Dinosaurs

Discovered
by Dean R. Lomax
 Editors Katy Lennon, Kritika Gupta, Abhijit Dutta
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 Contents
4 Chapter 1: Who Studies Dinosaurs?
10 Dinosaur Discoveries
12 Dinosaur Map
14 Chapter 2: Wonders of Europe
22 Mother of Paleontology
24 Dinosaur Attack
26 Chapter 3: Digging in Asia
34 Days of the Dinosaurs
36 Living with Dinosaurs
38 Chapter 4: African Adventures
44 Dinosaur Teeth
46 Chapter 5: Giants of America
54 Dinosaurs of Australia and Antarctica
56 Can I Find a Dinosaur?
58 Quiz
60 Glossary
62 Index

Styracosaurus. The dinosaur illustrations

shown in this book are artists’ ideas of
how dinosaurs might have looked, based
on the scientific evidence available.
 Chapter 1

Who Studies Dinosaurs?

From vast deserts to high mountains,
dinosaur bones are found all around the
world. Each new dinosaur discovery has
its own story to tell about prehistoric life.

A team of paleontologists,
including Dean Lomax (left), at
an excavation site.
 People who study dinosaurs and
prehistoric life are called paleontologists.
They are interested in everything from
dinosaurs to plants to mammoths and
fossilized poops—called coprolites! Fossils
are the remains, or traces, of prehistoric
animals and plants that have been left
in rocks. They can be preserved in rocks
for millions of years and can give us clues
about the history of our planet.
From fossils, paleontologists can find
out what dinosaurs ate, how big they
were, and even what color they were.
People of all ages find dinosaurs
interesting, and right now, there
are more paleontologists
than there have ever
been before.

A coprolite made by
a prehistoric shark.

5
 Only a tiny number of animals are
ever found as fossils. For a dinosaur to
become a fossil, it must have died in
special conditions. Many fossils are
created when an animal dies close to
(or in) water. It then becomes buried
by mud or sand at the bottom of the
water, called sediment. Over time,
the soft parts of its body rot away,
leaving just the hard parts, such as
bones and teeth.

About 150 million years ago Skeleton is covered by sediment

An Allosaurus dies Over millions of years the

near a river. sediment turns to rock.

6
 As the skeleton is buried deeper,
the bones and teeth are replaced by
minerals. These minerals then become
the fossil. In rare examples, even the
animal’s skin can be found as part of
the fossil.

Fossilized dinosaur skin.

Millions of years later Today

As rock layers form, the The fossilized skeleton is

fossilized skeleton is buried exposed at the surface.
deeper underground.

7
 When paleontologists discover
a new dinosaur, they get to name it.
On average, paleontologists announce
a new species of dinosaur every two
weeks! Amazingly, more than 1,400
species are currently known.
 Dinosaur names are taken from Greek
or Latin words. They are often named for
a feature, such as sharp teeth or horns.
Some dinosaurs are given names that
describe how they might have behaved.
Others are named after the place they
were discovered or the person who
found them. The word “dinosaur”
means “terrible lizard.”

Triceratops means
three-horned face, in reference
to the three horns on its skull.

9
 Dinosaur Discoveries
Here are some of the most important
events in the study of dinosaurs.

Dinosaur eggs
and nests found
in Mongolia
Archaeopteryx,
the famous
“dino-bird,”
Megalosaurus first discovered
named

1824 1836 1861 1905 1923 1962

First gigantic
theropod named
Tyrannosaurus rex
Dinosaur
footprints found
in North America

Heterodontosaurus
first discovered

10
 The gigantic Argentinosaurus
is named; it is the largest
dinosaur discovered so far

Scientists suggest that

a comet or asteroid
struck the Earth about One of the world’s richest
66 million years ago, dinosaur graveyards is
wiping out the found in Canada
nonbird dinosaurs

1979 1980 1990 1993 1997 2016

The world’s most

complete T. rex is
discovered and
An important study nicknamed “Sue”
shows that dinosaurs
cared for their young
Part of a
dinosaur tail
with feathers
is found
in amber

11
 Dinosaur Map
Dinosaurs lived all over the globe.
Here is a map to show where some
of them came from.

USA UK

NORTH
AMERICA

Tyrannosaurus

SOUTH
AMERICA

Eoraptor

Argentina

Giganotosaurus

12
 Velociraptor

Megalosaurus

EUROPE
Mongolia

ASIA
Spinosaurus
China

Egypt
Microraptor
AFRICA

Tanzania

OCEANIA

Australia
Giraffatitan
Leaellynasaura

Cryolophosaurus

ANTARCTICA

13
 Chapter 2

Wonders of Europe
Many early
dinosaur discoveries
were made in Europe.
One of the most
important was
the “dino-bird,”
Archaeopteryx, which
Archaeopteryx was found in Germany
in 1861. Archaeopteryx had a long, bony
tail, sharp teeth, and feathers. It was
one of the first fossils to show a close
link between birds and dinosaurs. Today,
paleontologists place birds and dinosaurs
together in the same family.

14
 Nearby, deep inside a Belgian coal mine
in 1878, another incredible discovery
was made. A herd of more than 30
Iguanodon skeletons were found together.
It is thought that they all fell down a
ravine and drowned when it flooded.
In Portugal many years later,
paleontologists found fossilized dinosaur
eggs. The eggs even had unborn babies
preserved inside them.

An Iguanodon skeleton at the

Dinosaur Isle Museum, Isle of Wight, UK.

15
 In January 1983, fossil
collector William Walker
was looking for fossils in
a quarry in England. He
found an unusual rock, Baryonyx’s claw

which contained a large claw.

The Natural History Museum in London
was very interested in this discovery.
It sent a team to excavate, or dig,
at the quarry.

16
The team found more than 70 percent
of the dinosaur’s skeleton, including a
large skull with teeth in it. It was said
to be the find of the century.
The dinosaur was named Baryonyx
walkeri in William’s honor. It lived about
125 million years ago, but amazingly its
last meal was still preserved in its stomach.
Paleontologists found that it had eaten
a tasty meal of fish and other dinosaurs.

A Baryonyx
fishing at a lake.

17
 The largest dinosaurs to ever walk the
Earth were called sauropods. They
include the long-necked Brontosaurus.
One sauropod, named Europasaurus,
lived about 154 million years ago. Its
home was an island off the coast of
Germany. The first bones were found
in the mid-1990s and were closely
studied by scientists. The bones showed
that the adult Europasaurus were actually
smaller than an adult African elephant.

18
 These unusual sauropod dinosaurs were
a dwarf species. Their bodies didn’t grow
as large as those of other sauropods
because there wasn’t much food for
them to eat on their small island!

A roaming
Europasaurus.

19
 Bones from a Dacentrurus’s front leg.

The very first stegosaur skeleton to

be discovered was found in a brick pit
in Swindon, England. Stegosaurs were
a group of large dinosaurs that had bony
plates along their backs. They also had
spikes on their tails. Workers dug up
the bones in 1874 and gave them to
paleontologist William Davies. He
realized the bones were very important.

20
 The skeleton that they found
included leg bones, armor plates,
and tail spines. Scientists were so
excited by the discovery that many
people wanted to see it. Famous
paleontologist Sir Richard Owen
identified the creature as a new
dinosaur. It was named Dacentrurus,
which means “very pointy tail.”

21
 Mother of
Paleontology
Mary Anning was a Victorian
paleontologist. She lived
in Lyme Regis, England,
between 1799 and 1847.
From a young age, she
collected fossils. Here
are some of her
incredible discoveries.

Mary Anning’s dog

Tray helped her search
for fossils.

22
Discoveries:
In 1811, Mary and her brother Joseph
found
a skull and skeleton in a cliff. This bec
ame
the first ichthyosaur known to science.
Mary was only about
12 years old.

Mary’s second major discovery

was the first complete plesiosaur
skeleton, which she found in 1823.

In 1828, Mary found the first

British pterosaur. It was later
named Dimorphodon macronyx.

Many years later in

2015, Dean Lomax
and Judy Massare
named a new species
of ichthyosaur in Mary’s honor. It
was called Ichthyosaurus anningae.

23
 Dinosaur Attack
Some dinosaurs were carnivores and ate
only meat. Others were herbivores and
enjoyed munching on plants. Here are
some of the special features that helped
them to find food and survive.

Prey
This was a heavily armored
herbivore. Its armor helped
protect it from predators. Sharp spikes

An
kylo
saur
us

Body armor

24
 Great sense
of smell

Tyrannosauru
s
Predator
This carnivore used its size,
strength, and powerful bite to
catch and eat other dinosaurs.

Clubbed tail

Powerful bite

Strong claws

25
 Chapter 3

Digging in Asia
Since the 1990s, new finds in Asia
have caused a lot of excitement
among paleontologists. One
of these was a small dinosaur
from Liaoning, China,
called Sinosauropteryx.
It was named in 1996
and was the first
nonbird dinosaur
found with feathers.

Sinosauropteryx was about

the size of a modern turkey.
 One Sinosauropteryx was particularly well
preserved. Scientists could even tell what
color it was. It was reddish brown and had
camouflage patterns and stripes.
Another truly remarkable dinosaur
discovery was made in the Gobi Desert,
Mongolia. In 1971, a fossil of a Velociraptor
and a Protoceratops fighting was unearthed
by a team of paleontologists. The battle
had become frozen in time as the pair were
buried by sand, possibly from the collapse
of a sand dune.

Protoceratops

27
 In 2002, paleontologists from
China and the USA
led an expedition to
the desertlike area of the
Junggar Basin in China.
They found two small
tyrannosaur skeletons,
which were early ancestors
of Tyrannosaurus rex.

A lonely Guanlong
searching for a mate.

28
 One of the skeletons belonged to
an adult, and the other was around
six years old when it died. The dinosaur
was named Guanlong and had a large
crest on its head. The crest may have
been brightly colored. It could
have been used to attract a mate.

29
 Psittacosaurus

Every dinosaur belongs to a group or

family. The dinosaurs in each group
have many things in common, even if
they don’t all look the same. Psittacosaurus
is one example of this. It belongs to the
same group of dinosaurs (ceratopsians)
that includes Triceratops. However,
instead of giant horns, Psittacosaurus has
quill-like bristles on its back and tail.

30
 The first Psittacosaurus remains were
collected during an expedition to the
Gobi Desert in Mongolia in 1922. Since
then, hundreds more have been found.
One particular discovery included 30
infants. They were found with an older
“babysitter” Psittacosaurus who was
possibly caring for the youngsters.

Fossil of a Psittacosaurus nest with many babies and one adult.

31
 In 1965,
Zofia Kielan-
Jaworowska and Deinocheirus arm
her team found part
of a skeleton in the Gobi Desert. It
included huge arms with powerful claws.
They named the dinosaur Deinocheirus,
which means “terrible hand.” The missing
bones made it difficult for the team to
work out what Deinocheirus looked like.
It was thought to have been a giant,
meat-eating theropod that walked on
two legs. For almost 50 years, Deinocheirus
remained one of the most mysterious
dinosaurs ever discovered.
In 2014, the mystery behind the giant
claws was solved! Two more skeletons were
found. Deinocheirus was identified as the
largest member of the “ostrichlike”
theropod group of dinosaurs.

A Deinocheirus walking
in a river.

33
 Days of the Dinosaurs
Dinosaurs flourished for more than 165
million years. This time was split into
three periods. Follow the lines to match
the dinosaurs to when they lived.

with chic
Hen k Eora
pto
r

saurus
aco
yr
St

Cetiosaurus

34
 Triassic Period
This period was 252 to
201 million years ago.
The first dinosaurs
appeared around 231
million years ago.

Jurassic Period
This period was 201
to 145 million years
ago. Some of the
largest dinosaurs first
appeared at this time.

Cretaceous Period
The last of the nonbird
dinosaurs died during
this period 145 to 66
million years ago.

Today
There are dinosaurs
alive today—they
are birds!

35
 Living with Dinosaurs
Dinosaurs shared the Earth with many
unusual and bizarre creatures. Here
are some of the animals that lived
alongside them.
Key
Could
fly Quetzalcoatlus
Lived Pterosaurs controlled the
on land sky. Some were tiny, but
Lived others had a wingspan
in water
of more than
33 ft (10 m)!

Quetzalcoatlus is
one of the largest
known flying animals
ever to have lived.

Temnodontosaurus was almost

twice as long as a modern
killer whale.

Temnodontosaurus
This ichthyosaur looked
a little bit like a dolphin.
It hunted fish, squid,
and other
ichthyosaurs.

36
Adult Deinosuchus weighed Deinosuchus
more than an elephant!
This reptile is an ancestor
of the alligator. It ate fish,
turtles, and dinosaurs.

Repenomamus
This dinosaur-eating
mammal lived about
125 million years ago.

Mosasaurus
With its huge jaws and
Repenomamus grew to more strong tail, this sea reptile
than 3 ft (1 m) long. was a fearsome hunter.

Mosasaurus liked to eat

ammonites—relatives Ammonite
of the squid.
37
 Chapter 4

African Adventures
Lots of dinosaur fossils have been
collected from all across Africa. In 1976,
a cluster of six eggs was found in South
Africa. Five eggs contained embryos,
or unborn babies. The eggs belonged
to a plant-eating dinosaur called
Massospondylus. They are among
the oldest dinosaur embryos
in the world.

38
 Another dinosaur that
has been found in Africa is
Spinosaurus. It could live in
and out of water and had
large spines on its back. The
spines formed a sail or hump.
This sail may have been
An almost
used for display or defense, complete
embryo of
or to help it control Massospondylus.

its temperature.

Spinosaurus
hunting for food.

39
 There are many large animals alive
today, but none that is as tall as the
Giraffatitan was. It was one of the tallest
dinosaurs ever and was twice the
height of a giraffe.
One Giraffatitan was found in Tanzania.
First, paleontologists thought it was
a type of Brachiosaurus, which lived
around 150 million years ago.

40
After comparing the bones of both
dinosaurs, scientists found that they
were slightly different. However, the
two dinosaurs were both members of
the sauropod family.
Sauropod dinosaurs are the heaviest
animals to have ever walked on Earth.
Giraffatitan weighed about the same
as five fully grown African elephants!

A wandering herd of
Giraffatitan feed in a
Jurassic forest.

41
 Skeleton of a Heterodontosaurus.

In Lesotho, South Africa, between

1961 and 1962, a team of scientists
unearthed some grisly remains.
They found a skull,
a jaw, and some
teeth that
belonged to an
interesting dinosaur.

42
The dinosaur was called Heterodontosaurus
and was about the size of a fox. It
belonged to a family of dinosaurs called
heterodontosaurs. This group had very
special teeth. Most dinosaurs had lots of
the same type of tooth in their mouths.
Heterodontosaurs, however, had many
different kinds of teeth. This suggested
that they may have been omnivorous,
which means that they ate both plants
and animals.

Heterodontosaurus
may have had coarse
bristles on its skin.

43
 Dinosaur Teeth
To work out what a dinosaur ate, look
at its teeth. Some herbivores had flat
teeth to grind up plants. Carnivores
had sharp teeth for tearing flesh.

FACT: Ins
ad of teeth,
te
urs, like
some dinosa had
,
Deinocheirus
a beak.
Human molars (the
teeth at the back of
the mouth) are wide
and f lat. They are
This tiny tooth is These small teeth used for grinding.
specially shaped are sharp and
for ripping and very pointy.
grinding up leaves.

Stegosaurus Velociraptor Human

44
 10
Giant sauropods used
their teeth to strip leaves
off tree branches.

9
8
3
T. rex teeth were as large
as bananas!

7
Triceratops had up

6
to 800 teeth just
like this one.

2
5
4
3
1
2
1
0
0
cm

in

Triceratops Camarasaurus

45
 Chapter 5

Giants of America
The area that is now North America was
once home to some incredible dinosaurs.
Tyrannosaurus, Triceratops, and Stegosaurus
were just a few that lived there.

46
 The largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus,
and the oldest, Herrerasaurus, were
both found in South America. Many
discoveries in America have been
very important. They have helped
us understand lots about the ancient
dinosaur world. Many new finds, such
as the berry-eating Isaberrysaura from
Argentina, continue to be made.

Argentinosaurus
had long necks to reach
the tops of tall trees.

47
 The dromaeosaurs, often called
“raptors,” were fast-moving predators.
They had sharp teeth and killer claws.
Many species were quite small—about
the size of a turkey.
In 2005, an incomplete skeleton was
found in South Dakota. Ten years later,
the bones were studied and identified as
a new species. It was called Dakotaraptor.
It was almost twice as long as a polar
bear, making it one of the largest
dromaeosaurs known.

Dakotaraptor probably
used its feathers to
keep warm.

48
 A Dakotaraptor claw.

It lived at the same time and

in the same area as the giant
predator Tyrannosaurus.
A series of bumps were
found on the arm bones of
the skeleton. These are called quill
knobs. They suggest that Dakotaraptor
had feathers.

49
 On Monday, March 21, 2011, news
broke that an exciting fossil had been
uncovered. It was found at the Millennium
Mine in Canada.
Paleontologists Donald Henderson
and Darren Tanke visited the site.
They inspected the fossil and found,
to their amazement, that it was an
almost complete armored dinosaur.
Named Borealopelta in 2017, it is
the best-preserved armored
dinosaur ever found.

The only specimen

of Borealopelta.

Skull

50
 It is so well preserved that the
110-million-year-old fossil looks as
if it is sleeping. Bits of color were even
found in its skin. They show that the
animal was reddish brown.

Body
armor
plates

Spine

51
 Dinosaurs are often found by teams
who go looking for them. However,
many are found by chance and often
in unusual situations.
In 1993, Rubén Carolini was riding
a dune buggy in the vast badlands of
Patagonia, Argentina. To his surprise,
he saw a giant leg bone sticking out of
the sand! A team of paleontologists
rushed to the scene to see what else
they could find.
The species was named Giganotosaurus
carolinii, in Rubén’s honor. The largest
skull is just less than 6.5 feet (2 meters)
long. Giganotosaurus was big enough to
rival the famous Tyrannosaurus rex. It is
the largest carnivorous dinosaur ever
found in the southern part of the Earth.

52
The first skeleton
of Giganotosaurus,
from Argentina.

53
 Dinosaurs of Australia
and Antarctica
More than 100 million years ago,
Australia and Antarctica were joined
together. Here are some of the dinosaurs
that lived on this ancient land.

Leaellynasaura
This dinosaur was used to
living in the cold and dark.
It had large eyes to help it see.

Cryolophosaurus
This theropod was the first Antarctic
dinosaur named, in 1994. It had an
unusual crest on its head.

54
 Wintonotitan
One of Australia’s most
complete sauropods, its
bones were found in 1974.
It was originally
nicknamed Clancy!

Kunbarrasaurus
This armored dinosaur wasn’t
one of the smartest. It had an
unusually small brain compared
to the size of its body.

Muttaburrasaurus
This dinosaur may have been
able to blow air into the crest
on its nose to inflate it and
make loud noises.

55
 Can I Find a Dinosaur?
Paleontologists know all the tricks of
the trade when it comes to finding
fossils. Here are some of them.

Paleontologist’s tool kit

Safety glasses
These protect a
paleontologist’s eyes
when they are on a dig. Notebook and pencil
Paleontologists use these
to record their finds.

Brick hammers, chisels, and soft brushes

Some fossils need to be dug up using a hammer and
chisel. Brushes help brush dirt off more delicate bones.

56
DID YOU KNOW?
The peculiar dinosaur
Chilesaurus from Chile, South
America, was found by Diego
Suárez, a seven-year-old boy!

he Fossil Collecting Code

T
ea to find fossils
Plan: Research the best ar
ake sure you
and plan your trip well. M
including food!
have everything you need,
ent with
Safety: Bring safety equipm
ver take risks.
you on a fossil hunt and ne
e you are going.
Always tell someone wher
n take a little
Patience: Finding fossils ca
plan well to
while. Take your time and
get the best results.
ve been
Protect: Although fossils ha
can be fragile.
around for many years, they
n’t break.
Look after them so they do
und a fossil,
Report: When you have fo
museums are
share it with others! Local
ds.
always interested in new fin

57
 Quiz

1 What is a paleontologist?

2 Which dinosaur was the first to

be named?

3 When did Mary Anning discover

the complete plesiosaur skeleton?

4 What did stegosaurs use their

tail spikes for?

5 What does Deinocheirus mean?

6 Are dinosaurs extinct?

7 Are pterosaurs flying dinosaurs?

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8 Which type of dinosaurs were
the heaviest?

9 What makes heterodontosaurs

unique among dinosaurs?

10 What color was the armored

ankylosaur, Borealopelta?

11 What is the largest dinosaur

on record?

12 Have Australia and Antarctica

always been separate?

Answers on page 61

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 Glossary
ancestor dwarf
Animal or plant Something that is
to which a more smaller than usual
recent animal or
plant is related embryo
Unborn or
badlands unhatched animal
Vast area of land that
is often dry, rocky, and fossil
difficult to access Remains or traces
of a once-living
camouflage animal or plant
Colors or patterns
on an animal’s skin, herbivore
fur, or feathers that Plant-eating animal
help it merge with
the environment paleontologist
Scientist who studies
carnivore prehistoric life through
Meat-eating the examination
animal of fossils

ceratopsian predator
Group of horned An animal that lives
dinosaurs that had by hunting and eating
a frill on their head other animals

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prehistoric sand dune
Ancient time before Hill of sand
recorded history
sauropod
prey Group of dinosaurs
Animal that is with long necks
hunted for food and tails

quill theropod
Stiff, sharp part of Group of meat-eating
a feather or spine dinosaurs that stood
on two legs
ravine
Deep, narrow valley

Answers to the quiz:

1. A person who studies dinosaurs and prehistoric
life; 2. Megalosaurus; 3. 1823; 4. To defend themselves;
5. Terrible hand; 6. They are not extinct; 7. No, they
were flying reptiles; 8. Sauropods; 9. Different types
of teeth; 10. Reddish brown; 11. Argentinosaurus;
12. No, they used to be joined together.

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 Index
Allosaurus 6 Cryolophosaurus 13, 54
Anning, Mary 22–23 Dacentrurus 20–21
Archaeopteryx 10, 14 Dakotaraptor 48–49
Argentinosaurus 11, 47 Deinocheirus 32–33
babies 11, 15, 31, 38 Deinosuchus 37
Baryonyx walkeri 17 Dimorphodon macronyx
23
beaks 44
dromaeosaurs 48–49
birds 14, 35
eggs 10, 15, 38
bones 4, 6–7, 20–21
embryos 38–39
Borealopelta 50
Eoraptor 12, 34
Brachiosaurus 40
Europasaurus 18–19
Brontosaurus 18
feathers 11, 14, 49
Camarasaurus 45
footprints 10
carnivores 24, 44
fossils 5, 6–7, 57
ceratopsians 30
Giganotosaurus 12, 52
Cetiosaurus 34
Giraffatitan 13, 40–41
Chilesaurus 57
Guanlong 29
coprolite 5
herbivores 24, 44
Cretaceous Period 35

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Herrerasaurus 47 Psittacosaurus 30–31
Heterodontosaurus 10, pterosaurs 23
42–43 Quetzalcoatlus 36
horns 9 Repenomamus 37
Ichthyosaur 5, 23 sauropods 18–19, 41, 45
Iguanodon 15 sediment 6–7
Isaberrysaura 47 Sinosauropteryx 26
Jurassic Period 35 skeletons 7, 15, 23, 42,
Leaellynasaura 13, 54 skin 7, 51
Massospondylus 38–39 Spinosaurus 13, 39
Megalosaurus 10, 13 Stegosaurus 20–21,
Microraptor 13 44, 46
Mosasaurus 37 Styracosaurus 34
Muttaburrasaurus 55 teeth 6–7, 9, 44–45
names 8–9 Temnodontosaurus 36
omnivores 43 Triassic Period 35
paleontologists 5, 56 Triceratops 8–9, 30,
45, 46
plesiosaur 23
Tyrannosaurus rex 10, 11,
predators 25
12, 25, 28, 46, 52
prey 24
Velociraptor 13, 27, 44
Protoceratops 27
Wintonotitan 55

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 A LEVEL FOR EVERY READER
This book is a part of an exciting four-level reading series to support children in
developing the habit of reading widely for both pleasure and information. Each
book is designed to develop a child’s reading skills, fluency, grammar awareness,
and comprehension in order to build confidence and enjoyment when reading.

Ready for a Level 3 (Beginning to Read Alone) Book

A child should:
• Be able to read many words without needing to stop and break them
down into sound parts.
• Read smoothly, in phrases and with expression, and at a good pace.
• Self-correct when a word or sentence doesn’t sound right or doesn’t
make sense.

A Valuable and Shared Reading Experience

For many children, reading requires much effort, but adult participation can
make reading both fun and easier. Here are a few tips on how to use this
book with a young reader:
Check out the contents together:
• Read about the book on the back cover and talk about the contents
page to help heighten interest and expectation.
• Ask the reader to make predictions about what he/she thinks will happen next.
• Talk about the information he/she might want to find out.

Encourage fluent reading:

• Encourage reading aloud in fluent, expressive phrases, making full use of
punctuation and thinking about the meaning; if helpful, choose a sentence
to read aloud to help demonstrate reading with expression.
Praise, share, and talk:
• Notice whether the reader is responding to the text by self-correcting and
varying his/her voice.
• Encourage the reader to recall specific details after each chapter.
• Let him/her pick out interesting words and discuss what they mean.
• Talk about what he/she found most interesting or important and show your
own enthusiasm for the book.
• Read the quiz at the end of the book and encourage the reader to answer the
questions, if necessary, by turning back to the relevant pages to find the answers.

Series consultant, Dr. Linda Gambrell, Emerita Distinguished Professor of Education

at Clemson University, has served as President of the National Reading Conference,
the College Reading Association and the International Reading Association.

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