Surveying

By Sandeep Jyani Sir

28-06-2019
 Accessories used in chaining
1. Pegs
• There are used to mark a definite point
temporarily (or) Semi- permanently
2. Arrow:
• These are used to mark end point of a chain
length
• No. of arrows with the follower signifies
number of chain length measured
3. Ranging Rod:
• Ranging rods are used to establish
intermediate points along a straight line and
this process is called as “Ranging”.

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 Accessories used in chaining
4. Offset rod:
• It is a Ranging rod with slots made at right angle and it
helps to take perpendicular offset.
• Maximum length of an offset depends on
• Scale of plotting
• Nature of ground
• Accuracy defined

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 Accessories used in chaining
5. Cross staff / open cross staff:
• It is used for taking perpendicular offset along a
survey line
6. French cross staff:-
• It is used to take offsets at 45°, 90°, 135° from the
survey line
7. Optical square:
• It is used to setout right angles
• It uses the principle of Double reflection.
• Index mirror fully silvered , Horizon Mirror bottom
half silvered and Top half

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 Accessories used in chaining
8. Prism square:-
• It has similar arrangement as compare to optical
square with mirror replaced by prism
9. Simple clinometer
• It is used to measure slope of the ground and vertical
angles

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 Ranging
• It is the process of establishing intermediate
points along a straight line
Types of Ranging;
1. Direct Ranging:
• It is the process of establishing intermediate points
along a chain line when end stations are intervisible

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 Ranging
C D

A B

2. Indirect / Reciprocal / Repeated alignment Ranging:

• This method is used when end stations are not intervisible due to rising
ground between them (or) due to long distance between them.
• During this process we select two intermediate stations (say C and D)
Such that,
• From station C → station B & D are visible,
• From station D → station A & C are visible.

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 Corrections
Chain Tape
• Correction for • Correction for
standardization standardization
• Correction for slope • Correction for slope
• Correction for Pull
• Correction for Sag
• Correction for Temperature
• Correction for MSL
• Correction for misalignment.

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 Corrections
1. Correction for standardization: (Ca)
• It is also called as correction for Absolute length.
• If Actual length of the tape or not equal to Nominal length of
the tape, then correction for standardization is required.
• If tape is actually shorter than Nominal length then error will
be positive because measured distance will be greater than
correct distance
• Therefore correction will be negative
• Nominal Designated length → l’ (20 m or 30 m)
• Actual / Absolute length of tape → l (19 m)

Measured distance = L’
Correct distance = L
Note: if Tape is shorter then correction is subtractive
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 Corrections
1. Correction for standardization: (Ca)
• Nominal Designated length → l’ (20 m or 30 m)
• Actual / Absolute length of tape → l (19 m)
• Measured distance = L’
• Correct distance = L
𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒑𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 ×
𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒑𝒆

𝑴𝑫
𝑻𝑳 𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝑫 = 𝑨𝑳 ×
𝑵𝑳

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 𝟐
𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒑𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = (𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂) ×
𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒑𝒆

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Que 8 A line of True length 500 m when measured by a 20 m Tape was
reported to be 502 m, then Actual length of the Tape is ------?

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 Que 8 A line of True length 500 m when measured by a 20 m Tape was
reported to be 502 m, then Actual length of the Tape is ------?
𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒑𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 ×
𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒑𝒆

502
500 = 𝐴. 𝐿 ×
20

⇒ 𝐴. 𝐿 = 19.92 𝑚.

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Que 10. Length of a line measured with a chain was found to be 250 m.
Determine True length of the line if;
a) Length was measured with a 30 chain and chain was 10 cm too
long.
b) Length of the chain was 30 m in the beginning and 30.10 m at the
end of the work.

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 Corrections
2. Correction for slope (Cg)
• We know that slope distance will always be greater than
corresponding horizontal distance, therefore correction
for slope will always be negative
• Case : 1 When slope of the ground 𝜃 is measured
𝐶𝑔 = 𝑇. 𝑉– 𝑀. 𝑉 L
h
= L cos𝜃 – L 𝜽
𝐶𝑔 = −𝐿(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
L 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

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 Corrections
2. Correction for slope (Cg)

Case II:- When height difference ‘h’ is measured.

𝑪𝒈 = 𝑳𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐 − 𝑳
𝟏
𝟐
𝒉 𝟐
𝑪𝒈 = 𝑳 𝟏− −𝟏
𝑳𝟐 L
𝑪𝒈 = 𝑳 𝟏−
𝒉𝟐
−
𝒉𝟒
+⋯ −𝟏
h
𝟐𝑳𝟐 𝟖𝑳𝟒 𝜽
−𝒉² 𝒉𝟒
𝑪𝒈 = − 𝟑
𝟐𝑳 𝟖𝑳

𝐿2 − ℎ2
−𝒉²
𝑪𝒈 =
𝟐𝑳

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Que. 11 If downhill end of slope of a 2m tape is held 80cm too low,
then determine the correction for slope.
Que. 11 If downhill end of slope of a 20m tape is held 80cm too low,
then determine the correction for slope.
−𝒉²
Sol. 𝑪𝒈 = 𝟐𝑳

−𝟎.𝟖²
𝑪𝒈 = = - 0.016m
𝟐(𝟐𝟎)

NOTE : SLOPE CORRECTION FOR  3 IS ALWAYS NEGLECTED

 Corrections
3. Correction for pull

𝑷−𝑷𝟎 𝑳
𝑪𝑷 = 𝑨𝑬
where
𝑷𝒐 → standard pull
𝑷 → Pull applied in the field
𝑨 → Cross-sectional Area of the Tape
𝑬 → Young’s modulus of Elasticity
𝑳 → Nominal length of the tape/measured length of the line
If P > 𝑷𝒐 → then correction for pull will be positive and vice-versa.

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Que. 12 A steel tape 30 m long was standardized under a pull of 65 N.
If pull at the time of measurement was 80 N. Determine Correct Tape
length if wt. of the tape is 10 N, young’s modulus, 𝑬 = 𝟐 ×
𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑵/ 𝒎𝒎²
𝜸 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎³
𝑷 − 𝑷𝟎 𝑳
𝑪𝑷 =
𝑨𝑬
 Corrections
4. Correction for temperature Ct
𝑪𝒕 = 𝜶 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 𝑳
𝜶 → thermal coefficient of linear expansion
𝒕𝒐 → standard temperature
𝒕 → field temperature
𝑳 → Nominal length of the Tape/measured length of
the line
If t > to → then 𝑪𝒕 will be positive

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Que. 13 Determine correction for Temperature if measured lengthof
the lines is 1000 m,𝜶 = 𝟏. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 /°C, standard Temp is 27°C and
field temp is 32°C
5. Correction for sag Cs Corrections
• When the Tape is supported between two ends, it takes the shape of
catenary.
• If the Tape is standardized on Flat and used in catenary then correction
for sag will be 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, because chord length will always be less than
Arc length.
• For determination of correction for sag, the shape is assumed to be
parabolic, instead of catenary.

−(𝒘𝒍)²𝒍 −𝑾²𝒍
𝑪𝒔 = = P P(force)
𝟐𝟒 𝒑² 𝟐𝟒 𝒑²
Where, w → wt. per unit length of the Tape
l → length of the Tape suspended between two supports
W → Total wt. of the Tape
P → Pull applied at the ends.

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 Corrections
5. Correction for sag Cs
• To reduce sag correction we can increase no of
supports.
• If Total length of the Tape suspended is ‘l’ which is
supported between ‘n’ no of bays
𝑾𝟐 𝒍 −(𝒘𝒍)²𝒍
• 𝑪𝒔 = − 𝟐𝟒 𝒏𝟐𝒑² = 𝟐𝟒𝒏𝟐𝒑²
Note:-
• If Tape is standardized in catenary and used on flat
then correction for Sag will be positive
• Normal Tension (𝑃𝑛 ) is that theoretical pull at which
sag correction and pull correction cancel outs each
other–
(𝑷𝒏 −𝑷𝒐 )𝒍 𝑾𝟐 𝒍
=
𝑨𝑬 𝟐𝟒 𝑷𝟐𝒏
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Que. 14 Determine sag correction for a 30 m steel Tape under a pull
of 80 N. in 3 boys of 10 m each, cross-sectional Area of the Tape is 8
mm² and unit wt of the steel may be taken as 77 KN/m³
Que. 14 Determine sag correction for a 30 m steel Tape under a pull of
80 N. in 3 boys of 10 m each, cross-sectional Area of the Tape is 8 mm²
and unit wt of the steel may be taken as 77 KN/m³
−𝑾²𝒍
Sol. 𝑪𝒔 =
𝟐𝟒 𝒏𝟐 𝒑²
𝑊 = 𝛾𝐴𝐿
10³
= 77 × × 8 × 30 × 103
109
= 18.48 𝑁
−18.48²×30
𝐶𝑠 =
24×3²×80²
= −7.411 × 10−3 𝑚.
Que.15 Determine Normal tension for a steel tape supported between
two supports 10 m apart, if the standard Tension is 65 N and wt. of the
Tape is 0.62 N/m, 𝐸 = 2 × 105 and corss-sectional Area of the Tape is
8 mm²
Que.15 Determine Normal tension for a steel tape supported between
two supports 10 m apart, if the standard Tension is 65 N and wt. of the
Tape is 0.62 N/m, 𝐸 = 2 × 105 and corss-sectional Area of the Tape is
8 mm²
(𝑃𝑛 −𝑃𝑜 )𝑙 𝑊2𝑙
Sol: =
𝐴𝐸 24 𝑃𝑛2
(𝑃𝑛 −65) (0.62×10)²
=
8×2×105 24 𝑃𝑛2
Pn = 162.29 𝑁
 Corrections
5. Correction for MSL CMSL L

𝑪𝑴𝑺𝑳 = 𝑳𝑴𝑺𝑳 − 𝑳 Lmsl h

𝑪𝑴𝑺𝑳 = 𝑹𝜽 − 𝑹 + 𝒉 𝜽
𝑪𝑴𝑺𝑳 = −𝒉𝜽 R
−𝒉𝑳
𝑪𝑴𝑺𝑳 =
𝑹+𝒉
Since, h is very small in comparison to R, therefore we
can neglect it,
−𝒉𝑳
𝑪𝑴𝑺𝑳 =
𝑹

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Que. 16 Determine correction for MSL if measured
length of the line is 100 N and Average elevation of
the line from MSL is 300 m. if R = 6370 km.
Que. 16 Determine correction for MSL if measured
length of the line is 1000 m and Average elevation of
the line from MSL is 300 m. if R = 6370 km.
−ℎ𝐿
Sol: 𝐶𝑀𝑆𝐿 =
𝑅
−300×1000
=
6370×103
= −0.047𝑚
 Corrections
5. Correction for Misalignment Cm
𝐶𝑚 = 𝐿21 − ℎ2 + 𝐿22 − ℎ2 − 𝐿1 + 𝐿2
Error due to misalignment is always
positive.
h
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐

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 FIELD WORK IN CHAIN SURVEY
1. Reconnaissance survey
It is preliminary inspection of the area to be
surveyed to get some idea of the terrain and to
identify principle features of the area
It helps the surveyor to decide upon best possible
arrangement of triangles.

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 FIELD WORK IN CHAIN SURVEY
2. Marking of station
After completion of Reconnaissance Survey best
suitable positions of Main stations are marked
on the ground such that they can be easily
identified afterwards if required.
3. Running of survey lines
Survey lines are run to measure the distance
between main stations and to locate adjacent
detail by taking offsets.

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 FIELD WORK IN CHAIN SURVEY
4. Taking offsets
Maximum length of offset depends on;
• Scale of plan (or) Map
• Accuracy desired
• Nature of ground
Degree of Accuracy of the offset depends on
• Length of offset
• Scale of plan (or) Map
• Importance of detail towards which offset is taken
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 OBSTACLES IN CHAINING
CASE I : Chaining round the obstacle is possible. (LAKE)

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 OBSTACLES IN CHAINING
CASE II : Chaining round the obstacle is not possible(RIVER)

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 CROSS STAFF SURVEY
It is a special type of chain survey which is used to locate
boundary of the Area, to plot area on a suitable scale (or)
to determine approximate Area of the field.

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 IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Maximum tolerance in a 20 m & 30 m chain are ± 5 mm
and ± 8 mm.
2. While measuring horizontal distance with chain on hills, it
is better to measure the distance by “Stepping down
slope”.
3. Chainage in chain survey means “the distance of the object
along the chain line from the zero end of the chain”.
4. The allowable Length of an offset depends upon:
• Degree of accuracy required
• Method of setting out the perpendicular and nature of ground.
• Scale of potting

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 IMPORTANT POINTS
5. In chain Surveying, field work is limited to “Linear
measurements only”
6. The accuracy of Measurement in chain surveying, does not
depend upon “general layout of the chain lines”
7. The double-line field book is most commonly used for
recording “Ordinary chain Survey work”.
8. Offset are lateral measurements made w.r.t. main survey
lines in which line may be oblique (or) ⊥ lar.
9. Correct methods of ranging employed to solve the problem
of vision obstructed are:
i) Reciprocal ranging
ii) Random line method.

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THANK YOU

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