Oxidationreduction
Oxidationreduction
Oxidationreduction
Mg2+
KMnO4
Redox reactions are a chemical reactions involving simultaneously (serentak) oxidation and reduction processes
Oxidation & reduction : a addition (gain) or loss (elimination) of oxygen or hydrogen
Oxidation is the process of gaining oxygen & elimination of hydrogen reduction is the process of losing oxygen & addition of hydrogen oxidising agent is the substance which experiences reduction & receives electrons . reducing agent is the substance which experiences oxidation & donates electrons .
Mg
PbO
MgO
Pb
Cl2 oxidising agent ( undergoes reduction ) --- chlorine oxidises hydrogen sulphide to sulphur Gain of hydrogen --- reduction
H2 S
+ Cl2
2HCl
+ S
H2S reducing agent ( undergoes oxidation) --- hydrogen sulphide reduces chlorine to hydrogen chloride
Transfer of Electrons
non- metal are reduced & its receive electrons to form anions .
Chlorine oxidising agent
Reduction Process
Cl2 + 2e2Cl- (gain of electron)
2Na(s)
Na Sodium reducing agent
Cl2 (g)
Na+
2NaCl(s)
+ e ( loss of electron)
Oxidation Process
Determine the oxidation and reduction process , oxidising and reducing agent that occurs in the reactions below . (a) Mg + PbO Cu2+ MgO + 2e2Cu + Pb + 2eCu
; Cu2+ + CO2
(d) Fe2 O3
(e) Mg +
+ 3C
CuO
2Fe
MgO
+ 3CO
+ Cu
Solution :
Mg2+ , Ca+2
O2- , S2-
is
is
+2
-2
O.N for atom or molecule in a neutral elements are zero ( 0 ) example : O2 , N2 , Na , Mg, Br 2 is 0 . Oxidising agent --- chlorine gas
O.N +2 -1
2FeCl2 Reducing agent --iron (II) chloride +
(i) The total oxidation number of all the atoms is equal to the charge on the ion . (ii) the total oxidation numbers for all atoms in neutral compound is zero . Example : (i) ClO - , oxidation number of chlorine is X
3
X + 3(-2) X -6
= -1
= -1 X = +5
+2
+ X + 4 (-2)
= 0
=0 =+6 Oxidation number of S
+2 + X - 8 X
is -1
Test Yourself :
Calculate the oxidation number of the following elements : (a) Manganese , Mn in potassium manganate (VII) , KMnO4
(b) Manganese, Mn in manganate(VII) ion, MnO4 (c) Chromium, Cr, in potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 (d) Cromium, Cr,in chromate(VI) ion, CrO4 2(e) Iron in iron(II) chloride , FeCl2 (f) Iron in iron(III) chloride , FeCl3 (g) Carbon , C in sodium carbonate, Na2CO3
In each of the cases above, the oxidation number of each element is represented by the value of X .
The oxidising agent is the substance that receives electrons experiences a reduction(pengurangan) in the oxidation number .
The reducing agent is the substance that : loses electrons experiences an increase (penambahan) in the oxidation number .
Make sure that you add the electron on the side of the half equation that has the bigger oxidation number
Redox reactions need to shown in the form of : half - equations ionic equations Example : Half equation : Fe2+ Br2 + 2eFe3+ + e2Br
-
Ionic equation :
2Fe 2+
Br2
2Fe3+
2Br-
Cr3+ Br2 I2
MnO4 Cr2O7 2-
Cl-
Br-
I-
Colourless solution
Cu2+
A . Redox Reaction ( The combustion of Magnesium in oxygen) Oxygen oxidises magnesium to magnesium ion . Magnesium releases electrons to form Magnesium ion . Half equation : O.Number Mg 0 Mg2+ +2 + 2e------------(1)
(oxidation)
Magnesium reduces oxygen to oxide ion . Oxygen atom receives electrons to form oxide ion . Half- equation : O2 + 2eO2------------(2)
O.Number
-2
(reduction )
The overall equation : (1) + (2) 2Mg + O2 2MgO Observation : Combusts with a white shiny flame A white solid is formed Oxidising agent : Oxygen
Reactants
Fe3+)
Bromine water oxidises iron(II) ion , Fe2+ to iron(III) ion , Fe3+ Iron(II) ion releases electron to form iron(III) ion. Half-equation : O. Number Fe2+ +2 Fe3+ +3 + e------------(1)X 2 Combined
( oxidation)
Iron(II) ion reduces bromine ,Br2 to bromide ion , Br Bromine receives electron to form bromide ion , Br-1 Half-equation : Br 2 + 2e2Br - ------------(2)
O.Number
Observation :
-1
( reduction )
The green iron(II) sulphate solution changes to brown . The brown coloured bromine water is decolourised . Oxidising agent : Bromine water , Br2 Reducing agent : Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ Ionic Equation : 2 Fe2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br -
Iron(III) ion -------- oxidising agent ( oxidation number decrease) . Zn reduces iron(III) ion to iron(II) ion . combined
Other reducing agent : metals that are more electropositive than iron // SO2 , H2 S gas // Na2 SO3 , SnCl2 solution
D : The Displacement (penyesaran) of Metal from its Salt Solution The element is more electropositive in the E.S, the higher the tendency (kecenderungan) to release electrons to form positive ions . More electropositive , oxidised more easily & act as a reducing agent The higher the position in the E.S. can displace other elements that are lower in the E.S .
K, Na , Ca , Mg , Al , Zn , Fe , Sn , Pb , H , Cu , Hg , Ag , Au
Most electropositive Least electropositive
Observation :
Copper is displaced by zinc from the copper(II) sulphate solution . Zn 0 Cu2+ + 2e Zn2+ +2 Cu + 2e----------(1)
( oxidation ) ----------(2)
O. Number
+2
Ionic equation :
Zn
Cu2+
Zn2+
I2 (iodine)
can be differentiated by shaking the solution with a little CCl4 Halogens are reduced to halide ions Halogen ----- oxidising agent The more reactive halogen can displace less reactive halogens from its halide solutions. Group 17 : Flourine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Reactivity decreases, higher act as a oxidising agent
Chlorine , Cl2 receives electrons to form chloride ion , ClCl2 0 yellow Ionic equation : (1) + (2) Cl2 + 2BrBr2 + 2Cl Chlorine ----- oxidising agent Bromide ion ----- reducing agent Chlorine displaces bromine from the sodium bromide solution. + 2e2Cl-1 ------- (2) reduction
decolourised(colourless)
(CCl4 ) liquid
Colour in water Solution Concentrated Iodine Bromine Chlorine Brown Brown Light greenish yellow Dilute Yellow Yellow Colourless Colour in CCl4
F:
a) If two chemicals are separated at a distance by an electrolyte solution in a U-tube b) acts as a salt bridge . c) used to separate two solutions but allows ions to pass (flow) through to complete the circuit . d) examples : H2SO4 , KNO3 , Na2SO4 solution
oxd
reduction
The electrons that are released from reducing agent (negative electrode) will flow out through outer circuit to the oxidising agent ( positive electrode)
Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ releases electron & is oxidised to iron(III) ion , Fe3+ Fe2+ O. Number +2 Fe3+ +3 + e-1 ---------- (1) ( oxidation)
The green solution ,(Fe2+) changes to brown, Fe3+ The electrons that are released collect at the carbon electrode that is immersed in FeSO4 It act as the negative terminal . Bromine ,Br2 receives electron & is reduced to bromide ion, Br-1 Half equation : Br2 + 2e2Br-1 --------------(2) brown colour decolourised
O.Number
-1
(reduction)
the carbon electrode in bromine water act as the positive terminal the ionic equation :O. Number 2Fe2+ +2 + Br2 0 2Fe3+ +3 + 2Br-1 -1
oxidising agent ----- Bromine water , Br reducing agent ----- Iron (II) ion, Fe The galvanometer needle is deflected because the movement of electrons from the negative electrode to the positive electrode produces an electric current .
Oxidation
Reduction
Test Yourself
(a) Write a summary of the redox reaction for the reaction between Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution and the acidified potassium manganate (VII) , KMnO4 solution.
(b) Can dilute sulphuric acid be replaced with dilute hydrochloric acid ? Give the reason for your answer .
Solution :
(a) Observation :
Electrode (-) : The green coloured iron(II) nitrate solution changes to brown Electrode (+) :
Mn2+ +
4H2O
(reduction)
+ 4H2O
5Fe2
Fe3+
+ Mn2+
Confirmatory test for the product( Fe ) that is formed. Add sodium hydroxide solution, a brown precipitate is formed .
(b) Can . Hydrochloric acid also allows the transfer of ions to occur .
Redox Reaction in a simple voltaic cells The porous pot ( pasu berliang) --- to separate the two solutions but allows the ions
to flow through it to complete circuit . the transfer of electrons occur from reducing agent to the oxidising agent through an outer circuit . The negative electrode ( anode) ----- metal which is more electropositive in the E.S. The positive electrode ( cathode) ----- metal which is less electropositive in the E. S. electron flows from the negative electrode to the positive electrode . two types of Daniell cell that uses a porous pot :
At the negative electrode( anode) : Zn is more electropositive than copper Zn has more tendency to releases two electrons to form zinc ion,Zn2+ Zn rod acts as the negative electrode . Zn Zn2+ + 2e -----oxidation process occurs
The electrons will flows from the zinc rod to the copper rod through the outer circuit
an electric current is produced .
At the cathode :
copper ion, Cu2+ receives two electrons to form copper atom, Cu & undergoes reduction process . Cu2+ + 2e Cu ------ reduction process
Reduction
Zn2+ +2 +
0 Cu
Oxidation
Observation : cathode the blue copper(II) sulphate solution becomes fade/ colourless --- a brown solid forms at the copper rod // the copper rod thickens // the mass of the copper will increases. anode ---- the zinc rod dissolves / corrodes/ becomes thinner(menipis)
Cell symbol :
Zn(s) / Zn2+(aq) // Cu2+ (aq) / Cu(s)
G . Corrosion of Metals
occur when a metal loses electrons & is oxidised to form the metal ion . the metal is corroded example : Iron loses electrons to form iron(II) ion , Fe2+
O. Number
Fe
0
Fe2+
+2
+ 2e-1
------- oxidation
Iron is corroded .
If magnesium loses electrons to form magnesium ion Mg2+ , magnesium is corroded. Mg Mg2+ + 2e------- oxidation The metals is more electropositive in E.S. , corrode much easier .
because the metals more tendency to release electrons to form metal ions
Example : Al corrodes more easily compared to copper . because Al is more electropositive than copper . the rusting requires water and oxygen
Metal corrosion
RUSTING OF IRON
corrosion
At the end of the water droplet ( Anode / negative terminal ) the iron , Fe loses electrons and is oxidised to iron(II) ion, Fe Stage 1 Iron(II) ion dissolves in water
Iron is corroded .
Fe Fe2+ + 2e ------oxidation The electrons flows to the edge(pinggir) of the water droplet through the iron
Electrons are received by oxygen & water to form OH ions through reduction
O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH------ Reduction
Stage 3
Iron(II) ion , Fe2+ & hydroxide ion , OH- combine to form iron(II) hydroxide ( green solid )
Fe2+ (aq)
+ 2OH-1 (aq)
Fe(OH)2 (s)
Stage 4
Iron(II) hydroxide , Fe(OH)2 is then oxidised by oxygen to form hydrated Iron(III) oxide, (brown solid ) or rust . O2 in the air equation : Fe(OH) Fe O .3H O (rust)
2 2 3 2
Iron rusting
Difficult to be corroded
Example : The effect of rusting when iron comes into contact with other metals ( Mg, Cu , Zn , Sn) Hypothesis : Iron is protected from rusting when it comes in contact with more electropositive metals, but rusts when it contact with less electropositive metals .
B A
rusting
In test tube A ,the iron nail is corroded because Iron more electropositive than copper .
Iron is alloyed with other metals such as chromium or nickel to produce stainless steel
Huge iron construction structure such as bridges protected from corrosion by using sacrificial metals(logam korban) such as Mg & Zn
Iron sheet used as house roofs Are galvanised with a layer of zinc
----- metal oxide colour : brown when hot & yellow when colour
Reactivity decreases
Pb Cu
Ag Au
Equation
: PbO + C
Pb
+ CO2
PREPARED BY