Induction Motor Tutorial: 2D Technical Example

CAE package for electromagnetic and thermal analysis using finite elements
Induction motor tutorial

2D technical example
Proprietary Information of Altair Engineering

Flux is a registered trademark.
Copyright © 1983 – 2016 Altair Engineering, Inc.
This tutorial was edited on 20 March 2018
Ref.: K205-P-122-EN-03/18
Altair
15 Chemin de Malacher - Inovallée
38246 Meylan Cedex
FRANCE
Phone: +33 (0)4 76 90 50 45
Fax: +33 (0)4 56 38 08 30
Web: http://www.altair.com
Foreword
*(Please read before starting this document)
Description of The goal of this technical example is to demonstrate the ability and
the example advantage of Flux for the simulation of brushless induction motor
computation problems. This document contains the general steps and all the
data needed to describe the different simulations.
To begin This example is designed for the user who is already familiar with the basic
functions of Flux software.
For beginner users, please report to the “welcome interface” opened
automatically by the supervisor. (If not opened, please open it by clicking on
the button “?” on the top right of the supervisor). The interface contains
videos, which helps the beginners while using Flux for the first time.
Support files To view the completed phases of the example project, the user will find the
included... .py files, including the geometry, physics and postprocessing descriptions.
The .py files corresponding to the different study cases in this example are
available in the folder:
…\DocExamples\Examples2D\Technical_InductionMotor_1\
Supplied files are command files written in Pyflux language. The user can
launch them in order to automatically produce the Flux projects for each
case.
**(.py files are launched by accessing Project/Command file from the Flux
drop down menu.)
Supplied files Contents .FLU file obtained

after launching
the .py file
buildGeomesh.py Geometry and mesh Geomeshbuilt.FLU
buildPhys.py physics BuiltPhys.FLU
CASE1
solving.py Solving process Solved.FLU
postprocessing.py Post processing Postprocessed.FLU
TestCase_INI.FLU Initial Flux project -
CASE2 solving.py Solving process Solved.FLU
CASE3
Continued on next page

CASE4
CASE5
Note: Some directories may contain a main.py which enables command files
launching.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents A
1. General information .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1. Description of the studied device .................................................................................... 4
1.1.2. Studied cases ................................................................................................................. 7
1.2. Strategy to build the Flux project .................................................................................................. 9
1.3. About the Overlay (motor template) ............................................................................................ 11
1.3.1. Motor Template : Presentation ..................................................................................... 12
1.3.2. Motor Template: The library ......................................................................................... 13
1.3.3. Motor Template: Principle of description in Flux .......................................................... 14
1.3.4. Motor Object: Speed importation .................................................................................. 15
2. Geometry and mesh description of the motor...................................................................... 17
2.1. Load the IM overlay..................................................................................................................... 18
2.2. Create an induction motor using the overlay .............................................................................. 19
2.3. Mesh the device .......................................................................................................................... 23
3. Case 1: Determination of initial rotor position ...................................................................... 24
3.1. Case 1: Physical description ....................................................................................................... 26
3.1.1. Define the physical application ..................................................................................... 27
3.1.2. Create materials ........................................................................................................... 28
3.1.3. Create I/O Parameters.................................................................................................. 29
3.1.4. Create mechanical sets ................................................................................................ 30
3.1.5. Create a circuit .............................................................................................................. 31
3.1.6. Modify a circuit .............................................................................................................. 32
3.1.7. Modify face regions ....................................................................................................... 33
3.2. Case 1: Solve the project ............................................................................................................ 38
3.3. Case 1: Results post-processing ................................................................................................ 40
3.3.1. 2D Curve of the electromagnetic torque ....................................................................... 41
3.3.2. 2D Curve of the currents............................................................................................... 42
4. Case 2: Full characteristics versus slip ............................................................................... 44
4.2. Case 2: Results post-processing ................................................................................................ 48
4.2.1. Load and run a macro to calculate the iron losses ....................................................... 49
4.2.2. Create a sensor ............................................................................................................ 50
4.2.4. 2D Curve of the power balance .................................................................................... 52
4.2.5. 2D Curve of the efficiency............................................................................................. 54
4.2.6. Compute efficiency ....................................................................................................... 55
4.2.7. Steady state rated-load characteristics ........................................................................ 56
4.2.8. Display isolines ............................................................................................................. 57
4.2.9. Display isovalues .......................................................................................................... 58
4.2.10. Display isovalues .......................................................................................................... 59
4.2.11. 2D Curve of the electromagnetic torque ....................................................................... 61
4.2.12. Define the transient initialization ................................................................................... 62
5. Case 3: Equivalent electric circuit ....................................................................................... 63
5.1. Case 3: Physical description ....................................................................................................... 65
5.1.2. Modify voltage sources ................................................................................................. 67
5.3. Case 3: Results post-processing ............................................................................................... 71
5.3.1. Create I/O Parameters (CASE3) ................................................................................. 72
5.3.2. 2D Curve of the current (CASE3) ................................................................................ 73
5.3.3. 2D Curve of the active power (CASE3) ....................................................................... 74
5.3.4. 2D Curve of the joule losses in stator core (CASE 3).................................................. 75
5.3.5. Display isovalues (CASE 3) ......................................................................................... 76
5.3.6. Display isovalues (CASE 3) ......................................................................................... 77
5.3.7. Computation of no-load currents (CASE 2) ................................................................. 79
5.3.8. Computation of iron losses in stator core (CASE2) ..................................................... 80
5.3.9. Display isolines (CASE2) ............................................................................................. 81
5.3.10. Display isovalues (CASE2) .......................................................................................... 82
5.3.11. Computation of equivalent electric circuit parameters ................................................. 83
6. Case 4: Transient simulation for rated speed....................................................................... 84
6.1. Case 4: Physical description ...................................................................................................... 86
6.1.1. Define the physical application .................................................................................... 87
6.1.2. Modify mechanical sets................................................................................................ 88
6.1.3. Create a circuit ............................................................................................................. 89
6.1.4. Modify a circuit ............................................................................................................. 90
6.1.5. Modify face regions ...................................................................................................... 91
6.2. Case 4: Solving process ............................................................................................................ 96
6.3. Case 4: Results post-processing ............................................................................................... 98
6.3.1. 2D curve of the electromagnetic torque versus time ................................................... 99
6.3.2. 2D curve of the current bar rotor ................................................................................ 100
6.3.3. 2D curve of the stator current .................................................................................... 101
7. Case 5: Real working conditions........................................................................................ 102
7.1. Case 5: Physical description .................................................................................................... 104
7.1.1. Modify the physical application .................................................................................. 105
7.1.2. Create I/O Parameters ............................................................................................... 106
7.1.3. Modify mechanical set ............................................................................................... 107
7.1.4. Modify face regions .................................................................................................... 108
7.1.5. Modify a circuit ........................................................................................................... 109
7.2. Case 5: Solving process .......................................................................................................... 110
7.3. Case 5: Results post-processing ............................................................................................. 112
7.3.1. Plot a 2D Curve of the phase current ........................................................................ 113
7.3.2. Plot a 2D Curve of the speed ..................................................................................... 114
7.3.3. Plot a 2D Curve of the torque .................................................................................... 115
General information Flux
1. General information
Introduction The goal of this technical tutorial is to demonstrate the ability and advantage
of Flux in the simulation of induction motor computation problems.
This chapter presents the studied device, (an induction machine) and explains
the strategies used for geometry construction and mesh generation.
Contents This chapter contains the following topics:
Topic See Page

Overview 1
Strategy to build the Flux project 9
About the Overlay (motor template) 11
INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 1

Flux General information

1.1. Overview
Introduction This section presents the studied device, an induction motor, and the strategy
of the device description in Flux.
Contents This section contains the following topics:
Topic See Page

Description of the studied device 4
Studied cases 7

1.1.1. Description of the studied device
Foreword This paragraph is a summary of cases treated in detail in the 2D example:

"Induction motor technical paper".
The files relating to the studied cases are available in the documentation
directory of the Flux DVD.
Studied device The studied device is a 2-pole induction motor, 3-phase star connected,
Figure 1-1, characterized by:
- rated-load power, Pn = 7.5 kW ;
- rated source voltage, Unf = 380 V (phase to null value) ;
- rated source frequency, f1n = 50 Hz .
Figure 1-1: View of the induction motor to be modelled
Motor main This motor has the following main characteristics:

characteristics • The stator armature has 24 slots,
• Figure 1-2, and the rotor armature has 20 slots.
• The outer diameter of the stator magnetic core is 212 mm.
• The inner diameter of the stator is 120 mm.
• The outer diameter of the rotor is 119 mm; the air-gap thickness is 0.5 mm.
• The inner diameter of the rotor magnetic core is 40 mm.
• The length of the stator and rotor magnetic cores is 125 mm.

∅ 212 ∅ 120 ∅ 40 ∅ 119
Figure 1-2: Cross-section of the stator and rotor armatures
The shape and dimensions of the stator and rotor slots are shown in Figure
1-3.
∅ 212
∅ 5.6
13.5 ∅ 119
1
21.5
17.8
9.6
11.4
14.3 15.8
9.77
5.9
2.5
0.75
∅ 120 ∅ 40
a) b)
Figure 1-3: Slot dimensions
a) stator slot; b) rotor slot

The stator winding is a two-layer copper winding, Figure 1-4, with shortened
step of 8/12 and w1 = 208 turns per phase as shown below.
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
U1 U2 U3 U4
U1 W2 V1 U2 W1 V2
Figure 1-4: Stator winding
The rotor winding is a double squirrel cage and it is made of cast aluminum.
The magneto-harmonic simulations, the transient magnetic simulations for

constant rotor speed and the DC braking simulation, consider the values of
resistances corresponding to the rated temperature of the motor, 155 °C.

1.1.2. Studied cases
Studied cases Five cases are carried out using Steady State Magnetic AC and Transient
Magnetic applications:
• Case 1: Steady state study, to determine the rotor position.
• Case 2: Steady state study to compute the characteristics of the machine.
• Case 3: Steady state study, to compute the parameters for the equivalent
circuit.
• Case 4: Transient study, to simulate the rated conditions.
• Case 5: Transient study, to simulate a single phase short circuit after rated
conditions.
Case 1 The first case is a steady state magnetic AC study.

This study is a parameterized magneto-harmonic analysis at different values
of rotor position in order to determine the position where torque is equal to
average value.
Case 2 The second case is a steady state magnetic AC study.

This study is a parameterized magneto-harmonic analysis with values of rotor
slip in order to evaluate the motor characteristics for rated load operation and
display torque and current versus slip curves.
Case 3 The third case is a steady state magnetic AC study.

This simulation is a parametric analysis versus voltage in order to get no load
current at locked rotor condition. With the previous case, at no load parameter
value, it is possible then to obtain the parameters for the equivalent circuit of
the machine
Case 4 The fourth case is a transient study.

This study is a transient simulation for rated load, initialized from a previous
steady state computation at rated conditions obtained from case 2.
Case 5 The fifth case is a transient study.

The purpose of this simulation is to reproduce real working condition of the
motor from the starting to the addition of the rated load and then applying a
single phase fault in the stator windings, in order to display main quantities,
like speed, torque, current, etc.


1.2. Strategy to build the Flux project
Introduction This section presents outlines of the geometry building process and mesh
generating process of the induction motor.
Stage Description
Description of the motor Load an overlay
1
geometry using an overlay Modify the overlay
2 Meshing of the device • Mesh
Theoretical The basic knowledge necessary to describe a motor is provided by utilizing an

aspect overlay and is presented in the following section.


1.3. About the Overlay (motor template)
Introduction This section deals with the IM (Induction Machine) Template and answers
the following three questions:
• What is possible to model with FLUX? (presentation of the object editor,
available library)
• How to describe the problem in FLUX? (use the object editor)
• What are the possible links with Speed?
Contents This section covers the following topics:

• Motor Template: Presentation
• Motor Template: The library
• Motor Template: Principle of description in FLUX
• Motor Object : Speed importation

1.3.1. Motor Template : Presentation
Presentation The complete description of a motor in FLUX can be somewhat long and
involved.
To describe a motor utilizing the standard Flux interface, the user must:
• prepare the tools of geometric description (parameters, coordinate systems,
etc.)
• create the points and lines of the rotor and stator (slots, air-gap, etc.)
• build the faces
• mesh the device
• create the regions and assign to faces
• etc.
These different stages must be repeated for each type of motor that is being
modeled.
Now it is possible for FLUX to simplify this process, by providing a library
of predefined motor templates.
With this new description mode, the stages of model construction are
simplified. The user chooses a type of motor and winding from the library and
interactively enters the parameters of the motor.
Motor Object: An IM Motor template is an object from the specific library:

Definition • IM (Induction Machine)
This covers information related to geometry and mesh. There is no
information about physics.

1.3.2. Motor Template: The library
Introduction The library of Motor objects is a library of induction machines.

The models are standard models. This library corresponds to the one provided
in the Speed software.
List of models The different models in the library are not detailed in the on line help because
their documentation is included in the software. An interactive image is
displayed in the object editor. The editor displays a direct visualization of the
parameters entered by the user.
The list of models provided for the rotor and stator is presented in the table
below.
Rotor Stator
Single Cage StatorAirGapWdg
Double Cage StatorFlared
StatorGH
StatorGolfTee
StatorHW
StatorPllHW
StatorPIIRound
StatorPIISlot
StatorPIISquare
StatorPIISquareWedged
StatorRound
StatorSquare
StatorVarDeth
Example An example of motor template is presented in the figures below.
Rotor Stator Whole motor

1.3.3. Motor Template: Principle of description in Flux
General The template editor provided in FLUX is an “assistant to the creation of the
operation model” which is part of the overall construction process of a finite element
project. The motor template editor simplifies the stage of the geometry
construction and the mesh building as shown in the table below.
Stage “Standard” description “Assisted” description

1 Geometry building Direct construction of a
2 Mesh construction meshed motor
3 Physical properties description
4 Solving process Identical
5 Results post-processing
Principle The user builds the motor directly in FLUX using the template editor and the
BPM motor Object library.
The general principle of operation is given in the table below.
Stage The user provides … FLUX carries out …

Geometric characteristics: Geometry building:
• general: • creation of parameters, coordinate
units / … systems, transformations
• of stator : • creation of points, lines, faces
shape / dimension /number of slots /
1 • of rotor : Grouping of the faces in regions
shape / dimension / number of poles / • creation of regions : shaft, rotor,
stator, magnet, air-gap, air
Choices for FE modeling:
• assigning of the regions to faces
• taking periodicities into account
• influence of eccentricities
A coefficient to adjust the mesh density Mesh construction:
2 (value comprised between 0.5 and 1) • automatic mesh and
linked mesh to faces
Grouping of the faces in regions
Winding characteristics:
(continued)
3 • Distribution of the phases in the slots: • Creation of regions corresponding
“standard” winding or particular to the coils (grouping by phase)
winding
• Assigning of the regions to faces
…to continue The user continues the description of the finite element project in the usual
way: description of the physical properties, creation of the mechanical
assemblies, description of the electric circuit and importing it into FLUX,
solving and post-processing of the results.

1.3.4. Motor Object: Speed importation
Introduction The Flux/Speed link is created by the introduction in FLUX of an Induction

Machine object from the Speed library.
Speed The user can import a motor described with Speed (Speed file) into FLUX.
Importation The Speed/Flux compatibility makes this possible. All the information
concerning the geometric characteristics and the winding characteristics are
preserved (dimensional parameters*, number of poles, of phases …).
*The name of the parameters are the same in Speed and Flux

Flux Geometry and mesh description of the motor

Geometry and mesh description of the motor Flux
2. Geometry and mesh description of the motor
New Flux The new Flux project is saved under the name GEOMESH.FLU.
project
Topic See Page

Load the IM overlay 18
Create an induction motor using the overlay 19
Mesh the device 23

2.1. Load the IM overlay
Goal First, the geometry and mesh is carried out using an overlay.
Action (1) Close the sketcher context.
Project Close Sketcher2D context
Action (2) Load the INDUCTION_MOTORS_V111.PFO overlay from the extension

menu.
Extensions Overlay Load a certified overlay

2.2. Create an induction motor using the overlay
Goal The geometry of the motor is described using an overlay.
Action From the data tree, create a new Induction motor.
Data (1) The general characteristics of the motor are presented in the tables below.
General description
Infinite box
Length unit Mesh density
Inner radius Outer radius
Millimeter 0.5 110 140
Airgap description
Eccentricities and
Air gap Rotating air gap Use periodicities
periodicities
0.5 without eccentricity 2_layers_airgap yes
Data (2) The characteristics of the rotor are presented in the tables below.
Rotor description
General description
Rotor external radius Number of poles Shaft radius Rotor shift angle
59.5 2 20.0 0.0
Cooling holes
Without cooling holes
Cage: single cage
Bar shape description: type 4b
Width of Depth of Diameter Depth of

Neck Tooth Neck
rotor slot rotor slot of rotor the rotor
width width height
opening opening bars bar
1.0 0.9 5.6 1.0 6.0 11.4 3.6
Number of bars

20

Data (3) The characteristics of the stator are presented in the tables below.
Stator description
Slot shape description : Stator HW
General description
Stator Stator Stator Stator Stator Stator

tooth tooth tooth tooth tooth tooth
height width height width height width FILSO
(h1s) (w1s) (h2s) (w2s) (h3s) (w3s)
0.75 2.5 0.75 9.77 14.3 13.5 0
Slot bottom description
Slot bottom form Slot bottom fillet radius (FILSB)

Square 0
General description
Number of Stator Stator outer

LamShape Stator angle
slots configuration radius
24 normal circle 106 0.0
Data (4) The characteristics of the winding are presented in the tables below.
Winding description
Number of
Coils position
Number Classical coils per
Winding Throw in slot in case
of phases winding type pole per
of two layers
phase
Classical Lap per pole
3 8 4 superimposed
winding winding

Result The following motor is created with:

• Part of the geometry
• Part of the physics
• Ready to be meshed
Action Leave the overlay context.

2.3. Mesh the device
Action (1) Mesh the device
Mesh Mesh lines
Mesh Mesh faces
Action (2) Save the project as GEOMESH.FLU.
Project Save as

Flux Case 1: Determination of initial rotor position
3. Case 1: Determination of initial rotor position
Case 1 The Flux2D magneto-harmonic simulations of the induction machine are

performed for constant slip values (constant rotor speed values) and are
problems that do not consider the rotor motion with respect to the stator. The
current frequency in the rotor circuit is set at s⋅f, where f is the motor supply
frequency.
Because the stator and rotor armatures are slotted, the results of magneto-
harmonic simulations depend on the relative rotor-stator position. Thus we
have to determine the rotor-stator relative position for which the
electromagnetic torque is equal to the average value over a cycle of
electromagnetic torque variation, when the position of the rotor changes with
respect to the stator. This relative position that we consider as “initial
position” of the rotor for magneto-harmonic simulations is calculated with
respect to the rotor position used in geometry construction.
Starting Flux The starting project is the Flux project GEOMESH.FLU. This project
project contains:
• the geometry description of the device
• the mesh
Project name The new Flux project is saved under the name of CASE1.FLU.
Topic See Page

Case 1: Physical description 26
Case 1: Solve the project 38
Case 1: Results post-processing 40

Case 1: Determination of initial rotor position Flux

3.1. Case 1: Physical description
Introduction This section presents the definition of the physical properties – materials and
regions of the model.
Topic See Page

Define the physical application 27
Create materials 28
Create mechanical sets 30
Create a circuit 31
Modify a circuit 32
Modify face regions 33

3.1.1. Define the physical application
Goal The physical application is defined. The required physical application is the
Steady State AC Magnetic 2D application.
Data The characteristics of the application are presented in the table below.
Steady State AC Magnetic 2D application
Definition
Depth of the Coils Coefficient
Frequency [Hz] 2D domain type
domain [mm]
50 2D Plane 125 Automatic coefficient
Application Define Magnetic Steady State AC Magnetic 2D

3.1.2. Create materials
Goal The creation of “material” entities enables the user to assign physical material
properties to face regions.
Data The following materials are used in this case :
B(H) Isotropic spline saturation
Name Field value (A.m-1) Flux density value (T)

0 0
300 0.66
500 1.09
1000 1.45
1500 1.56
2000 1.61
3000 1.69
4000 1.73
5000 1.76
STEEL_NLIN 6000 1.79
7000 1.83
8000 1.85
10000 1.89
20000 2.04
30000 2.11
40000 2.14
50000 2.16
60000 2.18
70000 2.1925
Type of equivalent B(H) curve: Sine wave flux density
B(H) linear isotropic
Name Relative permeability

ALU_HOT 1
J(E) magnet with electrical properties
Name Isotropic resistivity

ALU_HOT 4.8E-8
Physics Material New

3.1.3. Create I/O Parameters
Goal One I/O parameter will be created to define the slip
Data The characteristics of the I/O parameter controlled via scenario are described
in the table below.
I/O parameters controlled via scenario
Name Reference value

SLIP 0.01
Parameter/Quantity I/O parameter New

3.1.4. Create mechanical sets
Goal Two mechanical sets are created to describe the physics of the motor. It will
define which is fixed and which part is mobile (in rotation or in translation).
Data (1) The characteristics of the mechanical set ROTOR are presented in the table
below:
Type of Axis
Name Mechanical Coordinate Pivot point
set Rotation axis
system First Second
Rotation
Rotation around one
ROTOR around one XY1 0 0
axis parallel to Oz
axis
Kinematics
Type of kinematics Optional value for slip
Multistatic SLIP
Physics Mechanical set New
Data (2) The characteristics of the mechanical set STATOR are presented in the table
below:
Name Type of Mechanical set

STATOR Fixed
Physics Mechanical set New

3.1.5. Create a circuit
Goal The goal is to define a circuit for this project.
Data (1) The electric circuit is presented in the figure below.
Physics Circuit Circuit editor context
Action Close the circuit editor context.
Project Return to standard geometry context

3.1.6. Modify a circuit
Goal The circuit is modified in order to describe the physics.
Data (1) The characteristics of the stranded coil conductors are described in the table
below.
Name of Stranded coil component Resistance

B1, B2, B3 1.54 Ω
Physics Electrical components Stranded coil conductor Edit
Data (2) The characteristics of the inductors are described in the table below.
Components Values
L1, L2, L3 4.04 mH
Physics Electrical components Inductor Edit
Data (3) The characteristics of the voltage sources are described in the table below.
Components RMS value Phase

V1 380 V 0º
V2 380 V -120º
V3 380 V 120º
Physics Electrical components Voltage source Edit
Data (4) The characteristics of the squirrel cage are described in the table below.
Number of
Components R end ring L end ring
bars
SQUIRRELCAGE_1 10 1.39E-6 Ω 1.06E-8 H
Physics Electrical components Squirrel cage Edit

3.1.7. Modify face regions
Goal Two face regions are modified in order to describe the physics.
Data The characteristics of the face regions are described in the table below.
Face region
Material of Mechanical
Name of region Type of region
region set
Magnetic non
STATOR STEEL_NLIN STATOR
conducting region
Magnetic non
ROTOR STEEL_NLIN ROTOR
conducting region
Physics Face region Edit

Goal Eight face regions are modified in order to describe the physics.
Face region
Name of region Type of region Mechanical set

INFINITE Air or vacuum region STATOR
PRESLOT Air or vacuum region STATOR
ROTATING_AIRGAP Air or vacuum region STATOR
ROTOR_AIR Air or vacuum region ROTOR
ROTOR_PRESLOT Air or vacuum region ROTOR
SHAFT Air or vacuum region ROTOR
STATOR_AIR Air or vacuum region STATOR
WEDGE Air or vacuum region STATOR
Physics Face Region Edit

Goal Four face regions are modified in order to describe the physics.
Face region
Region Number
Series or Mechanical
Name of region Type of region Compo of Turns Orientation
parallel set
nent
Coil conductor
PHASE_NEG_1 B1 104 Negative series STATOR
region
Coil conductor
region
Coil conductor
PHASE_POS_1 B1 104 Positive series STATOR
region
Coil conductor
region

Goal Ten face regions are modified in order to describe the physics.
Face region
Name of the Material of Type of Associated

Type of region Mechanical set
region region conductor solid conductor
ROTOR_CAGE1 Solid conductor
ALU_HOT Circuit BAR_1 ROTOR
_BAR1 region
ROTOR_ Solid conductor
CAGE1_BAR2 region
CAGE1_BAR3 region
CAGE1_BAR4 region
CAGE1_BAR5 region
CAGE1_BAR6 region
CAGE1_BAR7 region
CAGE1_BAR8 region
CAGE1_BAR9 region
CAGE1_BAR10 region
Action Check physics and save case 1.
Physics Check Physics
Save Case1


3.2. Case 1: Solve the project
Goal A solving scenario is created in order to solve CASE1. Then CASE1 is

solved.
Data The characteristics of the solving scenario used to solve the CASE1 are
presented in the tables below:
Solving scenario
Name Comment Type

Study using geometrical and
INITIAL_POSITION multi-values
physical parameter
Solving scenario
Parameter control
Interval
Controlled
Type Lower Higher
parameter Method Step value
limit limit
Multi-
ANGPOS_ROTOR 0 18 Step value 0.5
values
Solving Solving scenario New
Action Solve and save the project under the following conditions:
• Solve with: solving scenario INITIAL_POSITION
• Project name: CASE1_SOLVED
Solving Solve


3.3. Case 1: Results post-processing
Introduction This section explains how to analyze the principal results of CASE 1.
Topic See Page

2D Curve of the electromagnetic torque 41
2D Curve of the currents 42

3.3.1. 2D Curve of the electromagnetic torque
Goal The values of the electromagnetic torque versus the angular position of the
rotor are computed and displayed in a curve
Data The characteristics of the curve are presented below.

2D curve (I/O parameter)
I/O Parameter on the abscissa Formula on the ordinate

Name Parameter Lower Upper Mech.
Quantity Formula
name endpoint endpoint set
ANG_POS Electromagnetic TorqueElecMag
TORQUE 0 18 ROTOR
_ROTOR torque (ROTOR)
Curve 2D Curve (I/O parameter) New 2D Curve (I/O

parameter)
Result The 2D Curve of the electromagnetic torque is shown below.
Note The torque is ranging from 7.69 N.m to 8.85 N.m due to slot effect. The
average value of torque is 8.16 Nm, and this value is corresponding to a rotor
position of 1.143°. This value will be used in order to directly compute the
average torque with the torque menu.

3.3.2. 2D Curve of the currents
Goal The values of the current versus the angular position of the rotor are
computed and displayed in a curve


Name Parameter Lower Upper Electrical
Quantity Formula
name endpoint endpoint component
Current -
L1 Mod(I(L1))/sqrt(2)
rms value [A]
ANG_POS Current -
CURRENTS 0 18 L2 Mod(I(L2))/sqrt(2)
_ROTOR rms value [A]
Current -
L3 Mod(I(L3))/sqrt(2)
rms value [A]

parameter)
Result The 2D Curve of the currents is shown below.


Flux Case 2: Full characteristics versus slip
4. Case 2: Full characteristics versus slip
Case 2 The goal of this simulation is to obtain the main quantities of the machine as
function of the slip. Results will be shown as 2D plots with the slip as a
varying parameter. The rotor will be lined up with the average value of the
torque (1.143°).
Starting Flux The starting project is the Flux project CASE1_SOLVED.FLU. This project
project contains:
• the mesh
• the initial physical description of the motor
• the case1 solved
New project All the CASE1_SOLVED results are deleted. The Flux project is then saved
under the name of CASE2.FLU
Topic See Page


Case 2: Full characteristics versus slip Flux

Goal A solving scenario is created in order to solve CASE2.
Data The characteristics of the solving scenario used to solve the CASE 2 are
Name Comment
CHARACTERISTICS Study using geometrical and physical parameter
Solving scenario
Parameter control
Interval
Controlled
Type Lower Higher Variation
parameter Step value
limit limit Method
Mono
ANGPOS_ROTOR 1.143
-value
0.001,
0.001 0.010 List of steps
0.010
0.01 0.05 Step value 0.002
0.05, 0.07,
Multi- 0.09, 0.12,
SLIP
values 0.15, 0.18,
0.05 1.0 List of steps 0.20, 0.22,
0.25, 0.30,
0.40, 0.60,
0.80, 1.0
• Solve with: solving scenario CHARACTERISTICS
Solving Solve


Introduction This section explains how to analyze the principal results of CASE 2.
Topic See Page

Load and run a macro to calculate the iron losses 49
Create a sensor 50
Create I/O Parameters 51
2D Curve of the power balance 52
2D Curve of the efficiency 54
Compute efficiency 55
Steady state rated-load characteristics 56
Display isolines 57
Display isovalues 58
Display isovalues 59
2D Curve of the electromagnetic torque 61
Define the transient initialization 62

4.2.1. Load and run a macro to calculate the iron losses
Goal Load and run a macro in order to calculate iron losses with Bertotti model, for
each value of the variation parameter SLIP of the considered scenario.
At the end, this macro create an I/O parameter “BertottiLosses” which can be
used to make a power balance.
Action (1) Load macro named BertottiIronLossesVsSlipAcIm.PFM (in

“Macros_Flux2D_Postproc” directory) in the current project.
Extension Macro Load
Action (2) Run the macro.
Extension Macro Run
Data (1) The computation of magnetic losses based on the flux density chart uses the
following characteristics of laminations:
• Hysteresis loss coefficient kh = 306.5 Ws/T2m3
• classical losses coefficient σ = 4500000 Ω-1m-1
• loss in excess coefficient ke = 0.61 Ws1.5/m3/T1.5
• thickness of laminations d = 0.5 mm
• Stacking factor kf = 0.98.
These data correspond to the value p10 = 2.8 W/kg of the magnetic losses
for 1 T and 50 Hz.
Data (2) The characteristics of the macro are presented below.
BertottiIronLossesVsSlipAcIm.PFM
Loss in Thickness
Variation Face Hysteresis Classical Fill
Scenario excess of steel
parameter region loss coeff loss coeff factor
coeff iron
CHARACTER
SLIP STATOR 306.5 4500000 0.61 5.0e-4 0.98
ISTICS

4.2.2. Create a sensor
Goal Create a sensor to calculate the stator joules losses in stator winding.
Data The characteristics of the sensor are presented in the table below :
Predefined sensor (Energy, Force, Torque): Losses by Joule Effect
Name Comment Stranded coil conductor

PJS Stator joule losses {B1, B2, B3}
Advanced Sensor New
Action Evaluate the sensor.
Advanced Sensor Evaluate sensors

Goal Create some I/O parameter to help the user to carry out a power balance as a
function of the rotor slip.
Data The characteristics of the I/O parameter defined by a formula are described in
the table below.
I/O parameters defined by a formula
Name Comment Expression

PA Absorbed power -PowerP(V1)-PowerP(V2)-PowerP(V3)
Power transmitted
PTR PA-PJS
to the rotor
PU Shaft power (1-SLIP)*PTR
EFFY Efficiency (PU/(PA+(2*BERTOTTI_LOSSES)))*100
To create PA parameter, write the formula

directly in the Expression area.
See the note below.
About PowerP Function PowerP is postprocessing function; this function is available via the
function command Compute on Physic entity, but this function is not directly
available via the command Parameter I/O / New.
To create the PA parameter, the user can proceed in different ways:
• Write the formula directly in the Expression area as described above
• Recover the python command in the buildPhys.py file (included with
examples)
VariationParameterFormula
(name='PA',formula='-PowerP(V1)-PowerP(V2)-PowerP(V3)')
• Write the complete formula (with using the formula editor) with the
following information (in the user guide)
Usual global quantities Flux Flux

Explanation
(Electric component) in SSACM name unit
Voltage (magnitude) U V
Current (magnitude) I A
1 
Active power PowerP W Power P = Re al  U ⋅ I * 
2 
PA =-PowerP(V1)-PowerP(V2)-PowerP(V3)
PA =- Real(U(B1)*Conj(I(B1)/2))
- Real(U(B2)*Conj(I(B2)/2))
- Real(U(B3)*Conj(I(B3))/2)

4.2.4. 2D Curve of the power balance
Goal The values of the power balance versus the rotor slip are computed and
displayed in a curve
I/O Parameter on the abscissa Formula

Name
Parameter Lower Upper
f()
name endpoint endpoint
PA
PJS
POWER_BALANCE SLIP 0.01 0.05 2*BERTOTTI_LOSSES
PTR
PU

parameter)

Result The 2D Curve of the power balance is shown below.
From the curve Pu(s), we obtain the rated slip value sn = 0.032 corresponding to the
output power equal with the motor rated power Pn.

4.2.5. 2D Curve of the efficiency
Goal The values of the efficiency versus rotor slip are computed and displayed in a
curve
I/O Parameter on the abscissa Formula

Curve Name Lower Upper
Parameter name f()
endpoint endpoint
EFFICIENCY SLIP 0.01 0.05 EFFY

parameter)
Result The 2D Curve of the efficiency is shown below.

4.2.6. Compute efficiency
Goal The efficiency of the motor can be calculated using the above results.
Result The characteristics of the efficiency computation are presented in the table
below:
Physical quantities values

Input electrical power 8041.4 W
Joule losses in stator winding 332.6 W
Core loss (Bertotti) 90.63 W
Power transmitted to the rotor 8041.4 - 332.6 = 7708.8 W
Output mechanical power (1-0.032)*7708.8 = 7462.1 W
Pu
Efficiency : 91.76 %
Pa + PFe

4.2.7. Steady state rated-load characteristics
Goal Characteristics of the motor for steady state rated-load operation
Data The characteristics of the motor for steady state rated-load operation are
presented in the table below:
Steady state rated-load characteristics
Nn I1n Men Mn Pu Pjs

sn Cos ϕn
[rpm] [A] [Nm] [Nm] [W] [W]
0.032 2904 8.48 24.13 24.54 7462.1 332.6 0.834
Where :
• Nn is the speed corresponding to the nominal slip (input data)
• Men is determined from predefined Flux menu
Pn Pn
• Mn is defined by Mn = =
ω 2 πf 1 n
• Cos ϕn is the phase of the current in phase1

4.2.8. Display isolines
Goal Select the step of the scenario corresponding to rated-load motor steady state
operation (s = 0.032). Then, the isolines of the vector potential is computed
on the device and isolines are displayed.
Data The characteristics of the step selected are presented in the table below.
Scenario and step selection
Scenario Computation step

SLIP 0.032
CHARACTERISTICS
ANGPOS_ROTOR 1.143
Action Display isolines (1_ISOLIN_DOMAIN)
Graphic Isolines Display Isolines
Result The following chart shows the isolines of the vector potential (An) on the
device (slip = 0.032).

4.2.9. Display isovalues
Goal The magnetic flux density is computed on the device (excluding vacuum
regions) and isovalues are displayed in color shadings.
Action Display isovalues (2_ISOVAL_NO_VACUUM)
Graphic Isovalues Display Isovalues
Result The following chart shows the isovalues of the magnetic flux density on the
device (s=0.032)

4.2.10. Display isovalues
Goal Compute and display isovalues of the current density in rotor bars.
Data (1) The characteristics of the new spatial group are presented below.
Spatial Group
Spatial group
Name Comment
Type Face regions
ROTOR_CAGE1_BAR1
GROUP_ROTOR_ Spatial
Face region …
CAGE1_BAR group
ROTOR_CAGE1_BAR10
Support Spatial group New
Data (2) The characteristics of the isovalues are presented below.
Isovalues on face regions
Support for isovalues Quantity

Name
Support Groups Quantity Formula
ISOVAL_ Spatial GROUP_ROTOR_ Current density –
J
I_BAR group CAGE1_BAR Vector [A/m2]
Graphic Isovalues New
Result The following chart shows the isovalues of the current density on the bars for
rated-load operation (s = 0.032).


4.2.11. 2D Curve of the electromagnetic torque
Goal The values of the electromagnetic torque versus rotor slip are computed and
displayed in a curve


Quantity Formula
TORQUE_ Electromagnetic TorqueElecMag
SLIP 0.001 1.0 ROTOR
VS_SLIP torque (ROTOR)

parameter)
Result (1) The 2D Curve of the torque is shown below.
Result (2) The characteristics of the motor for steady state rated-load operation are
presented in the table below:
Motor characteristics for starting state amd critical slip rate
Sm Mem [N.m] Mes [N.m] Mem/Men Mes/Men I1s [A] I1s/I1n

0.22 63.85 51.32 2.65 2.13 49.11 5.79

4.2.12. Define the transient initialization
Goal The case 4 is initialized with case 2 final configuration. For that :
• Select the step of the scenario corresponding to rated speed
• Create transient startup file from the case 2 post-processed project
• Select this file in case 4 application.
Data (1) The characteristics of the step selected are presented in the table below.

SLIP 0.032
CHARACTERISTICS
ANGPOS_ROTOR 1.143
Data (2) The characteristics of the transient startup file are presented in the table
below.
Create file for transient startup
File name Phase for transient startup (degree)

INITIAL_4 90
Data exchange Create file for transient startup

Case 3: Equivalent electric circuit Flux
5. Case 3: Equivalent electric circuit
Case 3 This study is a steady state computation.

The first part of this study consists of locked-rotor simulation. To carry out
this simulation, it is required to supply the motor with a reduced voltage,
varying from 15 % to 30% of the nominal value.
The second part consists of no-load condition, that is a particular working
point of the case 2 when s = 0.001.
With both parts, the user will be able to extract the equivalent electric circuit
parameters of the induction motor.
The following parameters of the equivalent electric circuit of the motor are
evaluated using the simulation results of no-load motor operation and of
locked-rotor model of the induction machine:
• Magnetization inductance, Lm;
• Resistance corresponding to magnetic losses, Rm;
• Rotor leakage inductance, L'σ2 and resistance R'2, corresponding to motor
start-up.
R1 Lσ1 R2 ’ Lσ2’
Lm Rm R2’(1-s)/s
project contains:
• the mesh
Topic See Page


Flux Case 3: Equivalent electric circuit

Topic See Page

Modify voltage sources 67

Goal One I/O parameter will be created to define the value of voltage sources
Data The characteristics of the I/O parameter defined via scenario are described in
the table below.
I/O parameters controlled via scenario
Name Reference value

V_SUPPLY 380
Parameter/Quantity I/O parameter new New

5.1.2. Modify voltage sources
Data The characteristics of the voltage sources are described in the table below.
Components RMS value Phase

V1 V_SUPPLY 0º
V2 V_SUPPLY -120º
V3 V_SUPPLY 120º


Goal A solving scenario is created in order to solve CASE3.
Data The characteristics of the solving scenario used to solve the CASE 3 are
Solving scenario
Name Comment
LOCKED_ROTOR Study using geometrical and physical parameters
Solving scenario
Parameter control
Interval
Controlled
Type Lower Higher Step
parameter Method
limit limit value
ANGPOS_ROTOR Mono-value 1.143
SLIP Mono-value 1.0
Step
V_SUPPLY Multi-values 60.0 120.0 2.0
value
• Solve with: solving scenario LOCKED_ROTOR
Solving Solve


Introduction (1) This section explains how to analyze the principal results of CASE 3 for
locked-rotor conditions.
Contents (1) This section contains the following topics:
Topic See Page

Create I/O Parameters (CASE3) 72
2D Curve of the current (CASE3) 73
2D Curve of the active power (CASE3) 74
2D Curve of the joule losses in stator core (CASE 3) 75
Display isovalues (CASE 3) 76
Display isovalues (CASE 3) 77
Introduction (2) This section explains how to analyze the principal results of CASE 3
for no-load conditions. For this post-processing, the user will open the
CASE2_POSTPROCESSED, and will analyze a particular case when
s = 0.001.
Topic See Page

Computation of no-load currents (CASE 2) 79
Computation of iron losses in stator core (CASE2) 80
Display isolines (CASE2) 81
Display isovalues (CASE2) 82
Introduction (3) This section explains how to obtain the different parameters of the equivalent
electric circuit of the induction motor.
Topic See Page

Computation of equivalent electric circuit parameters 83

5.3.1. Create I/O Parameters (CASE3)
Goal Create some I/O parameters to help the user to represent the rms value of the
current in a 2D curve.
Data The characteristics of the I/O parameter defined by a formula are described in
the table below.
Name Comment Expression

RMS value of the current
I_PH1 Mod(I(V1))/Sqrt(2)
in phase 1
in phase 2
in phase 3
I_RMS RMS value of the current (I_PH1+I_PH2+I_PH3)/3

5.3.2. 2D Curve of the current (CASE3)
Goal The values of the rms current versus the voltage supply is displayed

Name Lower Upper
Name f()
endpoint endpoint
RMS_CURRENT V_SUPPLY 60 120 I_RMS

parameter)
Result The 2D Curve of rms current is shown below.
For the value of nominal current (8.48 A), the corresponding voltage supply is
94.478 V.

5.3.3. 2D Curve of the active power (CASE3)
Goal The values of the active power versus the voltage supply is displayed

Name Parameter Lower Upper
f()
ACTIVE_POWER V_SUPPLY 60 120 PA

parameter)
Result The 2D Curve of the active power is shown below.
For a voltage supply of 94.478 V, the corresponding active power is 941.4 Watts.

5.3.4. 2D Curve of the joule losses in stator core (CASE 3)
Goal The values of the joule losses in stator core versus the voltage supply is
displayed

Name Parameter Lower Upper f()
JOULE_LOSSES_
V_SUPPLY 60 120 PJS
STATOR

parameter)
Result The 2D Curve of the joule losses in stator core is shown below.
For a voltage supply of 94.478 V, the corresponding stator joule losses is 332.77
Watts.

5.3.5. Display isovalues (CASE 3)
The magnetic flux density is computed on the device (excluding vacuum

Goal
Action Display isovalues (ISOVAL_NO_VACUUM)
Graphic Isovalues Display isovalues
device for locked-rotor operation (s = 1.0).

5.3.6. Display isovalues (CASE 3)
Goal Compute and display isovalues of the current density in rotor bars.
Data (1) The characteristics of the new spatial group are presented below.
Spatial Group
Spatial group
Name Comment
Type Face regions
ROTOR_CAGE1_BAR1
GROUP_ROTOR_ Spatial
Face region …
CAGE1_BAR group
ROTOR_CAGE1_BAR10
Support Spatial group New
Data (2) The characteristics of the isovalues are presented below.
Isovalues on face regions
Support for isovalues Quantity

Name
Support Groups Quantity Formula
ISOVAL_ Spatial GROUP_ROTOR_ Current density –
J
I_BAR group CAGE1_BAR Vector [A/m2]
Graphic Isovalues New
Result The following chart shows the isovalues of the current density on the bars for
for locked-rotor operation (s = 1.0).


5.3.7. Computation of no-load currents (CASE 2)
Goal The goal of this part is to compute the no-load currents when the motor is
supplied at rated voltage, in order to compute the magnetizing reactance and
the iron loss resistance of the equivalent electric circuit of the machine.
For this post-processing, the user will open the CASE2_POSTPROCESSED,
and will analyze a particular case when s = 0.001.
Action (1) Open the CASE2_POSTPROCESSED and select the time step.

SLIP 0.001
CHARACTERISTICS
ANGPOS_ROTOR 1.143
Complements/ Please note: In order to calculate the current in this project (CASE2), it is
action (2) necessary to create the I_RMS parameter in this project (CASE2) as it is
created in the current project (CASE3).
⇒
Repeat steps described in section 5.3.1 “Create I/O Parameters (CASE3)”, in
this Flux project (CASE2).
Data The characteristics of the computation are presented in the table below
Compute on physic entity
Computed formula
Name f()
Expression
NO_LOAD_CURRENT_1 I_RMS
Computation On physical entity Compute
Result The result of the computation is presented below
Results of computation
Label Value
I_RMS 3.5926

5.3.8. Computation of iron losses in stator core (CASE2)
Goal The goal is to compute the iron losses in the stator core to obtain the value of
the iron loss resistance for the equivalent electric circuit of the machine.
Data The characteristics of the computation are presented in the table below
Compute on physic entity
Computed formula
Name f()
Expression
IRON_LOSSES_STATOR 2*BERTOTTI_LOSSES
Computation On physical entity Compute
Result The result of the computation is presented below
Results of computation
Label Value
2*BERTOTTI_LOSSES 94.21

5.3.9. Display isolines (CASE2)
The isolines of the vector potential (An) is computed on the device and
Goal
isolines are displayed.
Action Display isolines (1_ISOLIN_DOMAIN)
Graphic Isolines Display Isolines
Result The following chart shows the isolines of the vector potential (An) on the
device for no-load operation (s = 0.001).

5.3.10. Display isovalues (CASE2)
Goal The magnetic flux density is computed on the device (excluding vacuum
Action Display isovalues (2_ISOVAL_NO_VACUUM)
Graphic Isovalues Display Isovalues
device for no-load operation (s = 0.001).

5.3.11. Computation of equivalent electric circuit parameters
Goal Compute the parameters of equivalent electric circuit of induction machine
Result The computation is presented below.
The parameters of the rotor electric circuit for locked-rotor conditions are
computed as follows:
P = 3R 1I12n
• the Joule losses in the stator winding, j1 ;
P = sPe = s( P1 − P j1 )
• the Joule losses in the rotor circuit, j2 ;
P
• the rotor resistance referred to the stator, R '2 = j22 = 2.386Ω ;
3I1n
• the rotor leakage inductance referred to the stator,
1 U
L'σ 2 = ( 1 ) 2 - ( R 1 + R '2 ) 2 − L σ1 = 0.02492 H ;
2πf 1n I 1n
Based on the results of the no-load simulation, the following equivalent

electric circuit parameters of the motor are computed:
• the resistance Rm corresponding to the magnetic losses:
3U e21 3U12n
Rm = ≅ = 4.598 kΩ
Pm 0 Pm 0
• the magnetization inductance of the motor:
2
1  U 1n 
Lm =   − R 1 − L σ1 = 0.326 H
2
2 πf 1n I
 10 
Equivalent electric circuit parameters
R1 [Ω] Lσ1 [mH] Rm [kΩ] Lm [mH] R’2 [Ω]

1.54 10.31 4.598 326 2.836
Note The value of total leakage inductance of stator winding (analytically

computed) is Lσ1 = 10.31⋅10-3 H.

Flux Case 4: Transient simulation for rated speed
6. Case 4: Transient simulation for rated speed
Case 4 This study is a transient magnetic computation.

The goal is to analyze the transient behavior of the motor for rated speed
taking into account the magnetic field harmonics due to the slotting of stator,
rotor and the rotor motion.
In this section, based on transient magnetic simulations with constant rated
rotor speed, we compute the values of the motor torque taking into account
the magnetic field harmonics due to the armatures’ slotting and rotor motion.
In order to decide when the computations are finished, proceed as follows:
• When analyzing the time variation of the instantaneous torque, you notice
that the transient state is finished, you should calculate the mean value of
electromagnetic torque on the last cycle of instantaneous
torque oscillations;
• The simulation is continued over a time interval equal to the last cycle of
electromagnetic torque oscillations, then the new mean value of the torque
on this interval is compared with the preceding one;
• If the new mean value is almost equal with the preceding one, the transient
analysis is finished; otherwise, the simulation will continue.
project contains:
• the mesh
Topic See Page

Case 4: Solving process 96

Case 4: Transient simulation for rated speed Flux

Topic See Page

Define the physical application 87
Modify mechanical sets 88
Create a circuit 89
Modify a circuit 90

6.1.1. Define the physical application
Goal After deleting the case 3 physical application, the case 4 physical application
is defined. The required physical application is the Transient magnetic 2D
application.
Transient Magnetic 2D application
Definition Transient initialization

Depth of the
2D domain type Type File
domain
2D Plane 125 Initialized by file INITIAL_4.FTS
Application Define Magnetic Transient Magnetic 2D

6.1.2. Modify mechanical sets
Goal The two mechanical sets are modified.

For a slip g = 0.032, speed rotation is 2904 tr/min
Data (1) The characteristics of the ROTOR mechanical set are presented in the table
below:
Axis
Type of
Name Coordinate Pivot point
Mechanical set Rotation axis
system First Second
Rotation around
Rotation around
ROTOR one axis parallel XY1 0 0
one axis
to Oz
kinematics
Type of General
kinematics Velocity (RPM) Position at t=0
Imposed speed 2898 1.143
Data (2) The characteristics of the mechanical set STATOR are presented in the table
below:
Name Type of Mechanical set

STATOR Fixed

6.1.3. Create a circuit
Goal The goal is to define a circuit for this project.
Data (1) The electric circuit is presented in the figure below.
V1 B1 L1
V2 B2 L2
V3 B3 L3
SQUIRRELCAGE_1
Physics Circuit Circuit editor context
Action Close the circuit editor context.
Project Return to standard geometry context

Data (1) The characteristics of the stranded coil conductors are described in the table
below.
Name of Stranded coil component Resistance

B1, B2, B3 1.54 Ω
Physics Electrical components Stranded coil conductor Edit
Data (2) The characteristics of the inductors are described in the table below.
Components Values
L1, L2, L3 4.04 mH
Physics Electrical components Inductor Edit
Data (3) The characteristics of the voltage sources are described in the table below.
Components Formula
V1 380*sqrt(2)*Sin(2*Pi()*50*TIME+0)
V2 380*sqrt(2)*Sin(2*Pi()*50*TIME-2*Pi()/3)
V3 380*sqrt(2)*Sin(2*Pi()*50*TIME+2*Pi()/3)
Data (4) The characteristics of the squirrel cage are described in the table below.
Components Number of bars R end ring L end ring

SQUIRRELCAGE_1 10 1.39E-6 Ω 1.06E-8 H
Physics Electrical components Squirrel cage Edit

Goal Two face regions are modified in order to describe the physics.
Face region
Material of Mechanical
Name Type of region
region set
Magnetic non
STATOR STEEL_NLIN STATOR
conducting region
Magnetic non
ROTOR STEEL_NLIN ROTOR
conducting region
Physics Face region Edit

Goal Eight face regions are modified in order to describe the physics.
Face region
Name Type of region Mechanical set

INFINITE Air or vacuum region STATOR
PRESLOT Air or vacuum region STATOR
ROTATING_AIRGAP Air or vacuum region STATOR
ROTOR_AIR Air or vacuum region ROTOR
ROTOR_PRESLOT Air or vacuum region ROTOR
SHAFT Air or vacuum region ROTOR
STATOR_AIR Air or vacuum region STATOR
WEDGE Air or vacuum region STATOR

Goal Four face regions are modified in order to describe the physics.
Face region
Coil
conductor Number Series or Mechanic
Name Type of region Orientation
region of Turns parallel al set
Component
Coil conductor
region
Coil conductor
region
Coil conductor
region
Coil conductor
region

Goal Ten face regions are modified in order to describe the physics.
Face region
Associated
Material of Type of Mechanic
Name of region Type of region solid
region conductor al set
conductor
ROTOR_CAGE1
Solid conductor region ALU_HOT Circuit BAR_1 ROTOR
_BAR1
ROTOR_CAGE1
_BAR2
ROTOR_CAGE1
_BAR3
ROTOR_CAGE1
_BAR4
ROTOR_CAGE1
_BAR5
ROTOR_CAGE1
_BAR6
ROTOR_CAGE1
_BAR7
ROTOR_CAGE1
_BAR8
ROTOR_CAGE1
_BAR9
ROTOR_CAGE1
_BAR10
Action Check physics and save case 4.
Physics Check Physics
Save Case4


6.2. Case 4: Solving process
Goal A solving scenario with a control of the time is created in order to solve
CASE4.
Data The characteristics of the solving scenario are presented in the tables below
Solving scenario
Name Comment Type

Study using geometrical and physical
RATED_LOAD Multi-values
parameter
Solving scenario
Parameter control
Interval
Controlled
Type Lower Higher
parameter Method Step value
limit limit
TIME - 0 0.11 Step value 2.5E-4
• Solve with: solving scenario RATED_LOAD
Solving Solve


Introduction This section explains how to analyze the principal results of CASE 4
Topic See Page

2D curve of the electromagnetic torque versus time 99
2D curve of the current bar rotor 100
Plot a 2D Curve of the torque 115

6.3.1. 2D curve of the electromagnetic torque versus time
Goal The value of electromagnetic torque versus TIME are computed and
displayed in a curve.
Because of the initialization with a transient file at time t = 0 s, the user must
check that the initial value of the curve is equal to the torque value calculated
for slip = 0.032 with the steady state model (see Case 2: Results post-
processing, page 56).


Name Parameter Lower Upper
Mech. set Quantity Formula
TORQUE_ Electromagnetic TorqueElecMag
TIME 0.0 0.11 ROTOR
VS_TIME torque (ROTOR)

parameter)
Result The 2D Curve of the torque is shown below.
For slip = 0.032, the torque value calculated with the steady state model was 24.13
N.m. With the transient model, the first value is 26.2 N.m

6.3.2. 2D curve of the current bar rotor
Goal The value of current bar rotor versus TIME are computed and displayed in a
curve.
Initialization For the same reason at time t = 0 s, the user must check that the initial value
value of the curve is equal to the value calculated for slip = 0.032 with the steady
state model.
In the case of the bar number 10, the current calculated with the steady state
model is:
• 512 A for the magnitude
• 3.0744 rd for the phase.
By consequent, the first value for the transient model should be equal to 512 *
sin(3.0744) = 34.78 A
With the transient model, we found the first value at t = 0 : 34.77 A.


Quantity Formula
IBAR_ BAR_10_ I(BAR_10_
VERSUS_ TIME 0.0 0.11 SQUIRREL Current [A] SQUIRREL
TIME CAGE_1 CAGE_1)

parameter)
Result The 2D Curve of the current bar is shown below.

6.3.3. 2D curve of the stator current
Goal The value of current bar rotor versus TIME are computed and displayed in a
curve.
Initialization For the same reason at time t = 0 s, the user must check that the initial value
value of the curve is equal to the value calculated for slip = 0.032 with the steady
state model.
In the case of the phase 1, the current value with the steady state model is :
• 11.969 A for the magnitude
• 2.547 rd for the phase.
By consequent, the first value for the transient model should be equal to
11.969 * sin(2.547) = 6.7 A
With the transient model, we found a first value at t = 0 equal to 6.13 A.


Quantity Formula
ISTAT_VERSUS
TIME 0.0 0.11 V1 Current [A] I(V1)
_TIME

parameter)
Result The 2D Curve of the stator current is shown below.

Flux Case 5: Real working conditions
7. Case 5: Real working conditions
Case 4 This study is a transient magnetic computation.

The purpose of this case is to simulate the behavior of the motor under real
working conditions. For the first 0.4 seconds, the simulation will reproduce a
no-load starting. After the starting, the machine will be loaded with the rated
drag torque. Finally, 0.4 seconds after the load is applied, a fault condition
will be reproduced. In this case, a single phase short-circuit (between one
phase and neutral) will be simulated during 0.2 seconds.
In this period we can see the time evolution of main quantities like currents,
torque, speed, etc.
project contains:
• the mesh
Topic See Page

Case 5: Solving process 110

Case 5: Real working conditions Flux

Topic See Page

Modify the physical application 105
Modify mechanical set 107
Modify a circuit 109

7.1.1. Modify the physical application
Goal The physical application is modified. The required physical application is the
Transient magnetic 2D application.
Transient Magnetic 2D application
Definition
Transient initialization
2D domain type Depth of the domain
With zero initial solution
2D Plane 125
(variables set to 0)
Application Edit current application

Goal One I/O parameter will be created to define the rated load condition and
others to define the short circuit condition
Data The characteristics of the I/O parameters defined by a formula are described
in the table below.
Name Expression Explanation

Load torque added at
DRAG_TORQUE 24.83*Valid(TIME,0.4,100)
t=0.4s
1.54*Valid(TIME,0,0.6) Short-circuit
R_PHASE_1
+ 1.386*Valid(TIME,0.6,100) simulated by
decreasing the
104*Valid(TIME,0,0.6)
N_PHASE_1 number of turns and
+ 62*Valid(TIME,0.6,100)
resistance at t=0.6s

7.1.3. Modify mechanical set
Goal Rotor mechanical set is modified in order to describe the physics.
Data The characteristics of the "ROTOR" mechanical set are described in the table
below.
Mechanical set
Axis
Type of Pivot point
Name Coordinate
mechanical set Rotation axis coordinates
system
first second
Rotation around
Rotation around
ROTOR one axis parallel XY1 0 0
one axis
to Oz
Kinematics
General
Type of
kinematics Velocity at t = 0s
Position at t = 0s
(rpm)
Coupled load 0 0.0
Kinematics
Internal characteristics
Type of
kinematics Moment of inertia Resistive
Type of load
(kg.m2) torque (N.m)
Inertia and
Coupled load 0.034 0.0
resistive torque
Kinematics
External characteristics
Type of
kinematics Moment of inertia Resistive
Type of load
(kg.m2) torque (N.m)
Inertia and
Coupled load 0.0 DRAG_TORQUE
resistive torque
Physics Mechanical set Edit

Goal Two face regions are modified in order to describe the short-circuit
conditions.
Face region
Coil
Series
Name of conductor Number of Mechanica
Type of region Orientation or
region region turns l set
parallel
Component
PHASE_ Coil conductor N_PHASE_
B1 Negative Series STATOR
NEG_1 region 1
PHASE_ Coil conductor N_PHASE_
POS_1
B1 Positive Series STATOR
region 1

Goal The circuit is modified in order to describe the short-circuit conditions.
Data The characteristics of the stranded coil conductor are described in the table
below.
Name of Stranded coil

Resistance
component
B1 R_PHASE_1

7.2. Case 5: Solving process
Goal A solving scenario with a control of the time is created in order to solve
CASE5.
Data The characteristics of the solving scenario are presented in the tables below
Solving scenario
Name Comment Type

STARTING_LOAD Study using geometrical and physical
Multi-values
_FAULT parameter
Solving scenario
Parameter control
Interval
Controlled
Type Lower Higher Variation
parameter Step value
limit limit method
TIME - 0 0.8 Step value 0.0005
• Solve with: solving scenario STARTING_LOAD_FAULT
Solving Solve


Introduction This section explains how to analyze the principal results of CASE 5
Topic See Page

Plot a 2D Curve of the phase current 113
Plot a 2D Curve of the 114
Plot a 2D Curve of the torque 115

7.3.1. Plot a 2D Curve of the phase

current
Goal Display a 2D curve of the phase current in the three phases.
Data The characteristics of the 2D curve are presented below.


Quantity Formula
V1 Current [A] I(V1)
CURRENT TIME 0.0 0.8 V2 Current [A] I(V2)
V3 Current [A] I(V3)
Result

7.3.2. Plot a 2D Curve of the speed
Goal Display a 2D curve of the speed.


Quantity Formula
AngSpeed
SPEED TIME 0.0 0.8 ROTOR Angular speed
(ROTOR)
Result The result appears in the figure below.

7.3.3. Plot a 2D Curve of the torque
Goal Display a 2D curve of the torque.


Quantity Formula
Electromagnetic TorqueElecMag
TORQUE TIME 0.0 0.8 ROTOR
torque (ROTOR)
Result The result appears in the figure below.

Induction Motor Tutorial: 2D Technical Example

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Induction Motor Tutorial: 2D Technical Example

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Induction Motor Tutorial: 2D Technical Example

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CAE package for electromagnetic and thermal analysis using finite elements

Induction motor tutorial

Proprietary Information of Altair Engineering

Flux is a registered trademark.

Copyright © 1983 – 2016 Altair Engineering, Inc.

This tutorial was edited on 20 March 2018

Supplied files Contents .FLU file obtained

Continued on next page

Contents This chapter contains the following topics:

Topic See Page

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 1

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 2

Contents This section contains the following topics:

Topic See Page

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 3

1.1.1. Description of the studied device

Foreword This paragraph is a summary of cases treated in detail in the 2D example:

Figure 1-1: View of the induction motor to be modelled

Motor main This motor has the following main characteristics:

Continued on next page

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 4

∅ 212 ∅ 120 ∅ 40 ∅ 119

Figure 1-2: Cross-section of the stator and rotor armatures

Continued on next page

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 5

Figure 1-4: Stator winding

The magneto-harmonic simulations, the transient magnetic simulations for

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 6

1.1.2. Studied cases

Case 1 The first case is a steady state magnetic AC study.

Case 2 The second case is a steady state magnetic AC study.

Case 3 The third case is a steady state magnetic AC study.

Case 4 The fourth case is a transient study.

Case 5 The fifth case is a transient study.

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 7

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 8

1.2. Strategy to build the Flux project

Theoretical The basic knowledge necessary to describe a motor is provided by utilizing an

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 9

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 10

1.3. About the Overlay (motor template)

Contents This section covers the following topics:

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 11

1.3.1. Motor Template : Presentation

Motor Object: An IM Motor template is an object from the specific library:

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 12

1.3.2. Motor Template: The library

Introduction The library of Motor objects is a library of induction machines.

Example An example of motor template is presented in the figures below.

Rotor Stator Whole motor

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 13

1.3.3. Motor Template: Principle of description in Flux

Stage “Standard” description “Assisted” description

Stage The user provides … FLUX carries out …

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 14

1.3.4. Motor Object: Speed importation

Introduction The Flux/Speed link is created by the introduction in FLUX of an Induction

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 15

INDUCTION MOTOR TUTORIAL PAGE 16