Fourier Series Representation of A Periodic Loading

4-1 FOURIER SERIES EXPRESSIONS OF PERIODIC LOADING
Any periodic loading, as shown, which repeats with a time period of 𝑇 can be represented in the form
of a Fourier Series, as given by
2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 (4-1)

𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑎 + 𝑎 cos + 𝑏 sin
𝑇 𝑇
And the harmonic amplitude coefficients can be evaluated using the expressions.
1 (4-2)
𝑎 = 𝑝(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
2 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑝(𝑡) cos 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇
2 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑏 = 𝑝(𝑡) sin 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇
Proof: Requires the following trigonometric formulae.
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
By adding, we get
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 =
2
And by subtracting, we get
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 =
2
In particular, if 𝐴 = 𝐵, then we get
1 + cos 2𝐴
cos 𝐴 =
2
1 − cos 2𝐴
sin 𝐴 =
2
It also requires the following trigonometric formulae.
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
By adding, we get
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 =
2
sin 2𝐴
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 =
2
For 𝑎 , we take Eqn (4-1) and integrate both sides from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑇
2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑝(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎 cos 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑏 sin 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇
𝑇 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑇 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
⇒ 𝑝(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑇 + 𝑎 sin − 𝑏 cos =𝑎 𝑇
2𝑛𝜋 𝑇 2𝑛𝜋 𝑇
1
∴𝑎 = 𝑝(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
For 𝑎 , we take Eqn (4-1) and multiply by cos throughout and then integrate both sides from
𝑡 = 0 to 𝑇 .
2𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑝(𝑡) cos 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
=𝑎 cos 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎 cos cos 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
+ 𝑏 sin cos 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇
2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑇 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑎 𝑇𝑝 4𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑏 𝑇𝑝 4𝑛𝜋𝑡

⇒ 𝑝(𝑡) cos 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎 sin + 1 + cos 𝑑𝑡 + sin 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 2𝑛𝜋 𝑇 2 𝑇 2 𝑇
𝑎 𝑇
=
2
𝑇𝑝
2 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
∴𝑎 = 𝑝(𝑡) cos 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑇𝑝
For 𝑏 , we take Eqn (4-1) and multiply by sin throughout and then integrate both sides from
𝑡 = 0 to 𝑇 .
2𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑝(𝑡) sin 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
=𝑎 sin 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎 cos sin 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
+ 𝑏 sin sin 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇
2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑇 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑎 𝑇𝑝 4𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑏 𝑇𝑝 4𝑛𝜋𝑡

⇒ 𝑝(𝑡) sin 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑎 cos + sin 𝑑𝑡 + 1 − cos 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 2𝑛𝜋 𝑇 2 𝑇 2 𝑇
𝑏 𝑇
=
2
𝑇𝑝
2 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
∴𝑏 = 𝑝(𝑡) sin 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑇𝑝
Chapter 4 Fourier Series
In Chapter 17, we formulated the Partial Differential Equation for a Beam subjected to
dynamic loading. In Chapter 18, we obtained the mode shapes and corresponding
frequencies for a uniform simply supported beam, as follows.
Mode shapes satisfy the following “Orthogonality” properties.

1. The mode shapes are orthogonal to each other with respect to the mass. This means.
𝑚(𝑥) 𝜙 (𝑥) 𝜙 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 ≠ 𝑛
𝑚(𝑥 ) 𝜙 (𝑥) 𝜙 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 = 𝑛
For the case of a uniform beam, we have

𝑚 (𝑥 ) = 𝑚 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑗𝜋𝑥
𝜙 (𝑥) = sin 𝜙 (𝑥 ) = sin
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑗𝜋𝑥
𝑚 sin sin 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 ≠ 𝑛
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑗𝜋𝑥 𝑚𝐿
𝑚 sin sin 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 = 𝑛
𝐿 𝐿 2
Proof: Requires the following trigonometric formulae.
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
By adding, we get
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 =
2
And by subtracting, we get
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 =
2
1 + cos 2𝐴
cos 𝐴 =
2
1 − cos 2𝐴
sin 𝐴 =
2
Thus, for 𝑗 ≠ 𝑛
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑗𝜋𝑥 𝑚 (𝑛 − 𝑗)𝜋𝑥 (𝑛 + 𝑗)𝜋𝑥
𝑚 sin sin 𝑑𝑥 = cos + cos 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿 2 𝐿 𝐿
𝑚 𝐿 (𝑛 − 𝑗)𝜋𝑥 𝐿 (𝑛 + 𝑗)𝜋𝑥
= sin + sin =0
2 (𝑛 − 𝑗)𝜋 𝐿 (𝑛 + 𝑗)𝜋 𝐿
But, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 = 𝑛
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑚 (𝑛 − 𝑛)𝜋𝑥 (𝑛 + 𝑛)𝜋𝑥
𝑚 sin sin 𝑑𝑥 = cos + cos 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿 2 𝐿 𝐿
𝑚 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑚 𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑚𝐿
= 1 + cos 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+ sin =
2 𝐿 2 2𝑛𝜋 𝐿 2
2. The mode shapes are orthogonal to each other with respect to the flexural stiffness.
This means.
𝐸𝐼 (𝑥 ) 𝜙 (𝑥 ) 𝜙 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 ≠ 𝑛
𝐸𝐼 (𝑥 ) 𝜙 (𝑥 ) 𝜙 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 = 𝑛
For the case of a uniform beam, we have

𝐸𝐼 (𝑥) = 𝐸𝐼 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑗𝜋𝑥
𝜙 (𝑥) = sin 𝜙 (𝑥) = sin
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑗𝜋𝑥
𝐸𝐼 sin sin 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 ≠ 𝑛
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑗𝜋𝑥 𝐸𝐼 𝐿
𝐸𝐼 sin sin 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 = 𝑛
𝐿 𝐿 2

Fourier Series Representation of A Periodic Loading

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4-1 FOURIER SERIES EXPRESSIONS OF PERIODIC LOADING

2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 (4-1)

cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑇 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑎 𝑇𝑝 4𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑏 𝑇𝑝 4𝑛𝜋𝑡

2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑇 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑎 𝑇𝑝 4𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑏 𝑇𝑝 4𝑛𝜋𝑡

Mode shapes satisfy the following “Orthogonality” properties.

𝑚(𝑥) 𝜙 (𝑥) 𝜙 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 ≠ 𝑛

𝑚(𝑥 ) 𝜙 (𝑥) 𝜙 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 = 𝑛

For the case of a uniform beam, we have

𝐸𝐼 (𝑥 ) 𝜙 (𝑥 ) 𝜙 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗 = 𝑛

For the case of a uniform beam, we have

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