Faculty of

Academic year: 2019/20

Assessment Period 3

Module leader: Dr Kiran Tota-Maharaj

Module code: UBGMNU-30-2
Module Title: Hydraulics and Engineering Applications
Examination duration (hours): 3 hours

Standard materials required, to be collected

Examination Answer Booklet Yes

Multiple Choice Answer Sheet No
Type of graph paper None
Number of graph paper sheets per student N/A

Additional materials required for this examination

Please list any additional material supplied by UWE Bristol and whether or not they
need to be collected.
 Formula sheet, to be collected

Please list any additional material supplied by the student and specify if they need
to be collected.
N/A

University approved calculator (not programmable) Yes

Candidates permitted to keep this examination paper Yes

Candidates are not permitted to turn this page over

until the examination starts

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 1 of 14
Instructions to Candidates:
Candidates must answer FOUR questions from Section A, ONE question from
Section B and ALL questions in Section C

SECTION A

QUESTION 1.

1. Question

A radial gate below a barrier whose face is part of a cylinder of radius 5.0 m
holds back water as shown in figure Q1; its length is 3.0 m. The sector of the
cylinder represented by the gate has an angle of 30° at its centre. Water of
density 1000 kg / m3 stands to a depth of 2.5 m above the top of the upstream
face of the gate and the other side of the gate is open to the atmosphere.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant hydrostatic force on
the radial gate.

Long

Figure Q1. Radial gate for question 1

(15 marks)

Step 1. Project curved surface and calculate F H

Vertical height = BC = 5.0 cos60° = 2.5 m
UBGMNU-30-2 Page 2 of 14
hG = 2.5 + (2.5 / 2) = 3.75 m
Apr = 2.5 x 3.0 = 7.5 m2 3 marks
FH =  g hG Apr = 1000 x 9.81 x 3.75 x 7.5 = 275,906.25 N 2 marks
Step 2. Calculate FV from weight of water displaced by gate AEFH
AB = 5.0 sin60° OR 5.0 cos30° = 4.330 m so DE = 5.0 – 4.330 = 0.670 m
Area ACE = (30 / 360) x  x 5.02 = 6.542 m2
Area ACD = 4.330 x 2.5 / 2 = 5.413 m 2
Area ADE = 6.542 – 5.413 = 1.129 m2
Therefore AEFH = 1.129 + (0.670 x 2.5) = 2.804 m 2
Volume of water displaced V = 2.804 x 3.0 = 8.412 m 3 4 marks
FV =  g V = 1000 x 9.81 x 8.412 = 82,521.72 N 2 marks
Step 3. Calculate magnitude and direction of resultant force
F = (FH2 + FV2)1/2 = (275,906.252 + 82,521.722)1/2 = 287,982.80 N 2 marks
 = tan-1(FV / FH) = tan-1(82,521.72 / 275,906.25) = 16.7° 2 marks

QUESTION 2.

a) A differential U-tube manometer shown in figure Q2a is used to measure

the change in pressure between two points in a pipeline which carries oil of
density ρo = 800 kg/m3. The lower part of the U-tube contains mercury of
density ρM = 13,600 kg/m3. There is an increase in elevation between the two
points of 0.26 m. If z1=0.60 m, z2=0.73 m and hM=0.13 m, calculate the
difference in pressures (P1-P2).

(8 marks)

1. Draw horizontal line X-X at lower surface of separation

(furthest from pipe) 2 marks

2. Left limb: PX = rO g z1 + P1 = 800 x 9.81 x 0.60 + P1 = 4709 + P1

Right limb: PX = rM g hM + rO g z2 + P2 = 13,600 x 9.81 x 0.13 + 800 x 9.81 x 0.73 + P2
= 23,073 + P2 3 marks

3. Equating: 4709 + P1 = 23,073 + P2

(P1 – P2) = 23,073 – 4709 = 18,364 N/m2 3 marks

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 3 of 14
 b) An inverted U-tube manometer is connected to a pipeline which slopes
upward, as shown in figure Q2b. The pipeline carries water. Calculate the
difference in pressures (P1-P2).

(7 marks)

1. Draw horizontal line X-X at upper surface of separation

(furthest from pipe) 2 marks
2. Left limb: P1 = r g z1 + PX
Right limb: P2 = r g z2 + r g h + PX 2 marks
3. Subtracting P2 from P1
(P1 – P2) = r g z1 + PX – r g z2 – r g h – PX
(P1 – P2) = r g (z1 – z2 – h)
(P1 – P2) = 1000 x 9.81 (0.10 – 0.25 – 0.09)
(P1 – P2) = –2,354 N/m2 3 marks

(Question total: 15 marks)

QUESTION 3

A pipeline bends in the horizontal plane through 45°. The diameter of the pipe
changes from 0.9 m before the bend to 0.6 m after it. Water of density 1000
kg / m3 enters the bend at the rate of 0.8 m3 / s with a pressure of 170,000 N /
m2. Assuming that there is no loss of energy, calculate the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force exerted on the pipe bend by the water. (15
marks)

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 4 of 14
Apply continuity equation:
V1 = Q / A1 = 0.8 / ( 0.92 / 4) = 1.258 m/s 1 mark
V2 = Q / A2 = 0.8 / ( 0.62 / 4) = 2.830 m/s 1 mark
Apply energy equation:
V12 / 2 g + P1 /  g = V22 / 2 g + P2 /  g
P2 =  g (V12 / 2 g + P1 /  g – V22 / 2 g)
= 1000 x 9.81 x (1.2582 / (2 x 9.81) + 170,000 / (1000 x 9.81) – 2.8302 / (2 x 9.81)) =
166,799 N/m2 3 marks
Hence P1 A1 = 170,000 x ( 0.92 / 4) = 108,094.5 N
And P2 A2 = 166,799 x ( 0.62 / 4) = 47,137.4 N
Apply momentum equation, FRX acts right to left and FRY acts upwards…

X-direction: P1 A1 – P2 A2 cos – FRX =  Q (V2 cos – V1)

FRX = P1 A1 – P2 A2 cos –  Q (V2 cos – V1)
= 108,094.5 – 47,137.4 cos45° – 1000 x 0.8 (2.830 cos45° – 1.258)
= 74,171 N 3 marks

Y-direction: FRY – P2 A2 sin =  Q V2 sin

FRY =  Q V2 sin + P2 A2 sin
= 1000 x 0.8 x 2.830 x sin45° + 47,137.4 x sin45°
= 34932 N 3 marks
Resolving: FR = (FRX2 + FRY2)0.5 = (74,1712 + 349322)0.5
= 81,985 N 2 marks
At an angle = tan-1(34932/ 74,171) = 25.2° 2 marks

QUESTION 4.

Two tanks have a common wall in which an orifice with a C D = 0.80 and d=
0.10 m is located as shown in figure Q4. Tank 1 is square with sides 4 m in
length and contains water to h = 4.5 m about the centre of the submerged
orifice. Tank 2 is square with sides 2m long and initially has 0.5 head of water
above the centre of the orifice. Calculate the time it will take for the water
levels in the 2 tanks to be equal.
(15 marks)

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 5 of 14
 4.5 m

4m x 4m 0.5 m

2m x 2m
CD=0.80
d=0.10

If the water level in tank 1 falls by δx then the increase in water level in tank 2 δy is given by
the ratio of the areas:

dx = fall in tank 1, dy = rise in tank 2

and change in volume = A1 dx = A2 dy therefore
dy = dx x (4 x 4) / (2 x 2) = 4 dx
Thus the change in differential head producing flow will be:
dhD = dx + dy = dx + 4 dx = 5 dx
So dx = dhD / 5
If we apply procedure where: -Change in tank 1 volume= amount discharge through orifice
then –AWS dh = QA dt
–(4 x 4) (dhD / 5) = CD A (2 g)1/2 hD1/2 dt
Hence dt = –16 / (5 CD A (2 g)1/2 hD1/2) dhD 7 marks

With CD = 0.80, A = p x 0.102 / 4 = 0.00785 m2:

dt = –115 hD-1/2 dhD
0
2
T =−115 ∫ h−1/
D d hD
4
4
T =115 [ 2 h1D/2 ]0
T = 115[(2 x 41/2) – 0]
T = 460 s 8 marks

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 6 of 14
QUESTION 5.

Water flows down a channel of triangular cross section as shown in figure Q5.
The maximum depth of flow on the centre line is 1.23 m when the discharge is
2.144 m3/s. Note that Manning’s coefficient is n = 0.015 s/m 1/3.

1. Confirm this is critical flow (4 marks)

2. Calculate mean critical depth (4 marks)

3. Calculate critical velocity (4 marks)

4. Determine the critical slope (3 marks)

(15 marks)

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 7 of 14
6. A rectangular river channel 6.6 m wide has a slope of 1 in 350 and a
Manning’s n of 0.040 s / m1/3. Calculate the depth of flow that
corresponds to a discharge of 1.7 m3/s:

a) By considering it as a wide rectangular channel (i.e. R = D)

(5 marks)
b) By trial and error. (10 marks)
(Question total: 15 marks)

a) Assuming a wide rectangular channel so R = D, plus A = B D

Q = A R2/3 S01/2 / n = B D5/3 S01/2 / n
Rearranging:
D = (Q n / B S01/2)3/5 = (1.7 x 0.040 / 6.6 x (1/350) 1/2)3/5 = 0.37 m 5 marks

b) By trial and error

Q = A R2/3 S01/2 / n
1.7 = 6.6 D [(6.6 D) / (6.6 + 2 D)]2/3 (1/350)1/2 / 0.040
0.193= D [6.6 D / (6.6 + 2D)]2/3
0.0549 = D5/3 / (6.6 + 2 D)2/3 5 marks

From (a) try D = 0.37 m, RHS = 0.0505 1 mark

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 8 of 14
Try D = 0.40 m, RHS = 0.0572 1 mark
Linear interpolation:
D = [((0.0549 – 0.0505) / (0.0572 – 0.0505)) x (0.40 – 0.37)] + 0.37 = 0.389 m 2 marks
Try D = 0.389 m, RHS = 0.0547  close enough, therefore D = 0.389 1 mark

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 9 of 14
 QUESTION 6.

SECTION B

7. By considering the fluid flowing through one streamtube of many in a

conduit, derive the continuity equation; state all assumptions.
(15 marks)

This is proof 4.1 from Hamill 2011

(5 marks)

Assumes: incompressible flow of constant density Total (10 marks)

Mass / second entering = mass / second leaving:

ρ δ Q 1= ρ δ Q 2 (5 marks)

Now, δ Q =δ A 1 1 v1 and δ Q =δ A 2 2 v2 thus:

ρ δ A 1 v 1= ρ δ A 2 v 2 (4 marks)

Summing:
∑ ( ρ δ A v )=¿ ¿ ∑ ( ρ δ A
1 1 2 v2)

Hence: A 1 V 1= A 2 V 2 (1 mark)

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 10 of 14
8. By considering the fluid flowing through one streamtube of many in a
conduit, derive the momentum equation; state all assumptions.
(15 marks)

This is proof 4.2 from Hamill (2011)

(5 marks)

Total (10 marks)

Assumes: change of momentum continuous, velocity
distribution uniform, mass flow rate constant

2nd law: F=m a hence 2 marks

δF =δM × ( δv /δt )

Mass of streamtube: 2 marks

δM =ρ δQ δt

Sub for dM in x-direction: 2 marks

δ F X =( ρ δQ δt ) × ( δ v X /δt )= ρ δQ δ v X

With change in velocity: 2 marks

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 11 of 14
δ F X =ρ δQ ( v 2 X −v 1 X )

Summing for all stream tubes: 2 marks

F X = ρQ ( V 2 X −V 1 X )

9.

(a) In a real fluid, turbulence, friction and viscosity all exist. In an ideal (inviscid) fluid
these things are ignored, or are assumed not to exist. It may also be assumed that
an ideal liquid is incompressible. For example, water is usually assumed to be
incompressible, which is not strictly true. These assumptions make the analysis of
hydraulic problems easier, but result in inaccuracies because we are ignoring things
that do exist: viscosity, turbulence and friction all give rise to a loss of energy, which
is not being taken into consideration. Also if the flow of a liquid through a pipe that is
running full is considered, if there is no friction then the velocity across a diameter of
the pipe would be uniform. However, in reality friction does exist between the walls of
the pipe and the moving liquid with the result that the velocity is zero at the pipe wall
and reaches a maximum at the centre of the conduit. As a consequence with real
liquids the average velocity, V m/s, is calculated from V = Q/A where Q is the
volumetric flow rate (m3 /s) and A is the cross sectional area of flow (m2).
(b) The coefficient of kinematic viscosity, ν, is obtained simply by dividing the
dynamic viscosity µ by the mass density of the substance, ρ.

dynamic viscosity kinematic viscosity

definition: μ ν=μ/ρ

units: kg/ms or Ns/m2 m2 /s

(c) If the paths travelled by a large number of smoke particles are considered, then
for the flow to be laminar all particles starting at the same point would follow exactly
the same path and have the same velocity. This relatively uniform motion is called
laminar flow. If the particles follow different paths and have different velocities so that
the motion is random, then the flow is referred to as turbulent. The same argument
applies to other fluids and situations. If water or oil flows along a pipe, in laminar flow
the velocity at any point is practically constant and does not vary with time. Individual
particles can be visualised as flowing smoothly parallel to each other. In turbulent
flow, however, the velocity at any point varies with time as a result of the random
motion of the liquid. The flow is now unstructured and random, so particles no longer
move parallel to each and the motion is chaotic. (d) A steady flow is one which does
not change with respect to time. An example is a pipe or open channel in which the
discharge is constant over a period of time. An unsteady flow is the opposite that is at
a particular point there is a change with respect to time. An example would be a
varying discharge through a pipe or a flood wave travelling down a river channel. (e)
For the flow to be uniform the cross sectional area and mean velocity of flow must be
identical at all points along the length of a conduit. For instance, in an open channel
the depth of flow, width of the channel and mean velocity must be the same at all
cross sections along the channel. The flow is non-uniform when these conditions are
not met, that is where the cross sectional area and mean velocity vary from section to
section. (f) Viscosity is a measure of the internal friction of a fluid,that is it quantifies a
liquid’s resistance to movement or flow. Some liquids like cold treacle are very stiff
and do not run very easily. Such liquids have a high viscosity. Other liquids like water
are rather thin and runny; they have a low viscosity. One way in which the viscosity of
a liquid can be measured is to subject it to a force or shear stress and see how
quickly it flows or deforms (Chapter 4.1.1). (g) Reynolds number, Re, is a
UBGMNU-30-2 Page 12 of 14
dimensionless number that is used to obtain an indication of the type of flow
occurring in a conduit, that is laminar, transitional or turbulent. It is defined as:

Re = ρVD / μ

where ρ is the mass density of the liquid (kg/m3 ), V is the mean velocity of flow (m/s),
D is a characteristic dimension such as the diameter of a pipe or the depth of flow in
an open channel, and µ is dynamic viscosity (kg/ms). For water, the classification of
the flow is as follows.

Pipes Open Channels

Laminar flow Re < 2000 Re < 500

Transitional flow Re = 2000 – 4000 Re = 500 – 2000

Turbulent flow Re > 4000 Re > 2000

(h) Since kinematic viscosity, ν = µ/ρ, Reynolds number can also be written as Re =
VD/ν. Thus Re = 0.23 × 0.015 /(1.007 × 10 –6) = 3430 This corresponds to transitional
flow.

Section C

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 13 of 14
10. Demonstrate your understanding of hydraulics phenomena by interpreting
the results of the broad-crested weir experiment below.

a) Comment on the flowrate comparison, variation of specific energy, and the

variation of Froude number, F. (15 marks)

b) List any sources of error and all relevant assumptions. (10 marks)

a) EU – EW = 120mm = the height of the weir; ED is less because of energy losses

Upstream subcritical (FU<1), weir critical (FW=1), downstream supercritical (FD>1)
The lowest flow-rate produces spurious results because it is too low; surface
tension forces dominate
b) Human error (timing, measuring, transcribing etc); flow velocity not 1D when
determining QU; QW = (2/3) CD b (2 g)1/2 HU3/2  continuity equation (fluid
incompressible with constant density), Bernoulli equation (ideal fluid) which
comes from applying the momentum equation (Newton’s 2 nd Law of Motion F =
m a, velocity distribution is uniform, mass flow rate is constant and there is a
continuous change of momentum) to a streamline, plus… upstream velocity head
ignored, non-parallel streamlines over crest, energy losses due to friction all
accounted for in the coefficient CD … assumptions for Froude number too?

END OF SOLUTIONS PAPER

UBGMNU-30-2 Page 14 of 14