Lab Sheet

Manufacturing Processes Lab – MEM564 (March 2020)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
UiTM (Pulau Pinang)
Program : Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Manufacturing)(Hons.) (EM241)

Course : Manufacturing Processes Laboratory
Course Code : MEM564
LAB SHEET NO : 2.2
Manufacturing Processes Laboratory
1.0 TITLE: Sand Testing Preparation (Green Sand)
2.0 OBJECTIVE
a. To measures the green compression strength and permeability of moulding material of

sand casting.
b. To analyze the relationship between green compression strength and permeability of
molding material.
c. To predict the potential defect which may occur from improper strength and permeability
of mold material.
3.0 INTRODUCTION (Background & Theory)

3.1 Green Compression Strength
Green compression strength refers to the stress required to rupture the sand specimen under
compressive loading. The sand specimen required to rupture the sand specimen under
compressive loading. The sand specimen is then taken out of the specimen tube and is
immediate (any delay causes the drying of the sample which increases the strength ) put on
the strength testing machine and the force required to cause the compression failure is
determined. The green strength of sand is generally in the range of 0.03 to 0.16 MPa.
3.2 Permeability
The rate in cc/min at which air will pass through the standard compression specimen is used
as an index of permeability Standard permeability is determined by measuring the time
necessary for 2000 cm3 of air to pass through the standard specimen while it is confined in the
specimen tube and under a pressure of 10 gm/cm2 if the time is determined the permeability
number can be calculated from the formula:
P= (V. H)/(p. A. T)
where; V: volume of air = 2000 cm3
H: height of sand specimen = 2 inches

P: pressure = 10 gm/cm2
A: cross sectional area of the sand specimen =1in2
T: time, sec, for 2000 cm3 air to pass through specimen
The formula reduces to AFS Permeability :
P = 3000.7 for old machine working with Hg

T(sec)
The formula reduces to AFS Permeability For Rıdsdale-Dieter:
P= 30557 . = 30557
air pressure in cm of water x time in (sec) pxt
4.0 APPARATUS
4.01 MATERIALS
Silica Sand, Coal Dust, Bentonite, Water.
4.02 EQUIPMENT
Permeability Machine, Sand Rammer, Universal Sand Strength Testing Machine.
4.03 HAND TOOLS
Specimen Tube, Ruler.
4.1 INDUSTRIAL APPARATUS
5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

5.1 Standard Test Specimen Preparation:
Since the strength of a moulding sand depends greatly on its degree of ramming, the
condition of moulding the standard test sample must be carefully controlled. In laboratory
work, reproducing ramming conditions are achieved by the use of a standard sand rammer
and specimen tube accessories. The sand (6.375 to 7.25 kg) is placed in the specimen tube
and rammed by impact with three blows of a standard weight. The ramming device is
manually operated and the weight is dropped from a height of 50.8 ± 0.125 mm. Three rams
should produce a specimen 50.8 ± 0.8 mm in height and to produce this size of specimen this
size of specimen usually sand of 145 to 175 g would be required. To obtain this height, the
weight of the sand should be adjusted. Specimen weight in grams, multiplied by 0.97 x 10-2
gives the bulk of the sand in gm/cm3. The specimen is removed from the tube by means of a
stripping post.
(Describe the safety, environmental issue or any code of practice related to the method to conduct the
experiment.)
6.0 RESULTS & DATA ANALYSIS
7.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULT
i. Briefly explains the Green Compression Strength.

ii. Briefly explains the permeability.
iii. Tabulate the result using table
iv. Use graph to show the relationship between strength and permeability
v. (Discuss the impact /effect of the experiment to the safety, health and environmental)
8.0 CONCLUSION
Describe the relationship between strength and permeability

Discuss possible defect which may occur from improper setting of strength and permeability.
9.0 RECOMMENDATION
Recognize a need for improvement/modification in the system. Recommend and incorporate

innovative ideas in the experimental work or set-up
10.0 REFERENCES
State all the references that you have been used in order to complete this report.

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Manufacturing Processes Lab – MEM564 (March 2020)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Program : Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Manufacturing)(Hons.) (EM241)

LAB SHEET NO : 2.2

Manufacturing Processes Laboratory

1.0 TITLE: Sand Testing Preparation (Green Sand)

a. To measures the green compression strength and permeability of moulding material of

3.0 INTRODUCTION (Background & Theory)

where; V: volume of air = 2000 cm3

H: height of sand specimen = 2 inches

The formula reduces to AFS Permeability :

P = 3000.7 for old machine working with Hg

The formula reduces to AFS Permeability For Rıdsdale-Dieter:

5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

6.0 RESULTS & DATA ANALYSIS

7.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULT

i. Briefly explains the Green Compression Strength.

Describe the relationship between strength and permeability

Recognize a need for improvement/modification in the system. Recommend and incorporate

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