Noumenon (Disambiguation)
Noumenon (Disambiguation)
Noumenon (Disambiguation)
[1] The term noumenon is generally used when contrasted with, or in relation to, the
noumenal world may exist, but remains unknowable through human senses.
Contents
1Etymology
3Kant's usage
3.1Overview
4.1Pre-Kantian critique
4.2Schopenhauer's critique
5See also
6Notes
7References
8Bibliography
9External links
Etymology[edit]
The Greek word νοούμενoν nooúmenon (plural νοούμενα nooúmena) is the neuter
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The Oxford Companion to Philosophy writes "Platonic Ideas and Forms are
noumenon[b], and phenomena are things displaying themselves to the senses. [...] that
noumena and the noumenal world are objects of the highest knowledge, truths, and
Kant's usage[edit]
Overview[edit]
experience in the mind, and which make outer experiences possible as counterpart to
methods by which human understanding makes sense of and thus intuits phenomena
that appear to the mind: the concepts of the transcendental aesthetic, as well as that of
human mind which necessarily are brought to bear in attempting to understand the
themselves"). In each instance the word "transcendental" refers to the process that the
human mind must exercise to understand or grasp the form of, and order among,
use reason and classifications to strive to correlate with the phenomena that are
ways, but in doing so can never know the "things-in-themselves", the actual objects
and dynamics of the natural world in their noumenal dimension - this being the
negative correlate to phenomena and that which escapes the limits of human
understanding. By Kant's Critique, our minds may attempt to correlate in useful ways,
perhaps even closely accurate ways, with the structure and order of the various aspects
of the universe, but cannot know these "things-in-themselves" (noumena) directly.
Rather, we must infer the extent to which the human rational faculties can reach the
things that can be perceived via the physical senses, that is, of phenomena, and by
ordering these perceptions in the mind infer the validity of our perceptions to the
rational categories used to understand them in a rational system, this rational system
empirical contingency.[11][12]
According to Kant, objects of which we are cognizant via the physical senses are merely
[15][16] and other scholars also argue that they are not identical.[17] Schopenhauer
criticised Kant for changing the meaning of "noumenon". However, this opinion is far
But in that case a noumenon is not for our understanding a special [kind of]
[20]
A crucial difference between the noumenon and the thing-in-itself is that to call
something a noumenon is to claim a kind of knowledge, whereas Kant insisted that the
thing-in-itself is unknowable. Interpreters have debated whether the latter claim makes
sense: it seems to imply that we know at least one thing about the thing-in-itself (i.e.,
that it is unknowable). But Stephen Palmquist explains that this is part of Kant's
definition of the term, to the extent that anyone who claims to have found a way of
intuition, and so abstract from our mode of intuiting it, this is a noumenon in
The positive noumena, if they existed, would be immaterial entities that can only be
Anschauung).[24] Kant doubts that we have such a faculty, because for him intellectual
intuition would mean that thinking of an entity, and its being represented, would be the
the categories can never extend further than to the objects of experience.
entities; there may also be intelligible entities to which our sensible faculty of
being mere forms of thought for our sensible intuition, could not in the least
Even if noumena are unknowable, they are still needed as a limiting concept,[26] Kant
tells us. Without them, there would be only phenomena, and since potentially we have
own words:
intuition from being extended to things in themselves, and thus to limit the
in so doing it at the same time sets limits to itself, recognising that it cannot
know these noumena through any of the categories, and that it must
Furthermore, for Kant, the existence of a noumenal world limits reason to what he
such as the existence of God, the soul, and free will unanswerable by reason. Kant
phenomenal, Kant is able to make the claim that they cannot be known to a mind that
questions are ultimately the "proper object of faith, but not of reason".[31]
Kantian scholars have long debated two contrasting interpretations of the thing-in-
distinct from the phenomena to which it gives rise. The other is the dual aspect view,
according to which the thing-in-itself and the thing-as-it-appears are two "sides" of the
same thing. This view is supported by the textual fact that "Most occurrences of the
phrase 'things-in-themselves' are shorthand for the phrase, 'things considered in
apart from the way we do in fact perceive them via the physical senses, we
can think them apart from our mode of sensibility (physical perception); thus making
Pre-Kantian critique[edit]
Though the term noumenon did not come into common usage until Kant, the idea that
undergirds it, that matter has an absolute existence which causes it to emanate certain
impossible. Qualities associated with matter, such as shape, color, smell, texture,
weight, temperature, and sound are all dependent on minds, which allow only for
relative perception, not absolute perception. The complete absence of such minds (and
his "Critique of the Kantian philosophy", which first appeared as an appendix to The
The difference between abstract and intuitive cognition, which Kant entirely
and Aristotle. But Kant, who completely and irresponsibly neglected the issue
for which the terms φαινομένα and νοούμενα were already in use, then took
possession of the terms as if they were stray and ownerless, and used them
The noumenon's original meaning of "that which is thought" is not compatible with the
"thing-in-itself," the latter being Kant's term for things as they exist apart from their
относится ко всему, что может быть воспринято или является объектом чувств.
вызывающим споры.
содержание
1 Этимология
3 Использование Канта
3.1 Обзор
5 Смотрите также
6 Примечания
7 Ссылки
8 Библиография
9 Внешние ссылки
Этимология
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ноумен [b], а явления - это вещи, проявляющие себя в чувствах. [...] что нумена и
различия.
Использование Канта
обзор
мир, в котором мы существуем (то есть понять или попытаться понять «вещи в
в себе». [13]
Нуменон и вещь в себе
менее, Стивен Палмквист считает, что «ноумен» и «вещь в себе» являются лишь
рассматриваемую с двух разных точек зрения, [15] [16], и другие ученые также
Канта за то, что он изменил значение слова «нумен». Однако это мнение далеко
... хотя мы не можем знать эти объекты как вещи сами по себе, мы все же должны
быть в состоянии, по крайней мере, думать о них как о вещах самих по себе; в
интуиции. [20]
называть что-то ноуменом - значит требовать своего рода знания, тогда как Кант
крайней мере одну вещь о вещи в себе (то есть, что она непостижима). Но Стивен
поскольку любой, кто утверждает, что нашел способ сделать вещь в себе
Кант сомневается, что у нас есть такая способность, потому что для него
Даже если нумена непознаваема, они все еще необходимы как ограничивающая
концепция, [26] Кант говорит нам. Без них были бы только явления, и, поскольку
тем, что он считает его собственными границами, что делает многие вопросы
себе »(Dinge a sich selbst betrachten)». [32] Хотя мы не можем видеть вещи помимо
восприятия); таким образом делая вещь в себе своего рода ноумен или объект
мысли.
Докантианская критика
Качества, связанные с материей, такие как форма, цвет, запах, текстура, вес,
Критика Шопенгауэра