Hydrostatic Problems and Selecting Suitable

Pipe Sizes

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Module:
Table of Contents
I. Task 1 ............................................................................................................................ 1
A. Part A ..................................................................................................................... 1
B. Part B...................................................................................................................... 2
II. Task 2 ........................................................................................................................ 3
A. Part A- Fluid properties ........................................................................................... 3
III. Task 3 ........................................................................................................................ 3
A. Part A ..................................................................................................................... 3
B. Part B...................................................................................................................... 7
C. Part C...................................................................................................................... 8
D. Part D- System differences ...................................................................................... 9

Figure I-1 Hydrostatic pressure ............................................................................................. 1

Figure I-2 Hydrostatic paradox .............................................................................................. 1
Figure I-3 Dimensions of lock gates ...................................................................................... 2
Figure III-1 Dimensions of the canal with side slopes 1:1 ...................................................... 3
Figure III-2 Dimensions of \canal section with side slopes 1V:2.5H ...................................... 4
Figure III-3 Triangular Canal section .................................................................................... 5
Figure III-4 Trapezoidal Canal section dimensions ................................................................ 8

Table 1 Reynold's number and the type of flow ..................................................................... 3

Table 2 Possible canal cross section dimensions .................................................................... 4
Table 3 Cost comparison of different cross sections .............................................................. 6

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I. Task 1
A. Part A
Explain the hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure applied on a plain/ point by fluid at rest due to gravity.
Hydrostatic pressure has some properties.
1. It applies in all the directions at a point of consideration (Mhor’s cicle is a point)
2. If pressure is applied at one point, it applies all over the fluid same (this principle is
known as the Pascal’s law)
3. Pressure is equal at the same level (in the same fluid)
The hydrostatic pressure on a plain which is “h” below the surface of a water body can be
calculated as 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

Figure I-1 Hydrostatic pressure

Explain the hydrostatic paradox

Figure I-2 Hydrostatic paradox

According to the equation, the hydrostatic pressure depends only on the vertical head of the
fluid and its density. In the figure above, fluid is filled to the same height of all the
containers. Hence the pressure exerted at the base of each container,
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
The base area of all the containers are same.
Hence the force applied on each container base should be, 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ. 𝐴
Thus, although the weight of fluid is obviously different in the four cases, the force on the
bases of the vessels is the same, depending on the depth h and the base area A.

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 B. Part B
The angle between a pair of lock gates is 140° and each gate is 6 m high and 1.8m wide,
supported on hinges 0.6 m from the top and bottom of the gate. If the depths of water on the
upstream and downstream sides are 5 m and 1.5 m, respectively, estimate the reactions at the
top and bottom hinges.

Figure I-3 Dimensions of lock gates

Upstream water force;

𝑃1 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴1 𝑦̅1 = 1000 × (9.81) × (5 × 1.8) × 2.5 = 220.725 × 103 𝑁
Downstream water force;
𝑃2 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴2 𝑧̅2 = 1000 × (9.81) × (1.5 × 1.8) × 0.75 = 19.865 × 103 𝑁
Resultant water force on gate;
𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = (220.725 − 19.865) = 200.87 𝑘𝑁
The gates are rectangular, and so P1 and P2 will act at one-third of the depth of water.
Taking moments about O;

𝑃. 𝑥 = 𝑃1 (5⁄3) − 𝑃2 (1.5⁄3)

5 1.5
= 220.725 × − 19.865 ×
3 3
X = 357.95/ 200.87 = 1.782 m
If F, R and P are coplanar, they will meet at a point, and, since F is assumed to be
perpendicular to the axis of the lock on plan, both F and R are inclined, to the gate as shown
at an angle of 20° so that F = R,
𝑃 = 𝐹 sin 20 + 𝑅 sin 20 = 2𝑅 sin 20
𝑃 200.87
𝑅= = = 293.65 𝑘𝑁
2 sin 20 2 × 0.342
If R is coplanar with P it acts at 1.78 m from the bottom of the gate. Taking moments about
the bottom hinge,

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 4.8𝑅𝑇 = 1.18𝑅; 𝑅𝑇 = 1.18 × 293.65⁄4.8 = 72.2 𝑘𝑁

𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅 − 𝑅𝑇 = 293.65 − 72.2 = 221.45𝑘𝑁

II. Task 2
A. Part A- Fluid properties
Explain how the fluid properties such as density and viscosity are used to calculate the
Reynolds number, and how the Reynolds number can be used to categorize fluids.
Reynolds number is a non-dimensional parameter. The ratio between the inertial force and
viscous force of a moving fluid is interpreted as the Reynolds number.
𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝜇
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 − 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚3 )
𝑁𝑠
𝜇 − 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚2 )
𝑚
𝑉 − 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ( 𝑠 )

𝐷 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (𝑚)

Table 1 Reynold's number and the type of flow

Reynolds number Flow type

Below 2100 Laminar (layered)
In between 2100 and 4000 Transitional
More than 4000 Turbulent

Viscous flow is used to flows which the viscous forces are predominant than inertial forces.
In this flow condition, the fluid flows in layers.

III. Task 3
A. Part A
a) Design a trapezoidal canal to carry a discharge of 15m3/s when the maximum velocity
is 1 m/s. Assume bed slope = 1 in 4000, Side slope = 1:1 n = 0.025

D1
1
B
Figure III-1 Dimensions of the canal with side slopes 1:1

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Using Manning’s equation,
2 1
1
For uniform flow, 𝑄 = 𝑛 𝐴𝑅3 𝑠 2

Area = 0.5*(B+B+2×D)D = (B+D)D

Assume that the average velocity of the flow is 0.84 times the maximum velocity
Hence the average velocity = 0.84 m/s

1 (𝐵 + 𝐷)𝐷 2/3 1
15 = (𝐵 + 𝐷 )𝐷 ( ) √
0.025 𝐵 + 2√2𝐷 4000

And Q= AV, 15= (B+D)D×0.84 hence solving these two simultaneous equations,
2
1 17.68 3 1
15 = 15. ( ) √
0.025 𝐵 + 2√2𝐷 4000

Simplifying, 𝐵 + 2√2𝐷 = 11.66; 𝐵 = 11.66 − 2√2𝐷

Substituting to (B+D)×D=17.68 and [11.66 − (2√2 − 1)𝐷]𝐷 = 17.68

Solutions
Table 2 Possible canal cross section dimensions

D B
3.89 m 0.65 m
2.48 m 4.64 m

Two cross sections are possible.

b) A trapezoidal earthen canal in good condition carries a discharge of 10m3/s with a
mean velocity of 0.7m/s. determine the bed slope, assuming the bottom width as twice
the depth. n=0.025 & side slope = 2.5 : 1
Breadth = 2D, Depth = D

2.5
2D
Figure III-2 Dimensions of \canal section with side slopes 1V:2.5H

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Area = Q/V= 10/0.7 = 14.28 m2
1 10
(2𝐷 + 2𝐷 + 2 × 2.5𝐷) × 𝐷 = ; 𝐷 = 1.78 𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐵 = 3.56 𝑚
2 0.7
Hydraulic radius = A/P = 14.28/(2.69×2×1.78+3.56) = 1.087 m
Using Manning’s equation,
1 2
0.7 = × 1.0873 × √𝑠
0.025
𝑠 = 0.000274
c) Design a “V” shaped canal to carry a discharge of 100m3/s. Assume bed slope as 1 in
9000, n=0.015 and side slope as 450

D
1

Figure III-3 Triangular Canal section

0.5×2𝐷×𝐷 𝐷
Hydraulic radius = =
2√2𝐷 2√2

Using Manning’s equation,

2
1 𝐷 3 1
100 = × 𝐷2 × ( ) ×√ ; 𝐷 = 8.324 𝑚
0.015 2√2 9000

𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ = 16.648 𝑚
d) A Rectangular canal of bed slope 1:1000 is to be designed to carry a discharge of
1.4m3/s. The Chezy coefficient for the roughly excavated canal is 27m1/2/s and it can
be increased up to 81m1/2/s by providing a smooth lining, if the cost of excavation per
unit volume is twice the cost of smooth lining per unit area. Compare the cost of two
canal sections.
The Chezy formula;

𝑄 = 𝐴𝐶√𝑚 × 𝑖
A - Cross sectional area of flow
C – Chezy co-efficient
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m- hydraulic radius
i -Bed slope
assume that for each case, breadth is B and depth is D.
we have to find B and D such that the excavation is minimum, i.e. the area of the cross
section in minimum.
Aim is to find the minimum of B×D.

𝐵𝐷 1
1.4 = (𝐵 × 𝐷) × 𝑐√ ×
𝐵 + 2𝐷 1000

Simplifying,
1960
(𝐵𝐷)3 = (𝐵 + 2𝐷) × ……….A
𝑐2

Let’s take 1960/c2 = k and

𝜙 ≡ 𝐵3 𝐷3 − 𝑘𝐵 − 2𝑘𝐷 = 0
And
𝑓 ≡𝐵×𝐷
Using Lagrange method of undetermined multipliers, we can get,
For the minimum cross-sectional area, B= 2D
Simplifying the above relationship A,

980 0.2
𝐷=( )
𝑐2
For c= 27, D= 1.06 m and B = 2.122 m
For c= 81, D= 0.683 m and B= 1.367 m
Take lining cost as R, excavation cost= 2R
Table 3 Cost comparison of different cross sections

Option Excavation volume (unit Lining area (1 m Cost

length) length)
C = 27 2.2472 Not relevant 4.494R
C = 81 0.9329 2.733 4.598R

Therefore, the cost for first option is about 1.02 times the second option cost hence feasible
without lining option.

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 B. Part B
a) Explain the Chezy formula and the terms used

𝑄 = 𝐴𝐶√𝑚 × 𝑖
A - Cross sectional area of flow
C – Chezy co-efficient
m- hydraulic radius
i -Bed slope
Q- discharge at uniform flow condition
b) Explain the Manning’s formula and the terms used
1 2 1
𝑄= 𝐴𝑅3 𝑠 2
𝑛
A – cross-sectional area of the canal
R – hydraulic radius
s- bed slope
n – Manning’s roughness co-efficient
Q- discharge at uniform flow condition
A rectangular open channel has a width of 4.5 m and a slope of 1 vertical to 800 horizontals.
Find the mean velocity of flow and the discharge when the depth of water is 1.2 m and if C in
the Chezy formula is 49.
Hydraulic radius= A/P = (4.5×1.2)/(4.5+2×1.2)= 0.7826 m
By Chezy formula, mean velocity

𝑉 = 𝐶√𝑚 × 𝑖

1
𝑉 = 49√0.7826 × ; 𝑉 = 1.53 𝑚𝑠 −1
800

Discharge = AV = (4.5×1.2)×1.53 = 8.275 m3/s

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 C. Part C
An open channel has a cross-section in the form of a trapezium with a bottom width B of 4 m
and side slopes of 1 vertical to 1.5 horizontal. Assuming that the roughness coefficient n is
0.025, the bed slope is 1:1800 and the depth of the water is 1.2 m, find the volume rate of
flow Q using,

Figure III-4 Trapezoidal Canal section dimensions

a) The Chezy formula

Width of water surface = 4+3×1.2= 7.6 m
Area of the cross section = [7.6+4]×1.2/2 = 6.96 m2
Wetted perimeter = 4+2×1.2√(1.44+2.25) = 8.61 m
Hydraulic radius = A/P = [7.6/8.61] = 0.882 m
Using Kutter formula (Mechanics, 2020)
0.00155 1
23 + +𝑛
𝐶= 𝑖
1 + (23 + 0.00155⁄𝑖 ) 𝑛⁄
√𝑚
Substituting C=
1
23 + 0.00155 × 1800 + 0.025
𝐶= = 39.0
1 + (23 + 0.00155 × 1800) 0.025⁄
√0.882
Volume of rate of flow
𝑚3
𝑄 = 𝐴𝐶√𝑚 × 𝑖 = 39 × 6.96 × √0.882 × 1⁄1800 = 6.00
𝑠
b) Manning’s formula
1
1 2 1 2 𝑚3
𝑄= 6.96 × (0.882)3 × ( ) = 6.03
0.025 1800 𝑠

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 D. Part D- System differences
Darcy-Welsbach Equation
Calculate the loss of head due to friction and the power required to maintain flow in a
horizontal circular pipe of 40 mm diameter and 750 m long when water (coefficient of
dynamic viscosity 1.14 × 10−3 N s m−2) flows at a rate;
a) Rate of 6.67×10-5 m3/s (4 liters/ minute)
The absolute roughness is 0.00008 m
Velocity of flow= Q/A = [6.67×10-5×4/π×0.042] = 0.053 m/s
Reynold’s number Re= ρvD/μ = [1000×0.053×0.04/0.00114] =1861 which is laminar
Hence
64
𝜆= = 0.034
𝑅𝑒
Hence the friction loss,
𝐿 𝑣 2 0.034 × 750 × 0.0532
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜆 = = 0.092 𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0.04 × 2 × 9.81

Power required to maintain flow,

𝐻 = 𝑄ℎ𝑓 𝜌𝑔 = 6.67 × 10−5 × 0.092 × 9.81 × 1000 = 0.06 𝑊

b) 0.0005 m3/s (30 liters per minute)

The absolute roughness is 0.00008 m
Velocity of flow= Q/A = [0.0005×4/π×0.042] = 0.397 m/s
Reynold’s number Re= ρvD/μ = [1000×0.397×0.04/0.00114] =13,960
Hence using Moody diagram, the friction factor for relative roughness [0.00008/0.04] =0.002
𝜆 = 0.029
Hence the friction loss,
𝐿 𝑣 2 0.029 × 750 × 0.3972
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜆 = = 4.36 𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0.04 × 2 × 9.81
Power required to maintain flow,
𝐻 = 𝑄ℎ𝑓 𝜌𝑔 = 0.0005 × 4.36 × 9.81 × 1000 = 21.42 𝑊

Manning’s Equation
An open channel has a rectangular section 6m wide. The flow rate is 1.5m3/s and the depth
are 2m. Calculate the slope of the channel using the Manning formula for steady flow.
Take the constant of n to be 0.0195

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 1 2 1
𝑄= 𝐴𝑅3 𝑠 2
𝑛
Cross-sectional area = [6.0×2.0] = 12.0 m2
Hydraulic radius = A/P =[12/(6+2×2)] = 1.2 m
1 2 1
1.5 = × 12 × 1.23 𝑠 2 ; 𝑠 = 4.65 × 10−6 𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
0.0195
Discussion
Outline by discussion the differences in the above two systems, if there are any similarities in
the hydrodynamics and calculations.
Darcy formula has been derived based on the pressure flow, which the pressure force is the
driving factor of fluids in pipe flow. Manning’s / Chezy formulas have been derived based on
gravity flow, which the gravitational force is the driving force in open channel flow.
Therefore, the two systems are different since the basic driving forces are different.
Darcy formula cannot be used for pipe flows if the fluid is open to atmospheric pressure,
because at these occasions the driving force is not the pressure but the gravity.
Manning’s / Chezy formula is only used to establish the steady-uniform discharge.
Darcy formula is only valid if the flow is steady, it should not be necessary to flow to be
uniform.

References
Mechanics, P. in F. (2020, February 12). What is Chezy’s Formula for Open Channels? How

to determine Chezy’s Constant? The Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/fluid-

mechanics/chezys-formula-open-channels-determine-chezys-constant/37904/

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