Angular Measurement

Angular Measurement
Dr. N. VENKAIAH
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
NIT Warangal 506 004
Disclaimer
The content presented here is not entirely my own. Some portions are taken from
different sources with great regard. This content is solely for class room teaching and
not for any commercial use.
"Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run

over if you just sit there."
~ Will Rogers
Angle
Opening between two lines which meet at a point.
Measurement of angle is indispensable in workshops for the
manufacture of interchangeable parts.
The Radian
Angle subtended by an arc of length equal to the radius.
d = radius
A circle is divided into 2π radians (360o)

Angle Measuring Devices
Angle gauges Laser interferometer
Auto-collimator Profile projector

Beam comparator Protractors
Clinometers Tool maker’s microscope
CMM Sine bar
Electronic level Spirit level

Angle Gauges
Using angle gauges, any angle can be set up to nearest 3’’
3.2
16
89
Typical size and shape of an angle Gauge

Available in sets
Standard A Standard B
13 gauges and a square block 12 gauges and a square block
1o, 3o, 9o, 27o, 41o 1o, 3o, 9o, 27o, 41o
1' , 3' , 9' , 27 ' 1' , 3' , 9' , 27 '
0.05' , 0.1' , 0.3' , 0.5' (or 3'' , 6'' , 18'' , 30'' ) 0.1' , 0.3' , 0.5' (or 6'' , 18'' , 30'' )
Direct combination enables computation of any angle up to 81o 40.9'

Angles larger than this can be made up with the help of a square
block
5
Addition & Subtraction
36o
Addition
18o
Subtraction
6
Sine Bar
 Sine bar is a lapped steel bar
 Two equal and accurate cylinders fixed at each end
 Center distance of rollers: 100 mm or 250 mm (usually)
Essential requirements of a sine bar

1. The rollers must be of equal diameter and true geometric cylinders
2. The distance between the roller axes must be precise (± 2.5 μm for 100 mm bars)
and the axes must be mutually parallel.
3. Upper surface of the beam must be flat (1.3 μm for 100 mm bars) and parallel
with the roller axes.
Sine Principle: The ratio of the length of two sides of a right triangle is used in deriving
the angle
+ +
l
Sine bar
Sine bars are used mainly
• to measure an unknown angle
• to locate a work to a given angle
Dial gauge
l
h θ
Gauge blocks (h)
Work Sin θ = h/l

θ
Surface plate
Measuring an unknown angle
Note: Sine bar in itself is not a complete measuring instrument. It is

used in conjunction with surface plate, slip gauges and an indicating
device. 8
Procedure to set a height
a) Set up the sine bar as shown such that the upper
surface of the work is approximately parallel to
surface plate.
b) Take readings with dial gauge at both ends and
note their difference, noting which end of the work
is low.
c) Assuming the end near the high end of the sine bar
is low, then gauge blocks height must be increased
by an amount equal to the difference in the dial Checking angle by a sine bar
gauge readings multiplied by the proportion of the
sine bar length to work length.
Ex. End of workpiece is 0.01 mm low

Sine bar length = 250 mm
Workpiece length = 100 mm
250
Required increase in gauge block height = 0.01× = 0.025 mm
100
This will not give an immediately correct setting from a first approximation, but
it is much quicker than by a trial and error method 9
Various Configurations
Checking angles by level and tilted surface
Checking angles by
sine bar and dial gauge
Checking large component using a sine bar 10

Errors of Setting
Accuracy of the angle set by a sine bar is influenced by
1. errors in slip gauges
2. error in center distance
We know for a sine bar that,

h = l sin θ
The setting error dθ can be found by partial differentiation w.r.t θ
dh sin θ dl
dh = dl sin θ + l cos θ dθ dθ = − tan θ
l cos θ sin θ l
dh − dl sin θ  dh dl 
dθ = dθ = tan θ  − 
l cos θ  l sin θ l 
dh dl
dθ = − tan θ  dh dl 
l cos θ l dθ = tan θ  −  ( Q l sin θ = h)
 h l 
Errors of Setting …
8
7 l = 100 mm and h=l sin θ
Error, dθ (seconds)
6 dl = -0.003 mm
5
dh = +0.0005 mm
4
3
2
1
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle, θ (degrees)
Combined effect of errors in center distance and gauge block height
For angles larger than 45o, the error in measured angle is progressively more
significant.
Hence, for high accuracy applications, the use of sine bar is restricted to
measure angles below 45o 12
Measuring Angles > 450
Sine bar is set to the complement of the angle to be measured
Checking steeper angles (>450)
13
Measuring Taper Plug Gauge using Sine Center
Semi angle of a conical work is checked.
14
Measuring Taper Plug Gauge
using
Rollers and Gauge Blocks
Construct suitable Rt. Angled triangles and derive the expressions for
half taper angle, θ, Diameters Dmin and Dmax
15
Internal Taper Measurement
16
Measuring Taper Ring Gauge
Construct suitable Rt. Angled triangles and derive the expressions for
taper angle, θ, Diameters DS and DL
r1 − r2
sin θ =
(h2 + r2 ) − (r1 − h1 )
D1 = d1 sec θ
D2 = d 2 sec θ
θ
DL = D1 + 2(r1 − h1 ) tan θ
Ds = D2 − 2( H − h2 − r2 ) tan θ
17
GATE
GATE 2010
2010
A taper hole is inspected using a CMM, with a probe of 2 mm diameter. At a
height, Z = 20 mm from the bottom, 5 points are touched and a diameter of circle
(not compensated for probe size) is obtained as 20 mm. Similarly, a 40 mm
diameter is obtained at a height Z=40 mm. The smaller diameter (in mm) of hole
at Z=0 is

(A) 13.334 (B) 15.334 (C) 15.442 (D) 15.542
Ans:
18
GATE
GATE 1997
1997
Balls of diameter 30 mm and 15 mm were used to measure the taper of a ring
gauge. During inspection, the ball of 30 mm diameter was protruding by 2.5 mm
above the top surface of the ring. This surface was located at a height of 50 mm
from the top of the 15 mm diameter ball. Calculate the taper angle.
Ans.:
19

Angular Measurement

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Angular Measurement

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Angular Measurement

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Angular Measurement

"Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run

A circle is divided into 2π radians (360o)

Auto-collimator Profile projector

Clinometers Tool maker’s microscope

CMM Sine bar

Electronic level Spirit level

Typical size and shape of an angle Gauge

Direct combination enables computation of any angle up to 81o 40.9'

Essential requirements of a sine bar

Work Sin θ = h/l

Measuring an unknown angle

Note: Sine bar in itself is not a complete measuring instrument. It is

Ex. End of workpiece is 0.01 mm low

Checking angles by level and tilted surface

Checking large component using a sine bar 10

We know for a sine bar that,

Checking steeper angles (>450)

Semi angle of a conical work is checked.

(A) 13.334 (B) 15.334 (C) 15.442 (D) 15.542

You might also like