Electromagnetic Transmission Based:........................................................................3
3. AWPTS Electrostatic Induction Based:...................................................................................4
4. AWPTS Electrodynamic Induction Based...............................................................................4
Reference...............................................................................................................................................5
Introduction
The dependable and efficient transfer of electrical power is always a challenge for designers
and engineers. Currently, all electrical power is transmitted from producing units to
distribution stations via wires and subterranean cables. One of the most serious challenges in
these systems is loss due to material resistance. In general, the amount of electricity lost
during distribution and transmission is 26%.
The usage of portable devices such as electric vehicles and mobile robots has risen in modern
technology. The primary issue of this equipment is mobility, as it is not connected to a major
power source. All of these issues are the primary incentive for researchers. Nikola Tesla was
the first scientist who proposed the idea of power transfer wirelessly (Tesla, 2007).
Nowadays, wireless power transfer (WPT) is a hot topic. The industry of wireless transfer of
power has begun to modify and new methods are introduced rapidly in recent years but WPT
has been known for a century. In the last ten years, a 1200% increase has been shown in the
number of publications and research on wireless power transfer (Garnica et al., 2013).
Current solutions are doing well in the market, with ideas spreading from inventors to early
adopters. However, the focus of researchers is on the existing solutions and there was plenty
of work already been done in the progression of WPT (Estabrook, 2013). A real-life
application for average people needed who are inexperienced and not familiar with the
technological world and do not keep up with cutting-edge technology is required.
Wireless power transfer technology (WPTT) delivers electricity and there is no metal to metal
contact involved in the power transition. AWPTs are making practical applications extremely
easy and convenient for the consumer and providing the facility with attractive benefits. This
technology has advanced significantly during the last decade, incorporating both near- and
far-field devices. It is grouped into three types of power transfer methods depending on
energy-contained fields: microwave, capacitive, and power transfer through the inductive
method. Researchers have focused the greatest emphasis on inductive technology, which is
maturing and becoming commercially viable.
Engineers and designers faced several challenges in the past, such as optimising sensor
placement, recharging batteries, maintaining power supply continuity, and coping with
rotating or moving equipment. The mutual induction concept between two coils can be
utilised to transmit electrical power without any physical contact between them. The
transformer is the most basic example of mutual induction in action since the physical contact
of the main and secondary coils transformer is not present (Shadid et al., 2016).
The project's purpose and aim were to research & examine the power transmission
technologies and physics of wireless transmission. The major aim was to build and
implement a wireless energy transmission system (WPT) prototype. Wireless power
transmission (WPT) is one of the sophisticated technologies that will be implemented in
multiple fields in the near future.
Literature Review
Tesla's core concept was to utilise our globe and supply the power without any visible source
to cover and deliver the power to the earth. To achieve the WPT, in Colorado Springs he
performed successful trials. In the early 1900s, a resonant transformer composed of a 200-
foot tower with a copper ball on top was created in Colorado (Brown, 1984). He was able to
gather "thousands of discharges" up to 50 kilometres from the source of 300 KW of input
power and a frequency of 150 kHz, however, no specifics on how much power was collected
were provided (Khayrudinov, 2015).
Following extensive research in the electromagnetic field by numerous pioneers and the
creation of Michael Faraday's electromagnetic induction law, which provides the foundation
for wireless power transfer.
Tesla wants to create a wireless power system that can transmit electricity across large
distances. He proposed several similar systems. Nikola Tesla used a resonant circuit grounded
on one end to successfully light a tiny incandescent bulb. The lamp is lit by the current
created in the coil. Tesla also developed the Wardenclyffe Tower to demonstrate wireless
electrical power transfer and a transatlantic wireless telephone (Kushwah et al., 2020).
In 2008, the Wireless Power Consortium (WTC) was formed. to link all manufacturers
through its Qi inductive power standard, which enables wireless portable device powering
and charging with capacities up to 5W and separation distances of 4cm (El Rayes et al.,
2016).
In 1973, the RFID system was developed and induction coupling was employed for power.
The research group WiTricity introduced the true and real electricity transfer cordlessly in
2007 and it took them three decades to accomplish this milestone, with a 60W light powered
from two metres away. This looks to be the start of a quickly growing and competitive
wireless power transfer business. (Sun et al., 2013).
The United States successfully powered an electrical vehicle in 1978, while Canada
successfully flew the first fuel-free aeroplane model in 1987. After 2009, when Palm Inc.
debuted wireless charging in their cell phones, commercial applications of wirelessly
powering smartphones emerged. Samsung and Apple quickly followed suit, introducing
wireless charging in 2013 and 2014, respectively.
Wireless power transfer is divided into two categories: FFWPT & NFWPT (Hassan et al.,
2015). These terms stand for far and near field wireless power technology. Because it is based
on the coupling of the magnetic field between the two coils, NFWPT is classified as
electromagnetic induction, which explains why it has a limited range. FFWPT is classified as
electromagnetic radiation. It is particularly beneficial for long-distance applications.
However, it is less efficient due to power losses. It employs lasers, radio waves, and
microwaves to convey power.
Advanced Wireless Electrical Power Transfer System Methods:

1. AWPTS Induction Based:

In this method, the electrical power can be transferred without any physical connection
between two coils with the help of induction. The mutual induction concept between two
coils can be utilised to transfer electrical power without any physical touch. The transformer
is the most basic example of how mutual induction works since the main and secondary coils
are not physically in contact. The electromagnetic connection between the two coils causes
energy transmission (Shadid et al., 2016).
2. AWPTS Electromagnetic Transmission Based:
We already know that electromagnetic waves may be utilised to transmit electrical power
without the usage of cables. Power may be beamed to a single target by transforming energy
into light, for example, a laser beam. Then the laser beam is shot onto a receiver or receiving
object. An example of this is a solar cell on a tiny aircraft. This is commonly referred to as
power beaming.
3. AWPTS Electrostatic Induction Based:
Electrostatic induction is an electric field gradient or differential capacitance between two
raised electrodes over a conductive ground plane for wireless energy transfer using high
frequency alternating current potential differences conveyed between two plates or nodes.
4. AWPTS Electrodynamic Induction Based
It is also known as resonant inductive coupling because it eliminates the fundamental
difficulty associated with non-resonant inductive coupling for wireless energy transfer,
namely the dependence of efficiency on transmission distance. When the resonant coupling is
utilised, the transmitter and receiver inductors are adjusted to the same frequency, and the
driving current is changed from a sinusoidal to a non-sinusoidal transient waveform. The
transmission of pulse power occurs across a number of cycles. Significant power may thus be
sent over distances many times the size of the transmitter.
Further, there is a technique known as microwave or radio AWPTS. These power
transmission systems may be made more directed, allowing for greater distance power
beaming with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, often in the microwave
region. In this case, a rectenna can be used to convert microwave energy back into electricity.
Rectenna conversion efficiency in excess of 95% has been achieved (Helgesen and Haddara,
2018).
Laser beam transfer is also an updated advanced wireless power transfer method. In this
technology, LASER is directed towards solar cells, which extract electrical energy. This
strategy is difficult to develop and administer (Patil and Padaganur, 2018).
Moreover, the advance wireless power transition is a very updated and easy way to transfer
the power compared to the wire transmission (Sidiku et al., 2020). It is inexpensive. Multi-
device charging is also supported by wireless power transmission. Wireless power transfer
improves the durability of the product by enabling consistent power transmission in adverse
settings such as moving surroundings, unclean, and dampness. Wireless power transmission
also facilitates product design simplicity. Standard elements like power ports can be made
waterproof by utilizing the seal on them.
Wireless power transfer technology (WPTT) provides energy with no metal-to-metal contact.
AWPTs make practical applications exceedingly simple and convenient for the user, while
also offering the facility appealing benefits. This technology has improved dramatically
during the previous decade, combining both near- and far-field devices. It is classified into
three categories of power transmission technologies based on energy-contained fields:
microwave, capacitive, and inductive power transfer. Researchers have concentrated their
efforts on inductive technology, which is growing and becoming economically practical.
WPT's full potential in terms of transfer power and distance, frequency, and coil dimensions
has yet to be realised. This is because the present receiver and transmitter coils design are too
large and can not be integrated into consumer devices. Another issue with the size of this is
the portability because the working area would be covered by the coil.
Wireless power transfer technology is one of the great and noble technologies that have the
potential to completely revolutionise the paradigm of power transmission. This technology
can bring about a total revolution in scientific advancement.

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