Wednesday 9 January 2019: Chemistry

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Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Wednesday 9 January 2019

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH01/01
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 1: The Core Principles of Chemistry
Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks

Ruler
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• – there may
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• – use this asfora guide
The marks each question are shown in brackets
as to how much time to spend on each question.
• written communication will
Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as
well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• if you have time at the end.
Turn over
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©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
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SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .
1 The European Union limit for nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere is 0.0209 cm3 in 1 m3.
In units of parts per million (ppm) this is
A 2.09 × 10−5
B 2.09 × 10−2
C 20.9
D 2.09 × 104
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
2 A sample of blood plasma contains 3.10 mg of sodium ions in 1 cm3.

The concentration, in mol dm−3, of sodium ions in the plasma is
A 1.35 × 10−1
B 2.82 × 10−1
C 1.35 × 10−4
D 2.82 × 10−4
3 Dilute sulfuric acid is mixed with a solution of barium chloride.

The reaction that occurs is
A displacement.
B neutralisation.

C precipitation.
D redox.
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4 How many atoms are there in 120 cm3 of ammonia gas at room temperature and
pressure (r.t.p.)?
[Molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24 000 cm3 mol−1 Avogadro constant = 6.0 × 1023 mol−1]
A 3.0 × 1021
B 1.2 × 1022
C 1.5 × 1022
D 1.2 × 1025
5 The reaction of magnesium chloride with silver nitrate gives a precipitate of silver chloride.
MgCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) o Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
A solution containing 0.001 mol of magnesium chloride reacts with excess silver nitrate.
What is the mass of the precipitate formed?
[Molar mass / g mol−1: AgCl = 143.4]

A 0.072 g
B 0.143 g
C 0.287 g
D 0.574 g
6 When 0.127 g of copper is added to excess silver nitrate solution, the following
reaction occurs.
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) o Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
What mass of silver is formed?
[Molar masses / g mol−1: Cu = 63.5 Ag = 107.9]
A 0.216 g
B 0.254 g
C 0.432 g
D 0.863 g
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7 The molecular formula of phosphorus(V) oxide is P4O10.

What is the percentage by mass of phosphorus in this oxide?

[Molar masses / g mol−1: O = 16.0 P = 31.0]
A 28.6%
B 42.9%
C 43.7%
D 56.3%
8 Aluminium reacts with hydrochloric acid.

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) o 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
What is the maximum volume of hydrogen at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)
that can be formed from 0.135 g of aluminium?

[Molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24 000 cm3 mol−1 Molar mass Al = 27.0 g mol−1]

A 60 cm3
B 80 cm3
C 120 cm3
D 180 cm3
9 150 cm3 of ethane is mixed with 700 cm3 of oxygen. The equation for the reaction is
C2H6(g) + 3½O2(g) o 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
What is the total volume of gas when the reaction is complete?
All gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.
A 150 cm3

B 300 cm3
C 325 cm3
D 475 cm3
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10 In an experiment to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction between zinc
and copper(II) sulfate, a cooling curve was used to estimate the temperature change.
The zinc was added to the copper(II) sulfate solution at 3½ minutes and the results
were plotted on a graph.
80 –
70 –
60 –
50 –
Temperature / °C
40 –
30 –
20 –
10 –
0–
–
–
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time / min
What is the temperature change?

A 45°C
B 48°C
C 65°C
D 68°C
Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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11 The enthalpy changes of two reactions are

9
2Fe(s) + 1½O2(g) o Fe2O3(s) ¨H = −824 kJ mol−1

9
C(s) + ½O2(g) o CO(g) ¨H = −110 kJ mol−1
For the reaction
Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) o 2Fe(s) + 3CO(g)
the enthalpy change is
A −494 kJ mol−1
B +494 kJ mol−1
C −714 kJ mol−1
D +714 kJ mol−1
12 Which change would have a negative ¨H value?

A Cl(g) + e− o Cl−(g)
B Cl2(g) o 2Cl(g)
C Na(s) o Na(l)
D Na(g) o Na+(g) + e−
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13 The combustion of magnesium may be represented by two equations.

Mg(s) + ½O2(g) o MgO(s) (1)
2Mg(s) + O2(g) o 2MgO(s) (2)

The units of ¨H for equation (1) are kJ mol−1. The units of ¨H for equation (2) are
A kJ mol−1
B (kJ mol−1) ÷ 2
C (kJ mol−1) × 2
D (kJ mol−1)2
14 Which of the species, Ne, F− and Na+, have the electronic structure 1s2 2s2 2p6?
A Ne only
B Ne and F− only
C Ne and Na+ only

D Ne, F− and Na+
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15 The graph shows the variation of first ionisation energy with atomic number for
successive elements in the Periodic Table.

X
First ionisation energy / kJ mol–1
Y
Atomic number
The elements X, Y and Z are

A alkali metals.
B alkaline earth metals.
C halogens.
D noble gases.
16 The electrostatic interactions involved in a covalent bond are electron-electron,

nucleus-nucleus and electron-nucleus.
What types of interaction occur?
electron-electron nucleus-nucleus electron-nucleus
A attraction attraction repulsion
B repulsion repulsion attraction


C attraction repulsion attraction
D repulsion attraction attraction
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17 What is the name of the organic compound with the structure shown?
Cl
A 2-chloro-1,1-dimethylpropane
B 2-chloro-3,3-dimethylpropane
C 2-chloro-3-methylbutane
D 1-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane
18 Methane is considered a better fossil fuel than coal because methane
A is not a greenhouse gas.

B is mainly obtained from renewable sources.

C produces less carbon dioxide per kWh of power generated.
D has no effect on the ozone layer.
19 How many ı bonds are there in the organic compound with the skeletal structure shown?
A 2
B 3
C 10
D 11
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20 But-2-ene reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) at room temperature.

The organic product of this reaction is

A butane-1,2-diol.
B butane-1,3-diol.
C butane-1,4-diol.
D butane-2,3-diol.
TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
21 Mass spectrometry is used to determine the relative atomic masses of elements.

The diagram shows the main features of a mass spectrometer.
+
R S
T
vaporised
sample
to vacuum
pump
detector
(a) After vaporisation, the sample passes through three stages before reaching the detector.
(i) The first stage is ionisation, which occurs at R. Describe fully the ionisation
process for the element nickel, Ni, writing an equation to illustrate it.
State symbols are not required.
(2)
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(ii) Describe the processes occurring at S and T.

(2)
S ................................. ............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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T ............................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...................................... ............................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) Explain why the sample needs to be ionised.

(1)

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(b) The tallest peak in a mass spectrum (called the base peak) is given a height of 100 and the
heights of all the other peaks are given relative to the base peak. A sample of the element
nickel is analysed in a mass spectrometer and found to have two significant peaks.
m/e Relative peak height

58 100
60 39.8
(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of nickel in this sample.

Give your answer to one decimal place.
(2)
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(ii) Use the relative peak heights to calculate the percentage abundance of the
two isotopes in the sample.
(2)

(iii) The mass spectrum of this sample of nickel had a very small peak at m / e = 29.
Identify the species responsible for this peak.
Write an equation to show how it is formed.
(2)
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(c) Mass spectrometry is also used to identify chemical compounds.

State one application for this use of the technique.
(1)
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(Total for Question 21 = 12 marks)
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22 Enthalpy changes of combustion are very important in thermochemistry because

they can be used to determine enthalpy changes that cannot be measured directly.

(a) Define standard enthalpy change of combustion.
(2)
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(b) A class of students used the apparatus below to determine the enthalpy change
of combustion for some alcohols.
thermometer

water
alcohol
One student obtained the following results for ethanol.


Measurement Value
Mass of water / g 250.00
Mass of ethanol used / g 0.55
Temperature rise / °C 9.5
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(i) Calculate the energy transferred in the student’s experiment.

(1)
Use the expression

Energy transferred (J) = mass of water × 4.18 × temperature change
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.

Give a sign and units with your answer.
(3)
(c) Most of the students obtained similar results for the enthalpy change of
combustion of ethanol. The class mean was −840 kJ mol−1 compared with the
Data Book value of −1367 kJ mol−1.
(i) Calculate the percentage error in the mean value obtained by the class
compared to the Data Book value.
(1)
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*(ii) One student suggested that the difference between the students’ values and the
Data Book value was due to the uncertainties in measuring the masses and temperatures.
Explain why this suggestion is incorrect.

No calculation is required.
(2)
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*(iii) Suggest one factor that could have caused the difference between the
students’ values and the Data Book value. Justify your answer.

(2)
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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
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(d) The standard enthalpy change of formation of propan-1-ol cannot be measured directly.
(i) Complete the Hess cycle below, which may be used to calculate the standard
enthalpy change of formation of propan-1-ol. Add missing enthalpy changes,

arrows and species. Include state symbols.
(3)
9
¨Hc {propan-1-ol}
C3H8O(l) + 4½O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
9
3 × ¨Hc {C(s)}
.......................... ( ) + .......................... ( ) + .......................... ( )

(ii) Use your completed cycle in (d)(i) and the data in the table, to calculate the
standard enthalpy change of formation of propan-1-ol.
(2)
9
Substance ¨Hc / kJ mol−1
carbon −394
hydrogen −286
propan-1-ol −2021
17
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23 This question is about the bonds that chlorine forms in its chemical compounds.
(a) Chlorine forms a covalent bond in its compound with hydrogen.

(i) Give the electronic configuration of chlorine using the s p d notation.
(1)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of hydrogen chloride, showing outer electrons only.
(1)

(iii) Describe fully the formation of the covalent bond in hydrogen chloride in
terms of orbital overlap.
(3)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*P54457A01824*
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(b) Chlorine forms ionic bonds with metals such as sodium and silver. The lattice
energies of ionic compounds provide information about their bonds. The table
below shows the experimental and calculated values for the lattice energy of
sodium chloride and silver chloride.
Lattice energy / kJ mol−1

Compound
Experimental Calculated
sodium chloride −780 −770
silver chloride −905 −833
(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of sodium chloride, showing outer electrons only.
(1)
*(ii) Explain why the experimental and calculated values for the lattice energy of
sodium chloride are similar whereas those for silver chloride differ significantly.
(3)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
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24 The diagram summarises some of the processes involved in the production of alkanes
from crude oil, and their uses.

A B
Crude oil naphtha fraction octane + ethene
C D
cyclooctane poly(ethene)
(a) Name the processes shown in the diagram.

(4)
A.............. ............................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . .
B.......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .
C.............. ............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . .
D.......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) State what happens to the compounds present in crude oil during process A.
Identify the property of the compounds which allows this process to work.
(2)
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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(c) The naphtha fraction comprises alkanes with a minimum of four and a maximum
of ten carbon atoms. Write an equation for the formation of octane and ethene in
process B. State symbols are not required.
(2)
20
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(d) (i) Write an equation for the reaction occurring in process C.

(1)
(ii) Octane is converted into cyclooctane on a large scale.

Explain why cyclooctane is added to petrol.
(2)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Using displayed formulae, write a balanced equation for process D.

(2)
21
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25 Alkanes and alkenes react with halogens.

(a) The reaction of methane with chlorine is a free radical substitution.

CH4 + Cl2 o CH3Cl + HCl
(i) State the essential condition for this reaction.
(1)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The first stage in the mechanism of this reaction is the formation of the
chlorine free radical.
Cl Cl 2Clx
Explain fully what a curly half-arrow represents in this equation.

(2)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Write the two equations of the propagation stage of the reaction.
Curly half-arrows are not required.
(2)
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(iv) Chloromethane is also formed in the termination stage of the reaction.

Explain why the amount of chloromethane formed in the propagation stage is
very much greater than the amount formed in the termination stage.
(3)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Bromine reacts with propene in normal laboratory conditions.

(i) State the type and mechanism of this reaction.
(1)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw the structure of the product of this reaction.

(1)
TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS
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Centre Number Candidate Number

Wednesday 9 January 2019

Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks

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(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A sample of blood plasma contains 3.10 mg of sodium ions in 1 cm3.

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(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 Dilute sulfuric acid is mixed with a solution of barium chloride.

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(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

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(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

MgCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) o Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)

[Molar mass / g mol−1: AgCl = 143.4]

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

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(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 The molecular formula of phosphorus(V) oxide is P4O10.

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(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Aluminium reacts with hydrochloric acid.

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(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

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(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

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were plotted on a graph.

What is the temperature change?

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(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

11 The enthalpy changes of two reactions are

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(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 Which change would have a negative ¨H value?

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(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

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13 The combustion of magnesium may be represented by two equations.

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2Mg(s) + O2(g) o 2MgO(s) (2)

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

C Ne and Na+ only

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

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The elements X, Y and Z are

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(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

16 The electrostatic interactions involved in a covalent bond are electron-electron,

electron-electron nucleus-nucleus electron-nucleus

A attraction attraction repulsion