Numericle calulation of avarege radiation:

Theory:
Let consider Earth fixed and radiation always come from the left. The Earth rotated
around axis with period 24 hours. This axis also rotate with period 365 days (one
year)

Point E is Edinburgh. Axis is inclined on anlge

latitude is

x y1 z
Let

=23 . Edinburgh geographic

=56

coordinate system with origin in the centre of the Earth.

will be time in days. Then day angle:

d=2 t
It is angle of rotation of the Earth around axis. Year angle:

y=2 y
It is angle of rotation of the Earth around the Sun.
Vector from the origin that poined to north pole:

a =(sin cos y , sin sin y , cos )

|a|=1
To make rotation of the point E it is need to find two vectors

perpendicular to

a1

and each other. They lie in equator plane.

Let use this vectors:

a1 (cos ,0,sin cos y )

a2 ( 0,cos ,sin sin y )

Normalize:

a1 =

cos

sin cos y

cos +sin cos y

cos
sin sin y
,
2
2
sin sin y +cos sin2 sin2 y +cos 2

a2= 0,

, 0,

cos2 + sin2 cos2 y

|a1|=1
|a2|=1
Vector then pointed at point E:

n =a sin +
a1 cos cos d+
a2 cos sin d
Radiation has constant direction from the left (x derection), then
If

nx 0

If

n x < 0 then there is no sun in the sky in Edinburgh (night)

then there is sun in the sky in Edinburgh (day)

Also we have the roof that not horizontal but have angle:

=30
And also it rotated at angle

=0

south

and

a2

that

=45

south-east

=45

south-west.

We need to find vector that is perpendicular to the roof.

n
a

u=

v= [u n ]
Vecors

u and v

[a n ]
|[a n ]|

is perpendicular to

n an each other. u also perpendicular to a

.

Vector that is perpendicular to the roof is

p=n cos + v sin cos +u sin sin

Power flux is depend on angle of ray

S 0=S cos

P=

p0 p 0
= cos =P0 cos
S S0

Where P power per unit area on surface.

power per area

cos = p x

S0

P0

- power per unit area in rays.

p0

Where

px

is x component of

vector (because

|p|=1 )

Solar power flux on distance of Earth orbit is 1367 W/m2 , after atmosphere it is
1020 W/m2

P0=1020

W
m2

Also absent of light at night must be taken in to accont. Power per unit area of the
roof:

P=

P0 p x if nx 0 p x 0
0 otherwise

Program was made in Matlab that makes such calculation.

Result:

Power vs days, not averaged for

=0

(south):

1200

1000

Power, W

800

600

400

200

50

100

150

200
days

250

300

350

400

The same graph but zommed:

600

Power, W

500
400
300
200
100
0
0

days

There are peakes of sun radiation in day time and 0 at night.

Avareged powers with interwal 7 days:

400

=0o (south)

=45o (south-east)

350

Power, W

300

250

200

150

100

50

100

150

200
days

250

300

350

400

Avarege power along all year for South oriented roof is 276.5780
For South-East is 254.9144

W /m

W /m2

1. Flat-plate double-glassed collector.

It is pipe that is double-glassed. Vacuum prevent losses of heat due to convection
with external air.
heat
a c c u m u la to r

More hot water in more light so it go up. Then it cooled in heat accumulator and
then move down. Pump not need.
Let make estimations for Flat-plate double-glassed collector.

When water move up from bottom to top of the collector its temperature increase

T 1 to

from

T2

and density decrease from

1 to

and there is equation:

2=1 ( T 2T 1) =1 T
In the bottom point two pressures not compencete each other:
Pressure of cold water:

p=1 gh
h

- is height of Flat-plate collector.

Pressure from hot water is smaller

p= gh=

1 + 2
gh
2

Pressure difference:

p=

1 2
T
gh=gh
2
2

This difference makes water move.

Friction constrain water move. It defined as Hagen-Poiseuille equation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen-Poiseuille_flow

AV =

p R 4
8 L
A

Where

is area of pipe crossection

A= R2
V

- water velocity,

- pipe radius,

Part of water volume with length

- water viscosity, L pipe length

is defined with specific heat

E= mc T = Vc T =A xc T
Where

means that we consider small volume with length

Energy increasing along pipe:

x .

c :

E x=

E
=Ac T
x

(1)

If power from sun is:

P0=200

W
m2

Then power per length of pipe is:

PL =P0 2 R
This power makes energy increasing along pipe:

E x=

P L PL L
=
t
V

Combine (1) and (2):

T=

PL L
VAc

In total we have system of 3 equations:

T=

AV =

p R
8 L

p=gh

T
2

There are 3 unknowns:

Let find

T=

T :

P L L2 16
cgh R4

For pipe with radius 2 mm:

T =34 C

PL L
VAc

(2)

 p=567 Pa
V=0.0107 m/s
See matlab code for this calculation:
P0=200; % power per m^2
w=1; % width
h=2; % height
N=20; % number of loops
L=N*w+2*h; % pipe length
R=2e-3; % pipe radius
eta=1.1e-3; % water viscosity (Pa*s)
c=4.183e3; % water specific heat
rho=1000; % water density
al1=0.0017; % termal expansion coeeficient
al=rho*al1; % rho=rho1-al*(T-T1);
PL=P0*2*R;
g=9.8;
dT=sqrt(PL*L^2*16*eta/(c*rho*g*h*pi*R^4*al))
A=pi*R^2;
v=PL*L/(rho*A*c*dT)
dp=g*h*al*dT/2

Then more thin pipe then higher temperature but flow decrease.
Also the problem is that we can not make to two long pipe because than friction will
be big and velocity will decreas. To solve this it is need to connect pipes in parallel:

2. Evacuated-tube collector

Metal thingh on the left on this photo makes collection of heat from all avaluable arre in one pipe to
the tube.

3. Comparison

Evacuated-tube collector has no friction it is advantage. Vapour just move up.

Diameter maut be small enough and liquid surface tension must big enough to
make liquid uniformly distributed along all pipe. Also disadvantage of
Evacuated-tube collector is that if temperature too height then it will be work
not effective. Because almost all liquid will be in vapuor and transfer will
decrease.
Flat-plate collector is cheaper to do because it is not need to make many evacuated
tubes just double-glass one pipe. In e vacuated-tube collector is easy to do full
covering of all available area. But fat-plate collector has gaps in area that not
used.

See cw1_data_wind_frequency.xlsx
Histogram of wind frequency:

X axis wind velocity m/s,

Y axis number of hour per half year of such wind.
There is per 0.5 year but not per year because data is only for half year.

Roof-top wind turbine has many disadvantages:

- it make noise that can be hear in house
- it is impossible to place big enough wind turbine to have about 3 kW power
- roof is close to the propeller, so air not slip at the roof. It is zero velocity on the
roof. And then it is not big value for velocity on the roof-top wind turbine.
- near houses decrease wind.
- if roof-top turbin will break, than it can break near houses, dangeros for
pedestrians
- the problem of strong mounting to the roof. Roof is not constructed as hard
construction
- require special design depending on roof.

Roof-top mounted turbine has many disadvantages. So let use usual wind turbine:

Data for wind height distribution.

Let consider Trees an houses

1 foot = 0.3048 meter
1 mile/hour = 0.44704 meter/second
Height, m
Velocity, m/s

100*0.3048
9.5*0.44705

500*0.3048
17.4*0.44705

1200*0.3048
20*0.44705

10
9
8

velocity, m/s

7
6
5
4
3
2

points from the table

1
0

0.25

approximation, v=2.1*h
0

50

100

150

200
height, m

250

300

350

400

The formula is

v =2.1h 0.25

Wind turbine propeller size and power relationship can be estimated as Betz law:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz%27_law

In this law idealized case used, propeller is disc that mot makes air rotation just
decrease air velocity.
Short derivation of Betz law:
Conservation law of the mass:

m= v 1 A1 t= v 2 A 2 t=Sv t
Force is defined by momentum change:

p= m v 1 m v 2= m ( v 1v2 )

is the mass of thin layer of air. This mass is keep constant along the tube.

When each time

mass

mass of air come into the tube than simultaneously air with

come out from the tube.

Force:

F=

p
=Sv ( v 1v 2 )
t

Power:

P=Fv=S v 2 ( v 1v 2 )
Let find maximum possible value of power

P :
3

S v1
S
S
P=S v ( v 1v 2 ) = ( v 1+ v 2 )2 ( v 1v 2) = ( v 1+ v 2 ) ( v12v 22 )=
( 1+ x ) ( 1x 2 )
4
4
4
2

Where

P (x )

x=

v2
v1

is maximal when

dP ( x )
=0
dx
That give quadratic equation with solution:

x=

1
3

Then maximal P is:

Pmax =P

If use propeller with radius

( 13 )= S v

m
s

8
27

R=4.7 m , then its area

Wind data gives mean value of velocity:

v 1=4.98

3
1

S= R =70 m

Air density:

=1.22

kg
m3

Then power:

Pmax =3.1 kW
So propeller radius must be about 5 meters:

5m

8m

Top and bottom points of the propeller has different forcies:

This is because of wind gradient.

F1 > F 2 If wind in the center is 5 m/s then on the

top:

8+5
8

0.25

( )

=5.6 m/s

On the bottom:

85
8

0.25

( )

=3.9 m/s

This difference must be tacked in to accont when design propeller. This difference
make loads in propeller between blades. So propeller must be hard enough.

Wind energy generation profile:

See cw1_data_profile.xls

Chart Title
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0

x-data hours
y-data Power, W

The calculation of the power was made using mean value of velocity but more
correct way is calculate mean power. If we get 3.1 m radius propeller. Then mean
power:

P = R 2 v 13 8 = R 2 8 v 13 =3 kW

Where

27

27

means meaning for all hours of half year

The system consist of:

- wind turbine
- inverter
- accumulators
From site http://www.sentex.ca/~sxing/generator/generator.htm
wind turbine price: $8100
inverter price: $ 5700
Let find accumulators price

From power profile it is possible to see that without wind period is about 24 hours.
Power is 3 kW, voltage 12 V, then current is 250 A. Then capacity is
250*24=6000A*h
Accumulator LEOCH DJM 12200 parameters:
Price: $426
Voltage: 12 V
Capacity: 200 A*h
Then we need 30 such accumulators, then total price is about $13000
Also power profile has long small wind periods about 600 hours long. This can not
be compencated with accumulators. So it is need to use solar panels or diesel
generators.
As we can see home use wind generator system has big price about $27000. So it is
better to use bigger wind generators with powers about megawatts. And use hydroaccumulation of energy, see detales here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#Intermittency_and_penetration_limits
Alternative way for small power wind turbine is use its energy for heating water
(using turbular electric heating element). Big volume of hot water can be used as
chap energy accumulator. But in this case no electricity generated only hot water
for house heating and home using.