Armenian Mythomania-English
Armenian Mythomania-English
Armenian Mythomania-English
Mythomania
A compulsion to embroider the truth, exaggerate or to tell lies.
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
Mitos
A fair tale, a lie
Langenschaidts Wörterbuch
Mania
Craziness, passion, rage, fury, mania
Langenschaidts Wörterbuch
The book is dedicated to our
dear friend Erich Feigl whom
we lost during the publication process
of this book.
ISBN 3-85002-583-7
ab 1.1.2007: ISBN 978-3-85002-583-6
An Illustrated Exposé by Erich Feigl
ARMENIAN
MYTHOMANIA
Armenian Extremism:
Its Causes and Historical Context
DEDICATED
TO THE MEMORY OF MY FRIEND
ERDO⁄AN ÖZEN
A Personal Foreword
"Have you gone crazy?" - "Are you tired of living?" These were the comments of friends and
acquaintances when they heard that I was working on a book about the causes and historical
context of Armenian terrorism. Why should be the one to take on such a dangerous subject?. . .
Shouldn't it be a matter for the Turks and Armenians to work out among themselves? All of
my friends considered my project dangerous, even threaten ing, and I realized that it must be
these concerns, these fears, that have until now prevented unbiased accounts of the historical
reality behind Armenian terrorism from appearing. People are obviously afraid of reprisals and
therefore leave the whole issue to the advocates of reckless violence, who control virtually all
the literature on the subject. In virtually every publication that discusses the Armenian question
or Armenian terrorism, the authors plead for "understanding" toward terror. This is just as re-
markable as when terrorist organizations claim "responsibility" after an attack.
With this "responsibility" - or rather with the perversion of this noble concept - they pretend to
have "power" by creating the illusion of "justice", and with this legitimation they play fate,
shoot down the reluctant and black -mail the hesitant.
It is not only human beings who have fates, however, but films and publications as well. HA-
BENT SUA FATALIBELLI, "books have fates", wrote Terentianus Maurus around 200 A.D.,
and in the preceding verse he says resolutely, "PRO CAPTU LECTORIS", "according to the
grasp of the reader".
I had two key experiences in this connection following the appearance of the German edition of
this book. The first was with a very high official of the Armenian Orthodox (Gregorian)
Church of Central Europe who, in the course of a meeting with the (Catholic) Mekhitarists
(who truly have nothing to do with this statement), said to my face, "How dare you set the
worthless Turks off against the dead Armenians in your book!" When I asked in horror if I had
understood correctly, he repeated even more vehemently, "Yes, I said the worthless Turks!"
The Armenian view of history is for the most part shared by the public at large. That is no sur-
prise, and it should not be taken as a reproach.
While doing the background research for this book and for my films, I took great pains to col-
lect information from a broad spectrum of sources. In so doing, I met many people to whom I
owe the deepest respect: His Beatitude the Armenian Apostolic Patriarch Snork Kalutsyan of Is-
tanbul, for example, and the doctors and nurses of the Armenian hospital in the same city. I
mention these people here in lieu of the many, many noble Armenians whom I know - from
scholars and intellectuals to the Armenian farmers and their families who live on Musa Dagh,
made famous by Franz Werfel. I did, of course, also meet other people in the course of my rese-
arch work. I especially recall Dr. Gerard Libaridian, the head of the Armenian Zorian Institute.
ERICH FEIGL
8
I spent several hours with Dr. Libaridian in his office in Cambridge, Massachusetts and had an
extremely interesting conversation with him. Dr. Libaridian is a brilliant man, bubbling with vi-
tality, knowledge, talent, and self-confidence. One could write a very compelling play based on
my conversation with him.
I kept notes of my host's most provocative statements in this fascinating discussion. Several ti-
mes he mentioned the so-called "Andonian papers".
Since it seemed reasonable to assume that Dr. Libaridian knew that the papers were forgeries, I
did not want to waste a single word on the subject. There were so many other, more interesting
things to talk about. But remarkably enough, he stuck with Aram Andonian's book and its
"documents". Finally, I had to say, "But Doctor Libaridian, you know as well as I that these
'Andonian papers' are forgeries!"
I will never forget Dr. Libaridian's answer or his facial expression as he replied simply and bri-
efly to my reproach: "AND?"
KHOJALI GENOCIDE
committed by Armenia in
26 February 1992.
"A N D ?"
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
9
INTRODUCTION
By Afif Erzen, Istanbul
The Urartians
Assyrian origin. The Assyrian king Salmanassar (1274-1245 B.C.) reports that he undertook a campaign
against the Urartians in the first years of his reign. The inscription tells us of no less than eight countries
and fifty-one cities which the king (in the year 1274 B.C.) claims to have destroyed. This would indicate
a dispersal of the Urartians in the mountainous regions of eastern Anatolia.
The Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I (1244-1208 B.C.) later reports on the conquest of Nairian lands
(Nairi and Urartu appear to have been largely identical) and the defeat of forty kings who resided in the
area of Lake Van. These were undoubtedly princes of Urartian and Nairian tribes, who ruled between
the Euphrates and Lake Urmia, with the area around Lake Van as a natural center. They
must have been of Hurrian or proto-Urartian origin.
At the beginning of the sixth century B.C., the lands once ruled over by the Urartians became the cause
of a dispute between the Lydians and the Medes. The Medes finally won out. This appears to have been
the time when the Armenian tribes immigrated to eastern Anatolia. They probably came from the Bal-
kan area or from Thrace and had been driven out by the Illyrians. They were first mentioned in an ins-
cription of Darius in the sixth century B.C. At this time, they already belonged to Darius' sphere of inf-
luence. During the course of time their Indo-European language took on certain traces of the old, non-
Arian Anatolian languages, but that certainly did not make the "Haik" "Urartians". The Armenians can
be considered as more or less "related by marriage". They have no linguistic or ethnic connection to the
greater Hurrian-Urartian family, which comes from the Asian linguistic sphere. The Turkic peoples, on
the other hand, share common roots with the "proto-Turkish" peoples of the Hurrian-Urartian world.
These facts were completely irrelevant to later developments and to the peaceful co-existence of so many
peoples and races in eastern Anatolia, especially in the days of the Ottoman Empire. All ethnic groups in
the Ottoman Empire enjoyed equal standing. In fact, no one ever even asked about "ethnic" backgro-
und. It was of absolutely no interest to the Sultan-Caliphs.
"Civilization was on the rise again in eastern Asia Minor where appeared
the "Kingdom of Urartu", a native kingdom that worshipped Hurrian Silahi Diker : “TEN
gods, including Teshup, and spoke a language akin to Hurrian; its people THOUSAND YEARS OF THE
TURKS AND THE WHOLE
were excellent builders and workers in metal, who on a Hittite [really
EARTH WAS OF ONE
Hattia / Hurrian] foundation developed more brilliant culture than this LANGUAGE”
region has ever known."
The people of the land of Urartu called it Khaldia after the name of its god Khaldis, but to the Assyrians
it was known as Urartu or Uruatri. During the reign of Sardur II (764-735) the Urartian state reached its
most extensive limits. Remains of Urartian settlements have been found in the lands extending from
Gökçegölü-Bayburt in the north, Malatya in the west, Aleppo and Mousul in the south, and Lake Urmia
or even the Caspian Sea in the east. Assyrian king Sargon II, in 714 B.C., intended to deal with the thre-
at of the Urartians. Althrough he defeated Rusa I, who committed suicide, and made peace with them,
he declared in his inscriptions that the Urartian army had the best-trained horses in the world. "In ad-
vancing, wheeling, retreating, or battle disposition, they are never seen to break out of control." The
Assyrians in this battle had probably the help of the Cimmerians.
According to Prof. Erzen, the Hurrians and the Urartians had their roots in the same ancient eastern
Anatolian Chalcolithic culture and that they might even have come as two branches of the same race ha-
ving a language neither Semitic nor Indo-European but rather an Asian language agglutinative in general
form. In fact, the Urartian, due to its word creating capacity by adding suffixes to a given root, has simi-
larities with the Ural-Altaic languages. Further, the gods and the goddesses of the Hurrians and the
Urartians arre of the same origin. For example, Teisheba, one of the main geities of the Urartians, is the
Hurrian chief god Teshup the Storm-god. The wives of these gods are Huba and Hepat respectively.
Urartian sun god Shivini is identical to the Hurrian Shimigi. Capital city of Urartu, today´s "castle" of
the city of Van, was Tushpa, related to the goddess Tushpuea. Oldest Urartian cuneiform inscriptions
found are from the end of ninth century B.C. However, Aramaic inscriptions are also found in the ruins
of the Urartian city of Teishebaini (Karmir Blur) which was apparently destroyed by the Scythians. The
effect of the Urartian script, together with their culture and civilization, on the neighboring peoples is al-
so stressed by Prof. Frye who notes:
ERICH FEIGL
14
"It has been suggested that one must look for the origins of much of the Achaemenid art, architecture
and even state protocol and writing in Urartu."
We have shown below, in the glossary, that the names of Urartian gods and goddesses, of their cities,
and of their kings, whose names in order of their rule are Aram / Aramu (ab. 840 B.C.), Lutipri (father
of Sarduri I), Sarduri I (830-825 B.C.), Ishpuini / Ushpina (825-815), Menua I (815-790), Argishti I
(790-765), Sardur II (764-735), Rusa I (735-714), Argishti II (714-685), Russsa II (685-645), Sarduri III
(645-635?), Sarduri IV (635?-?), Erimena (father of Rusa III) and Rusa III (last years of the 7th century
B.C.), all can be explained in Turkishwords and grammatical syntax. Additional words including some
geographical names such as Guguna, Khubushkia, Kulha are also analyzed in the glossary where the
Urartian entries are shown in bold letters, Turkish transliterations in italics, and loanwords in normal
letters.
-dar Persian loanword: that has, holds, possesses, See: Sarduri / Sardar-in /-nin / ning "of", Turkish ge-
netive. See: Rusahinili, Sardurhinili
Aga: Lord, master. Am /Arame / Aramu Hurrian prince who fought with the Assyrian king Salmanasar
in about 858 B. C.., united the Naurian and the Urartian feudal princedoms in about 845 B. C. And ru-
led over the Urartian lands between the sources of the Euphrates and the sources of Tigris.
Arzashku: Capital city of Arame king of Urartu [Arzashuk <Turk. Arz-azuk "sacred land, sacred city,"
with Arabic loanword arz "earth" and Turk. Azuk/uzuk "sacred, holy".
Erebuni: Urartian city founded by Argishti I possibly, <Türk Er-e-bunu " (I built) this (city) for the
men"
Sarduri / Sardur: Name of three Urartian kings. Sardur I. (840-83o B. C.) , the real founder of the Urar-
tian kingdom who built the capital Tushpa, today´s Van castle. Turco-Persian "holder of the top, gene-
ral, commander" with Sumero-Persian: Chief, head, top, summit.
Urartu: Assyrian name for the Urartians < Türk. Unaru "man/men-total; men perfect" or Uri-ortu" men
of the center, men of the army; or < (G)ur-arti = "perfect Oghur" opr Uri-arti = "perfect Hurrians" with
Turk. Ortu/ordu "city of the king, the court, the center, the camp, the army" Sumerians knew the
Hurrians under the name of Uri.
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
15
On the walls of this deep canyon south of Van on the edge of the
Hakkari, one finds the caves of Yedisalk›m, just eighty meters abo-
ve the valley floor. The rock drawings here were mostly done in
dark red or brown. Pictures of gods, goddesses with exaggerated Bisutun (Behistun): Depiction of the god Ahura Mazda with the
sexual parts, dancing human figures, sun motifs, wild animals and trilingual inscription of King Darius. Beneath the bas-relief we se-
hunting scenes showing now-extinct beasts are the dominate ima- e figures representing the tribes owing tribute to Darius; among
ges. A depiction of the mother deity standing on an animal is the them is an Armenian.
oldest known drawing of a "queen of the animal kingdom" any-
where in Anatolia.
in connection with other Anatolian tribes. The very first mention of the Armenians anywhere is to be fo-
und in the trilingual (Iranian, Babylonian, and Elamitic) inscription of Behistun in western Iran, in
which the Persian king Darius (485 B.C.) lists Armenia as one of his satrapies. This first written record
could be seen as having symbolic significance, in light of the fact that the Armenian communities almost
never in their history rose above the status of satrapies, or at best semi independent principalities.
Anatolia!) To the east is Iran; to the north, the Caucasus; and to the west, central Anatolia. The cultural
puzzles of eastern Anatolia, including those of the Urartians and their predecessors the Hurrians, have
only recently been solved. Because of the unique location of this region, these cultures are very closely
related to the surrounding cultures of Iran, Mesopotamia, and central Anatolia.
Until the second half of the twentieth century, virtually nothing was known of the prehistoric settlement
of eastern Anatolia. When ancient cave paintings were discovered in western Europe, they were thought
to be the oldest examples of human artwork anywhere. Then cave drawings were discovered on the
steppes of Asia and in Africa. It was only recently that Turkish archeologists discovered very old, dense
settlements in eastern Anatolia. The highland of the area provided the hunters and gatherers of the time
with everything they needed: dense forest; plenty of wild game; and water. The sensational discovery in
the last years of innumerable rock drawings in eastern Anatolia suddenly threw an entirely new light on
the understanding of the early development of this region. The depictions of gods, worshippers, animals,
and hunters are in some cases 15.000 years old. The rock drawings of eastern Anatolia are found prima-
rily in four districts: around Malatya-Ad›yaman; near Kars; in the region around Van; and in the moun-
tains of Hakkari. Dr. Oktay Belli, member of the Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu), dis-
covered the rock drawings of the Van region, which were done between 15.000 and 7.000 B.C. In the
region of Yedisalk›m, in the Hakkari Mountains, there are also prehistoric pictures of gods in the caves
high above the valley floor. Concerning the people who created these works of art, there exist some very
clear indications. Similar rock drawings have been found in eastern Azerbaijan, in Kobistan, in the Altai
region, and in Siberia. The density with which these rock-drawings occur shows beyond a doubt that
they are of proto-Turkish origin. The people who made these drawings belonged to early nomadic and
semi-nomadic Turkish tribes. A similar conclusion can be drawn in the case of the stylized drawings
from the Gevaruk Valley (Hakkari) and those on the Plateau of Tirshin. The rock drawings of Gevaruk
and Tirshin are of particular significance because they bear a strong resemblance to the drawings and
symbols in the Cunni cave, near Erzurum, and on the stone blocks of the temple of Zeus in Aizani (Çav-
darhisar, near Kütahya). They were done by ancient Turkish clans of the region. The latest discoveries
demonstrate clearly that there was already a connection in prehistoric times between eastern Anatolia
and the artistic and cultural centers of the steppes of Azerbaijan and Siberia, as well as the mountainous
regions of the Altai -the original homeland of the Turkic peoples. From prehistoric days right up to mo-
dern times, wandering and seminomadic Turkish and proto-Turkish tribes have formed a living tie bet-
ween Inner Asia and Anatolia. Asia is the home of the yurts. "Yurt" is a Turkish word meaning both
"tent", "home" and “motherland”. Bee-hive houses, similar to yurts, can be seen in Anatolia. They are
a creation of the Hurrians, predecessors of the Urartians, whose realm lay between the Caucasus, Lake
Urmia, and the region around Malatya-Elaz›¤. Various local names have been given to this cultural zo-
ne. These include "Kura-Aras Culture" and "Karaz Culture". The creators and upholders of this culture
spoke a language belonging to the Ural-Altaic family, to which Turkish also belongs. Early Hurri Cultu-
re together with Hurri Culture formed the foundation for the Urartian kingdom which followed. A cha-
racteristic feature of Hurrian culture was the round house, similar to the round tents of the semi-noma-
dic Hurrians. Round houses of the Hurrian type can still be seen today in the region of Urfa and Har-
ran. The later Turkish domed buildings of the Ottoman period would appear to be a logical develop-
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
21
The story of the bull and the princess Europa is neither of Greek nor of Minoan origin. Besides, these old legends roots are not three and
a half, but eight millenia old. The archaeological findings at Çatal Höyük, Central Anatolia, prove without any doubt that the bull-sto-
ries are of Anatolian origin. The people who created them are of unknown descent. Whether we think of “Prototurks” or not is of no
importance... they were highly skilled people with feeling for action and proportion. (Paint ornament on plaster; height 1,19 m, length
3,35 m, Catal Höyük, 6th millenium B.C.)
Rock drawings from the Kurbana¤a Cave, not far from These drawings were done by proto-Turkish tribes living in eas-
Cam›fll›, in the district of Kars. tern Anatolia thousands of years ago. Nomadic Turkish tribes still
dominate the landscape of the mountainous regions of eastern
Anatolia.
ERICH FEIGL
22
ment from the yurt and the bee-hive house. It was the Greeks and the Romans who developed the tech-
niques for constructing large domes, but the enthusiasm with which the Ottomans adopted these techni-
ques is undoubtedly related to the ancient preference of the Turkic peoples for round houses and yurts.
Anatolia has known many masters: Hittites under the sign of the double eagle; Persians; Alexander the
Great; Greeks; Romans; Byzantines; Arabs; Mamluks; and finally Seljuks and Ottomans. They all ruled
over the historical region of "Armenia" in eastern Anatolia. The name of this region has nothing to do
with the claims of the Armenians (who call themselves "Haik" and probably came originally from the
Balkans). The Haik never constituted a majority in this region.
The "devil worshippers" who have their places of worship in the mountains of eastern Anatolia and in
the Zagros Mountains of Iraq were one of the most remarkable religious communities of the Ottoman
Empire. Their cult, which has many shamanistic elements, combines aspects of Christianity, Judaism, Is-
lam, and Zoroastrianism. Although they could hardly be called "People of the Book" in the sense inten-
ded in the Koran, they have managed to preserve their peculiar character through all the vicissitudes of
history.
View from the castle-rock of Van, looking out on the old Ottoman part of the city, which was destroyed by the Armenians in 1915.
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
23
Swastika (Hakenkreuz)
Painted Pottery, Hacilar,
Bee-hive houses in southern Anatolia (Harran) Turkey, c. 5,900 B.C.
(After Mellaart)
The Ottoman preference for domed buildings was a logical deve- Crook-cross (Krukenkreuz) in
lopment from life in yurts and round houses. form of abstract bulls’ heads.
ERICH FEIGL
24
Double-headed eagle
The Nestorian Christians, who did not recognize Turks in the back during World War I. They were
the decision of the Council of Ephesos to call forced to retreat from the Hakkari Mountains.
Mary "Mother of God", would have been totally The majority of them, roughly 40,000 Nestorian
rubbed out by the power of the Byzantine state Christians (they call themselves "Church of the
and the Greek Orthodox Church, had they not fo- East"), live today in Iraq. Their present fate is
und protection and refuge under the Zoroastrian unknown.
Persians and later under the Ommiad, Abbaside,
and Ottoman Caliphs. Disaster did not befall
them until they, like the Armenians, made com-
mon cause with the Russians and stabbed the
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
25
The Holy Koran, Sura 11/62: Those who believe (in the Quran), /
And those who follow the Jewish (scriptures), / And the Christians
and the Sabians, - / Any who believe in God / And the Last Day /
And work righteousness / Shall have their reward / With their
Lord: on them / Shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve.
The Koran mentions the Sabians four times. The Jews and
Christians are also "People of the Book" and have always been
respected as such by Islam.
Sümela Monastry-Trabzon.
A Seljuks building
Emperor Romanus IV Diogenus (1068-71) was a skillful and circumspect general. He was left with the
task of trying to cover the mistakes that the "Bulgar-slayer" and "Monomachus" Constantine had made
in their frenzy of excessive expansionism . . . and he failed. The people living in the eastern part of the
Byzantine Empire were tired of endless taxation and loathsome religious pressure. They greeted the
Turkish Seljuks as a lesser evil, if not as liberators. Near Mantzikert (Malazgirt), only a few hours
march north of Lake Van, the deciding battle between Seljuks and Byzantines was fought. It ended in a
total defeat for Romanus Diogenus, who was the first Byzantine emperor ever to be taken prisoner. The
chivalrous victor, Alp Arslan, made a treaty with Romanus IV Diogenus, but as soon as he was back in
Constantinople, the emperor met with a typical fate of the kind that has made Byzantine politics prover-
bial. The traitorous opposition burned his eyes out with hot irons, in spite of written quarantees that
had been counter signed by the church. "It was only this monstrous postlude that turned the defeat of
Mantzikert into a true catastrophe," writes Georg Ostrogorsky, because this made the treaty between
Alp Arslan and the emperor Romanus IV was null and void. The way was now open for the Turkish
Seljuks. Just two years later, Konia (central Anatolia, now Konya) was the capital of the Seljuk Empire
of Rum. Armenian traders and craftsmen, known for their fine talents, were already following their new
rulers - and enjoying an unprecedented religious and social freedom.
Two generations later, the devestating Mongol invasion brought the blossoming Seljuk Empire of Rum
to an abrupt end. In 1236, it was the Mongols who laid waste to flourishing Ani, not the Turkish
Seljuks, who suffered just as much under the Mongol invasion as all the other peoples of eastern and
central Anatolia. In an "official publication" of the "Catholicosate of Cilitia", published in Lebanon, the
following passage appears: "In 1065, when the Armenian kingdom fell simultaneously with the destruc-
tion of its capital, Ani, by the Seljuks . . .". It is no wonder then that countless Armenians who read the
publications of their churches in good faith do not know the truth about the fall of the last semi-inde-
pendent Armenian principalities in
eastern Anatolia, which took place
decades before the arrival of the
Seljuks.
The church of divine wisdom - Hagia Sophia. Mehmed the Conqueror converted it to a mosque, and Kemal Atatürk made it a museum.
The Greek
Orthodox church in
Taksim (built in the
nineteenth century).
The Monument of
the Republic built by
the Italian Canonica,
in 1928.
ERICH FEIGL
32
The Ottoman Sultan-Caliphs lovingly called them their "most loyal subjects". Under the rule of the Seljuks
and the Ottomans, from the eleventh to the nineteenth century, the Armenians enjoyed their happiest time,
their golden age.
Today, the Armenians are still Turkey's largest minority, and they are still highly respected as businessmen,
artists, engineers, doctors, traders, and craftsmen. They also enjoy the same rights and have the same res-
ponsibilities as all other Turkish citizens, regardless of national origin. The Armenian Question was created
by the Russian dictate of San Stefano in 1878. Before that time, the Armenian population of the Ottoman
Empire was made up of four very distinct groups. In Istanbul and Izmir lived the influential Amiras, who
were prosperous and highly educated Armenians. Anatolia was home to the Kavaragan. These were well-
to-do, provincial craftsmen and traders, whose influence could be felt in the cities as well. The Armenian
peasants had largely the same way of life as their Islamic counterparts. Last but not least were the mounta-
in-dwellers, who had special rights. Even within the autonomy of the Armenian millet, they enjoyed special
rights, one could even call it semi-independence. As long as it was possible, the central Ottoman govern-
ment left the Armenians alone. Unfortunately, there were a few Armenian revolutionaries and Protestant
zealots whose nationalistic fervor knew no bounds. These people used all available means of demagoguery
to stir up unrest in the semi-independent rural communities. The Armenian uprising in Zeitun is an examp-
le of what resulted. Every national / religious community (in Turkish "millet") within the Ottoman Empire
enjoyed extensive autonomy and took care of its own administration.
The Armenian Orthodox patriarch of Istanbul ruled over all Christians who did not belong to the Greek
Orthodox Church. Aside from the Armenian Gregorians themselves, these included the Monophysitic
churches of Asia Minor and Africa, such as the Jacobites and the Syrians, as well as the Copts in Egypt.
In those days, gypsies were believed to come from Egypt and were called "Copti". Therefore, all the gypsi-
es of the Ottoman Empire were also subject to the rule of the Armenian patriarch of Istanbul in matters of
civil law. Another religious group under Armenian Orthodox rule was the Bogomils of the Balkans and
their founding fathers, the Paulicians. They still survived in small communities in eastern Anatolia and held
Manichean beliefs. The history of the historical province of Armenia and the many peoples who have lived
there begins under the banner of the fight between East and West for world supremacy.
The Haik, an Indo-European people, probably from the Balkans or Thrace, migrated to the historical pro-
vince of Armenia in the sixth century B.C. At that time, the Urartian kingdom was collapsing under the
blows of the Scythians.
The newly-arrived Indo-European Haik mixed with the Urartians to some extent. The Asian language of
the Urartians was an agglutinative language like Turkish. It had a certain influence on the Indo-European
language of the Armenians, as did the superior culture of the Urartians. While their immigration to eastern
Anatolia was still going on, the Haik (Armenians) fell under Median rule, and in the year 550 the emperor
Kyros took possession of the ancient lands of the Urartians along with the newly arrived Haik. The first
mention of the Armenians is to be found in the inscription of Behistun in connection with the triumphant
reports of the victories of Darius (486 B.C.) At that time, the Armenians were already Persian subjects.
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
33
and Byzantium shared power until Byzantium wiped out what little was left of Armenian autonomy in
1040. As late as 630 A.D., the emperor Heraclios had been hammering out plans for a Church union with
the Monophysitic Armenians, but just ten years later, the Arabs relieved him of this concern by invading
eastern Anatolia and breaking the Byzantines' hold on power. The occasional victories of the Byzantines
(such as those under Emperor Justinian II., 685-695) only led to more brutal attempts to bring the Armeni-
ans into line with the official Greek Orthodox Church. In the end, the Byzantines and the Arabs divided up
control of Armenia in much the same way as the Romans and Persians had done for eastern Anatolia and
the adjoining Caucasus.
At his coronation as King of Armenia, Prince Ashkot received his insignia from both Arabs and Byzantines.
Armenia blossomed as a semi-independent buffer state between Arabs and Byzantines and did not do too
badly. The cleverness of the Armenian princes, who recognized the limits of their power and knew what was
attainable, was always the best guarantee for the well-being of the Haik.
It was during this period that the magnificent buildings of Ani and the church on the island of Aghtamar in
Lake Van were constructed. The supremacy of the Caliphs of Damascus and Baghdad was entirely bearable.
No Arab would ever have dreamed of harrassing the Armenians because of their Monophysitic beliefs. On
the contrary, they gave the Armenians the job of supervising the holy sites of Jerusalem. Under the Bagra-
tids, who were in turn under Byzantine and Arab rule, the Armenians achieved a blossoming of their culture.
Ani was completed, and the church of Aghtamar became the thriving see of the Armenian Catholicoses.
Nevertheless, the Byzantines could not resist shortening the Armenians' leash more and more. New, unsett-
ling reports kept coming in about new tribes out of the East who were advancing across Persia to the West.
But in stead of promoting and reinforcing the Armenian buffer state, the Byzantines forced the prince of
Ani, Hovanes Smbat, to relinquish Ani fully and unconditionally. After his triumph in the Balkans, Empe-
ror Basil II., the "Bulgar-slayer", turned to the Caucasus and Armenia, where he met with equally great
success. His expansionist policies had their crowning glory in Armenia under his successor, the emperor
Constantine IX. Constantine IX. Monomachus was a ruthless Orthodox zealot. He annexed "heretical"
Ani and made it part of the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. The Armenian version reads, "King Gagik II. is
forced to surrender the Kingdom in Constantinople." That was in 1045, another fateful year for the Arme-
nians. Since 1045, there has never been an independent or semi-independent principality or kingdom in
Ani: the Church of St. Gregory of Tigran Honent. It is part of the unquestioned mythology of the
Armenians that "the Turks" destroyed the capital of the Bagritid dynasty. The historical truth:
Since at least 772 A. D., the one-time Urartian city had been under Arab control.
After the Byzantine invasion, the pillaging of the city by the Georgians and further weakening of
the prinicipality, Hovhannes Smbat was forced to sign an agreement bequeathing his capital to the
Byzantines. In 1041, Basil II (the "Bulgarslayer") was ready to cash this I. O. U. in. When the
Armenians did not want to give their capital up, the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomachus
sent two armies to Ani. Together with the Arab princes of Dvin, they broke the Armenian resis-
tance. In 1045, the patriarch and the governor of Ani opened the gates of the city to the Byzanti-
nes, and with that the last remnants of Armenian inde pendence in eastern Anatolia vanished. The
Seljuk leader Alp Arslan did not make it as far as Ani until 1065 - a full two decades later - and
he did not fight against Armenians, but rather Byzantines, who at that time shared power in eas-
tern Anatolia with the Arabs.
ERICH FEIGL
38
mia (which was not lost again until World War I) and Hungary. The Viennese finally brought him to a
halt in 1529. For the Armenians, this was the beginning of a golden age. As the Ottomans expanded their
realm further and further, the Armenians followed right on the heels of the victorious armies. The domain
for their activities as traders and craftsmen grew until it was a hundred times the size of their original dis-
trict in eastern Anatolia.
Armenians were exclusively Gregorian. They were subject to the rule of their patriarch in Istanbul in
all matters of civil law. It soon became clear that it was the Armenians who were most interested in
what the Americans were offering. What they found most attractive was the generous offer of educa-
tion. The Protestant missionaries started down several false paths in the Ottoman Empire. Their mis-
sionary activities took them to Malta, Greece, and finally on to Izmir (Smyrna). At the same time,
they must be credited with some admirable achievements. In the end, it became quite clear that their
experiences throughout the empire would follow the pattern established in Beirut. In other words,
their mission only met with success among the Armenian Gregorians. Two major facts about the Ar-
menian Orthodox hierarchy contributed to this success. First of all, the hierarchy did not pay enough
attention to the educational needs of the highly intelligent Armenians. Secondly, it was practically
drowning in wealth and power. The Americans finally opened their mission headquarters in Cons-
tantinople under the direction of William Goodell. In studying the history of the American missiona-
ries in the Ottoman Empire, it is quite intriguing to follow the story of all the wrong turns the missi-
onaries took before they finally recognized with great relief that the capital of the huge empire was
also without a doubt the best location for their headquarters.
The studies done by the missionaries Smith and Dwight soon confirmed the pattern established in
Beirut and Izmir (Smyrna). The Armenians, hungry for learning, gratefully and eagerly accepted the
education offered by the "American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions" in Constanti-
nople. As early as 1833, many Armenian students, eager for learning and knowledge, were conver-
ting to Protestantism. In the same year, the Protestant mission already had more than fifteen young
Armenian clergymen. The missionary wave soon spread from Constantinople into the provinces. In
1834, Benjamin Schneider opened a mission in Bursa. Another in Trabzon soon followed. Five years
later, in 1839, came the beginning of what the Protestant Armenian-Americans refer to in their histo-
rical writings as the "spirit of persecution". The Armenian orthodox clergy had become uneasy abo-
ut the incredible success that the American missionaries were having among the most talented and
capable Armenians. They launched an effort to get rid of the missionaries and win back the Armeni-
ans who had gone astray. When persuasion did not work, the church turned to force. Schools were
burned to the ground, and according to the missionary chronicler William E. Strong, "arrests were
made and terror spread". The patriarch was deposed for being too tolerant, and a list was drawn up
of roughly five hundred "principal suspects". They belonged to the highest social classes of the Ar-
menian millet; they were bishops, bankers, businessmen and artists; and they were all accused of he-
resy. That meant expulsion from the Gregorian Church, which at that time was equivalent to losing
one's nationality - a personal catastrophe for those affected. Without membership iri a millet, one co-
uld not marry or have a Christian burial. One enjoyed no protection under the law and was subject
to social ostracism.
Nevertheless, Protestantism continued to gain ground among the Armenians. This was undoubtedly
due to the fine abilities of the American-Armenian clergy, as well as the thirst for learning of the Ot-
toman Armenians. A Protestant mission even sprung up in Van, practically the farthest corner of the
huge Ottoman Empire, and the Protestants won converts among the "Mountain Nestorians" in the
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
41
distant Hakkari Mountains. Protestantism did not In the beginning, the new era looked promising.
bring much luck to either the Nestorians or the pe- The intentions of the Protestant missionaries had
ople of Van, however. Both the Armenians and the undoubtedly been good, and they had shown unpre-
cedented courage and selfless devotion. Neverthe-
Nestorians started collaborating with the Russians
less, the outcome was unintentionally disastrous for
(using American money) and finally drifted into the
the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire.
revolt movement of March, 1915. The Ottomans
responded with a general relocation order. That was
the beginning of the Ottoman-Armenian catastrop-
he of 1915, which claimed so many tragic victims
on both sides.
the Protestant Church, officially established in independent of the Byzantines. "Armenian Cilicia"
1850, and thirdly the Armenian Catholic commu- existed as a wholly or at least partially independent
nity of the Ottoman Empire, although the latter principality until the year 1375, when the Mamluks
must admittedly be measured on a different scale. brought it to an end.
While the Protestants owed their official acceptance The Armenian leaders of Cilicia were of course al-
to English (and to a lesser extent American) inter- ways looking for allies positioned behind their im-
mediate neighbors.
vention, the establishment of the Catholic Armenian
These included the otherwise disparaged
millet was a result of the intervention of the French,
Mongols and the even more hated Catholics. Cilicia
who had always seen themselves as the protectors
even formed an alliance with the Crusaders. The cli-
of Catholics living in the East.
max of this alliance came in 1198 when Conrad
The first Catholic Armenian patriarch Hagop Chu-
Cardinal von Wittelsbach anointed Prince Leo II.
kurian was recognized by the Sultan in 1831. It is
King of Cilicia. The fourteenth century was a time
significant that his first residence was in Adana, in
of bitter, merciless struggle between the Armenian
the precincts of the former Armenian kingdom of
Orthodox and Armenian Catholic families of Cilici-
Cilicia, which had ceased to exist centuries before.
a. In 1342, Cilicia became "Frankish" when it fell
Armenians had been living in Cilicia ever since an
to Guy de Lusignan. The Gregorian majority among
ambitious relocation program carried out by the
the Armenians as "unarmed" and says that they would never do "any-
thing to harm anyone". In view of the huge quantities of arms that the
Armenians not only stockpiled but also put to use in numerous upri-
sings, these remarks seem to be nothing but pure mockery. 1896 was a
year of intensive Armenian terrorist activity. It was the year of the spec-
tacular raid on the Ottoman Bank, where hostages were taken. But Isla-
mic hostages obviously meant nothing at all to those who had an uncri-
tical preference for the "Armenian race". After all, "the Mohammedans
believe in the harem above all else." Conclusion: "Armenians are the
nation, the Sultan and his soldiers are the devil's scourge. A cold-hear-
ted observer is the Anglo-Saxon race." Apparently the intervention of
England and the United States was not enough to satisfy some Protes-
tant missionaries. Similar views were expressed by the Russians. By the
Artin Dadyan Pasha, Ottoman Under-
turn of the century, the Armenians had become the great powers' favori- Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
te pretense for getting involved in the internal affairs of the Ottoman (1880-1887) actually did not work for
the Sultan but for the Armenian case . . .
Empire.
The Ottoman-Armenian architect Garabed Amira Balyan (1800- 1866, above left) worked for the Sultan Abdülmecid (center) and Sultan
Abdülhamid II (right). Among his most significant works are the Ortaköy Mosque and the imposing Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, on
the banks of the Bosphorus. Over the years, virtually all foreign and domestic trade passed into the hands of the Ottoman Armenians.
Later, this fact would contribute to their undoing because the ringleaders of the Armenian uprisings based their actions partly on the belief
that the Ottoman Empire would surely collapse if the Armenians withdrew their friendship.
ERICH FEIGL
46
The Mongols were, in their day, the great power. In 1236, they laid waste to Ani, and in 1379 they in-
vaded eastern Anatolia once again under Timurlenk. The plight of the Armenian population was so des-
perate that the Catholicosate had to be moved to Echmiadzin. Sis, in southern Anatolia was the last Ar-
menian stronghold. It was conquered by the Mamluks in 1375.
After that date, the religious and cultural activities of the Armenians continued to be of significance, but
as far as power or territory were concerned, they were out of the historical picture.
To understand how an Armenian Question could nevertheless become a factor in great-power politics,
we must consider the expansionist aspirations of Czarist Russia and the chess moves connected with
those aspirations. The Armenians were merely a pawn in an ugly chess game, and the Russians, whether
in Moscow or St.Petersburg, often found it useful to sacrifice that pawn. The speed and determination
with which Russia won Persian and Turkish territory is breathtaking. They conquered the southern part
of central Asia, northern Persia, the Caucasus, the Crimea, and eventually won access to the Balkans. A
quick look at these events makes the importance of an Armenian Question clear, especially if we remem-
ber what Russia's primary goal has always been:
the conquest of the Dardanelles.
1774 was the prelude to the dismantling of the Otto-
man Empire. The Treaty of Karlowitz, sixty-five ye-
ars earlier, had already been bad enough for the
Turks, but now in the Treaty of Küchük Kaynarca,
the Ottoman Empire lost so much of its prestige
that only the Austrians and the Russians were left
with any say in the Balkans. In the East, it was the
Russians all alone.
Eastern Anatolia had been Ottoman since 1515.
Sultan Murad III. had conquered Georgia in 1578.
The Turks' only rivals in the East had been the Per-
sians. In 1639, the Ottomans signed the Treaty of
Kasr-› fiirin with the Safavids, and in spite of the
wars that followed, the Turkish-Iranian border still
follows the line determined in 1639.
The Imperial Russian Embassy complex in Istanbul-fiiflhane. From
All the Turkish-Persian wars affected Armenian ter- the beletage of the embassy, the Russians have a magnificent view
ritory, but "Armenian" is to be understood here as of the Strait.
refering to the historical province. It has nothing to
do with any official authority of the Haik people,
who lived together with other peoples and tribes in
eastern Anatolia and the surrounding area. At the
time of the Treaty of Kasr-› fiirin, 1639, the Crimea
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
51
was Ottoman as was Georgia and the entire coast protecting Christians.
line of the Black Sea. The Black Sea was a Tur- 1783 Russia concluded a defense treaty with the
kish-Ottoman inland sea. Christian princes of Georgia, thus winning a great
Erivan had belonged to the Persians since 1639. It deal of control over ancient "Iberia".
was an almost exclusively Islamic city. Russia's 1787 Empress Catherine II of Russia met with Em-
first step toward the Caucasus came in 1556 with peror Joseph II of Austria in Kherson, on the Cri-
the conquest of Astrakhan. Transcaucasia nomi- mean peninsula, just sixty kilometers from Yalta.
nally belonged to the Persians, but Azerbaijan was From May 14 until June 13, they discussed how
under de facto Ottoman control. Armenians - or they would divide up the Ottoman Empire. The
more accurately, Haik - were only mentioned once leaders agreed to the "Greek Scheme", which envi-
during this period. That was when Shah Abbas saged the formation of a Greek Orthodox state to
be called "Dacia". It was to encompass Bessarabia,
moved the Armenians from Erivan and Julfa into
Moldavia, and Walachia. This would secure the
the interior of Persia in 1603-1604. Mehmed the
Russian lands west of the Dnieper as well as Aus-
Conqueror had founded the Patriarchate of Istan-
trian influence in the Balkans. In case of the fall of
bul in 1461. All the Armenians and Monophysites
Constantinople, a new Byzantium was to be estab-
of the Empire were subject to the patriarchs of Is-
lished. A short time later, the Ottomans declared
tanbul. The Catholicosates of Sis and Echmiadzin,
war on the Russians, and there was once again
which was at that time Persian, had absolutely no
fighting in the Caucasus. No more territory chan-
power in the Ottoman Empire. The Russians beca-
ged hands, however.
me involved in the Turkish-Persian war of 1723- 1796 The Russians took advantage of Persian at-
1727 and sent troops to the Caspian Sea. The tempts to win back lost territory as an excuse for
Khanate of Kuba, north of Baku, fell under Russi- marching into Kuba, Baku, Derbent, Shirvan, and
an influence. Karabagh.
In 1768, a Russian-Turkish war broke out in the
wake of the events in Poland. The Ottoman army
was defeated and the Treaty of Küchük Kaynarca
was signed in 1774. The Russians now advanced
into the Caucasus for the first time. They made it
as far as Kutaisi and Ahiska by way of Poti. In ot-
her words, they were almost to the present-day
border between Turkey and the Soviet Union.
The Treaty of Küchük Kaynarca also gave Kabar-
tay in Transcaucasia (on the east slope of Mount
Elbrus) to the Russians, but more important than
any territorial gains, it granted to the Russians a
certain say in protecting the rights of the Christi-
ans of the Ottoman Empire. From this point on,
Russia was constantly striving to expand its terri-
SIR AUSTEN HENRY LAYARD
tory at the expense of the Turks and Ottomans.
British Ambassador at Istanbul
This was almost always done under the pretense of (1877-1880)
ERICH FEIGL
52
nian buffer state, which could serve as a check on the great powers in the event of a collapse of the Ot-
toman Empire.
1877 April 24 saw the beginning of a new war with Russia. It was the shortest of all the wars, but also
the most devastating for the Ottomans. "The catastrophe of twelve-ninety-three" (that was the year
according to the Ottoman calendar) is still proverbial for the Turks of today. From the start, the Russi-
ans had the advantage on the eastern front.
Kars fell on November 18. The Russians were under the command of the Armenian general Loris
Melikof. While Erzurum stood firm against all the Russian attacks, the Turks suffered a disastrous
defeat near Plevne on the Balkan front.
1878 The Armistice of Edirne was concluded on January 31. The fate of the Ottoman Empire appeared
to be sealed. Nothing could stop the Russians from marching right on to Constantinople. The Armeni-
ans now established contact with the Russians in Edirne. At the beginning of the war, they had stood so-
lidly behind their Ottoman fatherland. Now, after the catastrophe of Plevne, the entire Armenian camp
swung over to the Russian side. The first contacts took place in Edirne. Whether and in what way the
patriarch and the catholicos were involved in this scenario is a subject of debate. In any case, the result
of these interventions was that the Russians interceded expressly on behalf of the Armenians in the pea-
ce dictate of San Stefano. The wording of the passage was, however, left entirely noncommital since the
Russians clearly had no intention of granting independence to their own Armenians.
Article 16 of the Treaty of San Stefano (Yesilkoy) states: "... la Sublime Porte s'engage a realiser sans
plus de retard les amelioration et les reformes exigees par les besoins locaux dans les provinces
habitees par les Armeniens et a garantir leur securite contre les Kurdes et les Circassiens."
This totally empty clause does nothing more than demand that the Ottomans provide for the security of
the Armenians against Kurdish and Circassian attacks. It was nevertheless a turning point. The Armeni-
ans had now for the first time been mentioned in an international treaty, even if it was in fact a dictate.
The Armenians appreciated it, regardless of its insignificance (and the Russians had good reason
for making it so insignificant). Only too soon did it become clear that the "peace treaty" of San Stefano
was of a very provisional nature. Both England and Austria rejected it. Eventually the parties agreed to
Bismarck's suggestion that a conference be held in Berlin to deal with the Ottoman Question.
The representatives of the great powers met in Berlin from June 13 to July 13, 1878. Aside from the two
chancellors, Gorchakov and Bismarck, those present in the new German capital included Count An-
drassy of Austria-Hungary, Lord Beaconsfield of Great Britain, Waddington of France, Corti of Italy,
and Karatheodori and Mehmed Ali of the Ottoman Empire. The only purpose of the Congress was to
remove those conditions from the dictate of San Ste-fano which were too oppressive for the
Ottomans. And that is just what was done. The strong Armenian delegation, under the leader ship of
Prelate Khrimian - a former Armenian patriarch -had travelled to Berlin in vain. It was al ready common
knowledge that the Armenians did not constitute a majority anywhere in Anatolia. It was only in Van it-
self that they even made up a third of the population. No one wanted to grant autonomy to such a mi-
nority. On what grounds could such an action be justified?
On the 8th of July, 1878, the Congress replaced Article 16 of San Stefano with "Article 61", which
for the most part corresponded to the original. Article 62 also dealt with religious freedom, but
ERICH FEIGL
56
nowhere was there any talk of autonomy. The Armenian millet was simply not large enough for
that. The nineteenth century had become a century of the triumph of the nation states - but also of the
democratic majority. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Romania all became independent, but in every case
the nation constituted a solid majority.
In the case of the Armenians, the situation was totally different. It may have been true that an Armenian
king had once ruled over an Armenian kingdom in the vast territories that the Armenians were claiming,
but that had been almost two thousand years earlier under totally different circumstances. The ninete-
enth century called for majorities, and it was the Muslims who had the majorities - through out
Anatolia.
There were certain Armenian circles that simply could not come to terms with these facts. Groups of
revolutionaries, intellectuals, and clergymen, egged on primarily by the Russians but also to some extent
by the missionaries, turned to ever more daring and adventurous means in order to attract attention and
eventually gain power over the majority.
Modern Greek defines the notion "myth" simply and clearly: It means saying, fairy tale ... and lie. A
"myth" can be a traditional story. A myth is any real or fictional story, a recurring theme which appeals
to the consciousness of a people by embodying its cultural (and political!) ideals. A myth is also one of
the basic fictions or half-truths that make up a part of any society's ideology. A myth is a notion based
more on tradition or convenience than on fact - it is an "idée recue". The world of classical Greece also
had a simple answer: MYTHOS (MYTOS) means word, rumour, legend, lie. Many peoples, empires,
religious bodies, or political parties live off their myths. In the case of Japan it is the myth that the
Imperial family are descended from the sun-goddess Amaterasu. In China the ruler was seen as the son
of heaven. The Romans fed their state myth on the paps of a she-wolf.
During the "Third Reich", Alfred Rosenberg's book Der Mythos des 20. Jahrhunderts, now only regard-
ed as an object of ridicule, propagated the absurd idea of a religiously-based heroic mythology of
national honor. His aim was the foundation of a "Church of the Germanic Nation". For Rosenberg,
who was one of Hitler's closest collaborators, "rassengebundenes Volkstum" (the notion of peoplehood
based on race) was of all principles the one he valued most highly. Four years after the publication of
this creation of his, the Catholic Church - for which, as a "universal" Church, no race or origin has
preference over another - performed the heroic deed of putting Rosenberg's exposition on the Index.
And yet the myth of race and of such a thing as a national Church lives on.
Mythology is a collection of myths about the origin and history of a people and their deities, ancestors
and heroes. So far so good. Unfortunately the way from myth and mythology to mythomania is
extremely short.
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
57
Alfred Rosenberg was the head ideologist of the Nazi regime. The
book Der Mythos des 20. Jahrhunderts ("The Myth of the 20th
Century") was the only publication of any note during that peri-
od. He was condemned to death in Nuremberg, 1946, as an
"originator of racial hatred", but sadly, the example made of him
for his terrifying deeds has not had any great effect. His absurd
teachings on descent and extraction are still with us, with all their
tragic consequences.
without having had to distance itself in the slightest from the Bene Decrees, which are in fact still in
force. As a professional historian such as Heinrich August Winkler can hardly be unaware of these facts,
one has to doubt his credibility and cannot but ask the obvious questions. Why does a man do such a
thing?
The roots of the evil lie, as almost always, in a distorted view of history which at any one moment only
perceives what is pleasing to the eye of the beholder. One example of this is related to the Armenians'
claim that they are directly descended from Noah, and to the fact that they regard this descent as a priv-
ilege notable enough that it can provide the foundation for their State myth. Quite apart from its
absurdity (if it is true that the human race is descended from Noah, then this is clearly the case for all
mankind), this claim is also a political danger because if it is given credence it can be used as a pseudo-
historical justification for the demands of the Armenian mafia.
Quite without provoking a reaction either from world opinion or, strangely enough, from Ankara, the
Republic of Armenia has in its state coat-of-arms Mount Ararat, which as nobody would doubt lies on
Turkish territory, and also Noah's ark. This is rather as if Germany were to include in its state arms an
Atlantic Line fortress, France a Canadian maple leaf, or the Netherlands the Statue of Liberty, on the
grounds that it stands in front of New Amsterdam (I beg your pardon: New York). In Armenia's case,
however, the anomaly is related to a real territorial
claim. In this connection, it should not be forgotten that the Republic of Armenia still refuses to accept
either the Treaty of Gümru or the Treaty of Kars, which lay down the frontiers between Turkey and
Armenia, thus leaving open the future option of a war of conquest - with the qualification, of course,
that Turkey is not Azerbaijan.
Here, it should be noted, the matter is not whether Turkey should become a member of the EU or not,
but rather the character assassination that has been committed on the country.
The Armenian mythomania rests on two pillars. Firstly, there is the racist madness of the claim of direct
descent from Noah, which in spite of all its absurdity provides the foundation for the claims to "Greater
Armenia", and at the same time is not only used as a justification for wars of aggression and conquest
of the kind waged at present against Azerbaijan, but is also used to prove their necessity.
Who exactly are the people described so condescendingly by Archbishop Mesrop Krikorian as "worth-
less Turks".
The second pillar supporting the Armenian mythomania is their self-assumed status of a martyr people.
Apart from a few initiates who know the real truth, Armenians all over the world - and the spokesmen
for world opinion whom they have indoctrinated - believe firmly in the "genocide", in which according
to their mood at the time one million or "several millions" lost their lives. Today, after Turkey has for
decades not reacted to these accusations, it is difficult to do anything effective in the cause of truth and
to put the mythomaniacs in their proper place. Does this mean that myths, in the form of lies, are really
more powerful than facts and truth? They may have long lives, but they are certainly not immortal.
"Animosities are
mortal, but the Humanities live forever."
John Wilson (1785-1854)
ERICH FEIGL
62
Marc Sykes and his young friend John Smith with their servants and guides.The child was put in by the mule-
teers to bring luck. They had!
Mark Sykes, 6th Baronet, 1879-1919. He was a diplomat who represented Great Britain in the socalled
Sykes-Picot negotiations (1915-1916) concerning the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire after
World War I. Sykes served in the South African Boer-War (1899-1902) and was personal secretary in
Ireland to George Wyndham, British chief secretary in Ireland. He traveled in Asiatic Turkey for several
years. His books about life and style within the Ottoman Empire between Istanbul and Baghdad, from
Jerusalem to Van - he knew also I¤d›r, Eriwan and Tiflis - belong to the best ever written reports about
the Sultan´s world. Sykes was a perfect observer, who described the Turkish realm not only with reason
but also with humor and wit. I personally consider his DARUL- ISLAM (1904) as an impeccable mas-
terpiece.
Mark Sykes describes e. g. a rather harmless incident between Turkomans and Armenians from Zeitun
and the consequences:
"Some Revolutionary Society, not beeing satisfied with the general state of affairs in Turkey and scent-
ing collections and relief funds in the future, judged in expedient in the year of grace 1895 to dispatch of
Zeitun they pinned their hopes of raising a semi-successful revolution, and six of their boldest agents
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
63
Some of those "boldest Agents" and "desperados" as Mark Sykes called them: Agassi, Melèhe and Abahe, wolfs in sheep´s clothing
were accorded to that district. What the end of the revolution would be these desperados recked little,
so long as the attention of Europe was drawn to their cause and their collection-boxes.
These individuals, however, found their people by no means ripe for insurrection, and their influence
was but small. True, there were certain persons ready to talk sentimentally and foolishly, possible trea-
sonably, but in no way prepared to rise actually in arms. However, an opportunity of embroiling their
countrymen unexpectedly presented itself, by taking advantage of which they succeeded in forcing the
hand of the Government."
Then came an unimportant incident with the Turkomans, under other circumstances not worth to be
mentioned. Mark Sykes continues:
" The agents saw in this move a chance of bringing matters to a crisis, and either attacked, or persuaded
the villagers to attack, the commission, killing the One of the rare photographs of Zeitun, perhaps a unique speci-
Binbashi (captain) and three of the guard, and car- men. Mark Sykes is doubtless the most reliable honest witness of
these events with all their consequences: How Armenians made
rying off the Christian commissioner with them. money out of blood.
The surrounding Armenians, knowing themselves
hopelessly compromised, accepted the inevitable
and joined the revolutionaries....
Having gained a victory of some importance, the Armenian force proceeded to the Kurtul district, where
they plundered and sacked several Turkish villages, seizing Kurtul and Anderim, where they burnt the
konak. On their way back to Zeitun they committed some most disgraceful murders at Çukarhisar (I
was told some ghastly details, but I doubt the verocity of them, as they were related to me by a town
Armenian, who recounted them with honest pride) in commemoration of the decrease of the late
Armenian kingdom, which was finally ended at that place.
After this anarchy supervened, the Muslims and Kurds, infuriated by exaggerated reports, lusting for
treasure of the wealthy but feeble Armenians, massacred and overwhelmed them at Marafl and else-
where."
It would have been a grave military fault to have left a hostile population in his rear; and the Armenians
he called upon to surrender were already too overcome by panic to accept terms, and either awaited
destruction in their villages, resisting to the last. or fled to the town of Zeitun, where the revolutionary
agents, in order to maintain their prestige, were cramming the population with absurd falsehoods of a
British relief column landed at Alexandretta." (Today Iskenderun).
One of them even sent messengers, who returned with hopeful letters which he himself had written. But
this impostor and his collegues were not satisfied with the general disloyality of the inhabitants, and felt
that some deed should be committed which would absolutely debar the people from any hope of mercy
from the Government. Accordingly, they assemled the refugees driven in by Ali Pasha, and repaired with
them to the konak, where the imprisoned garrison was quatered, and proceded to murder them with
bestial cruelty. It must be remembered that this piece of villainy can in no way impuded to the popula-
tion of Zeitun but to the disgraceful ruffianism of the revolutionaries and the crazy fanatism of the exas-
perated and hopeless villagers.
It must also be recorded to the credit of the Zeitunlis themselves that after this abdominable butchery
several crept into the yard and rescued some seventy soldiers who survived beneath the corpses of their
comrades; fifty seven of these were handed over at the end of the war. It is a relief to find in all these
bloody tales of Armenia such noble deeds of kindness on the part of Christians to Muslims, and
Muslims to Christians, and that nearly every massacre can bring similar cases to light.
After that foolish slaughter the revolutionary agents may have plumed themselves on a striking piece of
policy. Zeitun was compromised beyond recall, and the town prepared to withstand the siege to the last;
but here the chapter of Zeitun closes, for within three weeks Edhem Pasha, a noble example of what a
cultivated Turk can be, arrived on the scene, and with the assistance of the European Consuls concluded
an honorable peace with the town, containing, alas! A clause by which the miserable causes of all this
unhappiness and bloodshed were allowed to return unmolested to Europe, where they probably eke out
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
65
Actually for the Armenian fanatic nationalists there is no difference between any Christian Church
(except their own) and or other religious communities. They even did not respect their Armenian com-
patriots who belonged to the Armenian-Catholic Church (Mechitarists). Meanwhile things have
changed. Also the inheritors of the great Mechitar fell victim to Armenian nationalism, became helpless
servants.
READY TO EXACT VENGEANCE: the Armenian contingent in the Caucasus (Underwood & Underwood)
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
67
It was clear what had happened. He had read my book, and - although the book did not contain a sing-
le word against the Armenian people, but was exclusively directed against Armenian terrorism - he felt
obliged to denounce me on the spot: "How can you dare ...?" It was to be made clear to me that beca-
use Turks were "worthless", it was thus unjust to make any kind of comparison between the casualties
incurred by the Armenians, who had been the tragic victims of a civil war that they had themselves pro-
voked, and the much more numerous victims from among the Islamic population, who were after all
nothing more than "worthless Turks".
All that happened a long time ago, but - one might imagine - the situation has remained the same. In
fact, much has changed - at the Mechitarists' in Vienna, for example. After his death of Gregoris Mani-
an, the Vienna Mechitarists had an influx of extremists, "refugees" from Lebanon who directly threate-
ned not only the solid, decent Mechitarists, but also - so it was said, but practically unverifiably, as all
the strings are pulled by a mafialike organization of planners and intriguers – Archbishop Mesrop Kri-
korian himself, who has certainly become a wiser man since these developments began.
Gregoris Manian had once hoped that he might become Archbishop of the Armenian Catholic Church
(the Armenian church that is in communion with Rome). At that time, however, the Vatican was ma-
king various efforts to loosen their bonds with the so-called Uniates, that is to say the Eastern-rite Ar-
menians who while they follow the Armenian rite are Catholic in their confession of faith. The Vatican's
ERICH FEIGL
68
ultimate goal was (and remained) that of bringing all Armenian Christians back to Rome, which will
certainly remain a vain hope because the Armenian Orthodox pursue goals which are first and foremost
nationalistic in character.
A particularly striking example of this is related to the "Catholic" Armenians of San Lazzaro, who have
In the Venetian lagoon, about half way between San Marco and the Lido lies the little island of San
Lazzaro: once a place of refuge for the Catholic-Armenian Mechitarists during their persecution by the
Armenian Orthodox, and today a hive of nationalistic fanatics who have left everything "Catholic" -
everything that has anything to do with a universal Church - far behind them, and are now entirely un-
der the control of precisely those whose forebears so bloodily persecuted their own spiritual forefathers
from the school of Mekhitar.
San Lazzaro has had a turbulent history. Many centuries ago, particularly at the time of the crusades,
the isle was a quarantine station for lepers and others suspected of having leprosy. These sad souls were
looked after by the Knights of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem, an order which in our own day is still con-
cerned to serve the sick and those deprived of their rights.
The end of the crusades and the gradual disappearance of leprosy meant that there was soon no house
of the Knights of Saint Lazarus on the island named after them, which then fell into decay.
This ended when Catholic Armenians were once again in search of a place of refuge after an inferno of
persecution had broken out in the Ottoman Empire. They had however not been subjected to persecuti-
on by Turkish Muslims, for whom confessional conflicts between the Christian churches were hardly a
matter of any great interest, but rather by the Orthodox Armenians ("Gregorians"), who were beginning
to fear for their position of power and were prepared to use any means to get rid of the Catholic Mechi-
tarists.
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
69
The Gregorians stopped short of neither oppression nor terror, nor even of murder. A classic example is
that of the Catholic-Armenian priest Ter Gomidas Keumurdjian, whom the Gregorians had publicly
executed in the year 1707. The Sultan had offered the option of converting to Islam to escape the rough
justice being dealt him at the hands of his fellow Armenians. But in vain: he died as a true martyr, and
was accordingly beatified as Blessed Der Gomidas by Pope Pius XI on June 23, 1929.
Today, the Mechitarists act as if Ter Gomidas had never lived, and do all they can to bring about his
damnation memoriae, the eradication of his memory.
Although the Catholic-Armenian church of S. Nicola in Rome still contains the quite fantastic painting
of a meeting between Gregory the Illuminator with Pope Silvester, the contemporary picture of Ter Go-
midas was taken away without discussion, in order "not to jeopardize ecumenical efforts".
Today the Mechitarists act as if they had never been subjected to incredibly brutal, bloody and merciless
persecution by the Armenian Orthodox; on the contrary, their writings - such as those which are sold on
San Lazzaro - glorify such war criminals as Andranik, a murderer who was guilty of some of the worst
atrocities on the occasion of the Armenian uprising at Sassun.
On 13 April 1904 Ottoman soldiers were dispatched against the rebels of Sassoun. They were not able
to resist for long, but Andranik´s gangs could do so until August. He then fled to Caucasia. The con-
frontations were reported later by his Armenian friends who quote also in plain triumph the amount of
victims: Between May and August 1904 932 - 1132 Turks were killed, as opposed to only 19 Armeni-
ans. These are figures provided by Armenians. But this rebellion, too, was included in the literature as a
"massacre". The booklet ARMENIA AND SAN LAZZARO, on sale at the monastery of San Lazzaro is
full of these sayings.
A similar description in ARMENIA AND SAN LAZZARO concerns "The Dashnaks: a guerilla action
in Constantinople... It was nothing less than the occupation of the most important and famous Eastern
bank, the Ottoman Bank of Constantinople. This courageous and spectacular action had been thought
up and put into effect by the Dashnak party as being sure to have an effect. And so it did. The ambassa-
dors of the Western Powers met and asked the rebels to leae the bank in exchange for concessions from
the Ottoman government of reforms in favor of the Armenian minority..." Can there be any doubt abo-
ut the results of these "concessions", results which the whole
world is feeling more and more confronted with terrorism,
from ASALA to PKK to AL KAIDA? These things must be
stopped before they get out of hand!
Ani fell never victim of Turks. It was hurt by Byzantine and
Mongolian invaders, but finally by an earthquake 1319.
word was coined: kusaktsakan. A kusaktsakan was an especially faithful follower of the Hunchaks, one
who never asked why the party issued an order, but simply obeyed. In Russia, this type of person was la-
ter given the name "apparatchik".
The events of Sasun are truly illustrations for a picture book. It is not, however, the bloodthirstiness of
the Kurds and the "enraged soldiers" that is illustrated by those events, but rather the technique of stir-
ring up trouble with just one purpose in mind: to force one's political opponents to take actions that will
bring one's minority group into the headlines of the international press as a "victim of persecution". The
fact that many innocent people truly did lose their lives in the unrest did not bother the ringleaders one
bit. They belonged, by the way, to the party of the Hunchaks.
In many handbooks of Armenian history, one can read the names of the "heroes" who incited the popu-
lation of Sasun to revolt. These names are Mihran Damadian and Hampartsum Boyadjian. Both had pre-
vious experience in trouble-making, having organized the revolt of Kumkap› (April, 1890). Mihran Da-
madian had plotted anti-Turkish demonstrations in Athens after fleeing from Constantinople. Boyadjian
had come to Sasun from the Caucasus, disguised as a sheik and carrying lots of money. Purchasing arms
was thus no problem for him.
Just how "unarmed" the rebels were becomes clear when we learn that the Kurds needed twelve days of
ferocious battle to capture a single position from the Armenians. The Times of November 17, 1894 pub-
lished an article from the pen of a certain G. Hagopian, writing from Fulham, concerning the events of
Sasun. Even Christopher Walker, in his work Armenia - The Survival of a Nation, speaks of "rather im-
precise details" when referring to this letter. But what did that matter? The world press seized upon Ha-
gopian's account and the entire world was outraged by the suppression of revolts which in fact were alre-
ady taking on the characteristics of civil war. They were supposed to be "unarmed" revolts. It was also at
this time that the world public became accustomed to the totally meaningless casualty figures appearing
in captions (e. g., "50,000 dead or more"). The readers accepted these absurd figures just as uncritically
ERICH FEIGL
74
ved as a model for all terrorists to come, and the style of this type of terrorist raid has remained largely
unchanged. The demands:
– The appointment of a European high commissioner
for the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire.
– The subordination of the militia and the police to a
European officer.
– Judicial reform consistent with the European system.
– Absolute freedom of the press and of religion.
– An overhaul of the taxation system.
– The annulment of tax debts.
– A general amnesty.
– The formation of a European commission to supervise the implementation of the above demands.
After the standard negotiations that are always held in cases of hostage taking and death threats, the
General Director of the Ottoman Bank, Sir Edgar Vincent, entered the besieged building along with
the head dragoman of the Imperial Russian Embassy, Maximoff. Their negotiations ended with a gua-
rantee that the terrorists could leave the country safely. This also set a precedent which is still valid
today. The seventeen insurgents probably expected the entire British and French fleets to turn up at
Istanbul and give them a festive welcome. While this did not happen, it was nonetheless aboard the
sumptuous private yacht of Sir Edgar Vincent himself that the gang made its get-away. They later bo-
arded the French warship La Gironde, which brought them safely to Marseilles. From there, they we-
re free to continue planning and carrying out terrorist attacks. The raid had only partially fulfilled its
purpose. The expected riots had not materialized. These riots were needed by the terrorists, because
along with the dead and wounded they would bring a flood of contributions for the "Armenian Cau-
se". Other terrorist units therefore helped out by arranging a number of bomb explosions in Galata
on August 30.
This time things worked out better, since it was now possible to dream up tales of "4000-6000 Arme-
nians killed in the rioting". Not the least bit of evidence could be found to support these figures in
the secret report of the British Embassy (F. O. 424/188, Nos. 149 and 169). But what difference did
that make?
A model had been created for all future terrorist raids, complete with hostage-taking, forced publication
of a list of demands, and permission for the terrorists to leave the country - plus all the P. R. that ac-
companies an action of this type.
In 1980 (!), the Briton Christopher Walker wrote in his book Armenia - The Survival of
a Nation the following passage concerning the raid on the Ottoman Bank, "Those
Dashnaks who escaped were the lucky ones. They were put on board the French
steamer Gironde and set sail for France. Their fellow Armenians were left behind to
expiate-many times over-the 'crime' of terrorizing a terrorist society."
ERICH FEIGL
76
ded of Armenians; the Armenian provinces of Turkey were without Armenians. The Turks knew what
they were doing and have no reason to regret today. It was the most decisive method of extirpating the
Armenian Question from Turkey. Again, it would be useless to ask today to what extent the participati-
on of volunteers in the war was a contributory cause of the Armenian calamity . . .
The proof is, however - and this is essential - that the struggle began decades ago against the Turkish
government brought about the deportation or extermination of the Armenian people in Turkey and the
desolation of Turkish Armenia. This was the terrible fact!" A short while later, the former Prime Minis-
ter of the Armenian Republic comes to his conclusion: "By an extraordinary mental aberration, we, a
political party, were forgetting that our Cause was an incidental and trivial phase for the Russians (in
their fight against the Ottomans and their drive to the Mediterranean, edi tor's note), so trivial that if
necessary, they would trample on our corpses without a moment's hesitation . . . When the Russians we-
re advancing we used to say from the depths of our subconscious minds that they were com ing to save
us; and when they were withdrawing we said they are retreating so that they allow us to be massacred .
..
In both cases we misunderstood the consequence and the purpose and intention ..."
It was a tragic but telling coincidence that April 24 was the day the Ottoman Minister of the Interior ga-
ve the order to arrest the party functionaries, known revolutionaries, and agitators in Istanbul. (There
was not yet any talk about a relocation order.) On that very same day, the governor of Van sent the
following telegram:
Truly an absurd telegram. The governor of Van wanted to move the Muslim women and children to the
safety of the West. No one was yet thinking of relocating Armenians, only Muslims.
On May 8, the Armenian rebels began a general assault in the vicinity of Van. All the surrounding Mus-
lim villages went up in flames. The Ottoman governor, Cevdet Pasha, now ordered a withdrawal. On
May 17, the Ottoman troops abandoned Van. On the same day, the incoming Armenians set fire to the
Muslim part of town and established total Armenian control.
A few days later, the Russian vanguard arrived in Van. It was made up of Armenian units. Several days
after that regular Russian troops followed. The new Armenian ruler of Van, Aram, presented the Russi-
ERICH FEIGL
80
Spring, 1915. Armenian irregulars, provided with artillery by the Russians, open a second front behind
Ottoman lines in order to facilitate the Russian conquest of Van.
The mighty rock of Van with its fortress, which dates back to Urartian times. Beneath the citadelle are the ruins of the former Islamic
part of Van, which was totally leveled during the Armenian uprising. 30.000 Muslims died here in a period of just a few days.
A "Hiroshima" of terrorism: Only the foundation walls of the Islamic district of Van survived - and a few remains of once proud, mighty
mosques. The Armenian uprising of Van began in February, 1915 and reached its first climax in April. The rebels set fire to the old Islamic
city on May 17, the same day on which the small Ottoman garrison was forced to withdraw from the town. It was not until July 22,
1915 that the Ottomans were able to retake Van. In the meantime, the entire Islamic population of Van, which had not been able to
escape in time, was liquidated by the Armenian terrorists.
immediately to incite the Armenians in Russia against us, and to have the Armenians in the Ottoman
state rebel with all their force when the Ottoman army was at its weakest, are all acts of treason which
would affect the life and future of the country.
It has been demonstrated once again that the activities of these committees, whose headquarters are in
foreign countries, and who maintain, even in their names, their revolutionary attributes, are determined
to gain autonomy by using every possible pretext and means against the Government. This has been es-
tablished by the bombs which were found in Kayseri, Sivas and other regions, also by the actions of the
Armenian committee leaders who have participated in the Russian attack on the country, by forming vo-
lunteer regiments comprised of Ottoman Armenians in the Russian army, and through their publications
and operations aimed at threatening the Ottoman army from the rear.
Naturally, as the Ottoman Government will never condone the continuation of such operations and at-
tempts, which constitute a matter of life and death for itself, nor will it legalize the existence of these
committees which are the source of malice, it has felt the necessity to promptly close down all such poli-
tical organizations. You are therefore ordered to close down immediately all branches, within your pro-
vince, of the Hinchak, Dashnak, and similar committees; to confiscate the files and documents found in
their branch headquarters, and en sure that they are neither lost nor destroyed; to immediately arrest all
the leaders and prominent members of the committees, together with such other Armenians as are
known by the Government to be dangerous; further, to gather up those Armenians whose presence in
one area is considered to be inappropriate, and to transfer them to other parts of the province or “san-
jak”, so as not to give them the opportunity to engage in harmful acts; to begin the process of searching
for hidden weapons; and to maintain all contacts with the (military) commanders in order to be prepa-
red to meet any possible counter-actions. As it has been determined in a meeting with the Acting Com-
mander-in-Chief that all individuals arrested on the basis of files and documents which come into our
possession in the course of the proper execution of these orders are to be turned over to the military co-
urts, the above-mentioned steps are to be implemented immediately. We are to be informed subsequently
as to the number of people arrested, and with regard to the implementation of these orders. For Bitlis,
Erzurum, Sivas, Adana, Marafl and Aleppo: as this operation is only intended to affect the operation of
the committees, you are strongly ordered not to implement it in such a manner as will cause mutual kil-
lings on the part of the Muslim and Armenian elements of the population. 11. April 1331 (24. April
1915). The Minister of the Interior."
These arrests only affected the ringleaders of the Dashnaktsutiun and the Hunchaks, along with a few
wellknown agitators. The order had absolutely nothing to do with a general relocation.
The government's order to move the Armenians as a group out of the endangered areas (Istanbul and Iz-
mir were not affected since they were considered "safe" and "under control") did not come until
months later. It was brought on by the horrifying assault of Armenian terrorists and irregulars on the
city of Van. This event represented a shocking climax of Armenian terrorism. The rebels conquered Van,
declared an "Armenian Republic of Van", and completely destroyed the Muslim part of the city. Some
30.000 Muslims lost their lives in the violence.
ERICH FEIGL
84
ve, either to expel the Armenians in question to Russia, or to relocate them and their families in other
regions of Anatolia. I request that the most suitable of these alternatives be chosen and implemented. If
there is no objection, I would prefer to expel the creators of these centres of rebellion and their families
outside our borders, and to replace them with the Muslim refugees pushed across our borders. 19. April
1331 (2. May 1915).”
The importance of this document lies in the fact that it clearly states what the Supreme Military Com-
mander's motive was. The Russians had sent the entire Muslim population of the Caucasus region to
eastern Anatolia, leaving them with nothing but the shirts on their backs. At the same time, the Armeni-
ans in the eastern part of the Ottoman Empire (particularly in Van) had seized total power, killed the
Muslims, and proclaimed their "Armenian Republic of Van". Under these circumstances, the decision to
relocate the Armenians of Anatolia - those living within the borders of the Ottoman Empire - is unders-
tandable. They were to be moved "to areas considered safer", areas not so exposed to the grasp of the
Russians and the Allied powers of Europe.
A few weeks later, on May 19, 1331 (June 1, 1915), the Ottoman government published the following
decree in the Takvim-i Vakaya (the Ottoman official gazette):
Article 1. In time of war, the Army, Army Corps, and Divisional Commanders, their Deputies, and the
Independent Commanders, are authorized and compelled to crush in the most severe way, and to eradi-
cate all signs of aggression and resistance by military force, should they encounter any opposition, ar-
med resistance and aggression by the population, to operations and measures relating to orders issued
by the Government for the defence of the country and the maintenance of order.
Article 2. The Army, Army Corps, and Divisional Commanders are authorized to transfer and relocate
the populations of villages and towns, either individually or collectively, in response to military needs, or
in response to any signs of treachery or betrayal.
Article 3. This provisional law will come into effect when it is published. It is undoubtedly true that
many innocent people lost their property, their health, and even their lives in the relocation of 1915 -
many Armenians and even more Muslims. To try to place blame for a wartime tragedy such as this is
truly senseless, but in light of the almost universal assumption that everything was the fault of the "Ter-
rible Turks", something must be said about the passive behavior of the overwhelming majority of Otto-
man Armenians at the time. Above all else, they just wanted peace, and they remained silent because
they did not want a confrontation with the terrorists. For decades, they tolerated the presence of a small
number of fanatics among them who held absurd, impracticable, and completely unjust ambitions for
independence (unjust because the Armenians did not have a majority anywhere in the Ottoman Empire).
The extremists became more and more powerful; they terrorized Muslims and Armenians; and eventu-
ally, after the beginning of the First World War, they were openly waging civil war.
In the turmoil of the war, with the Ottoman Empire forced to fight for its very existence, there remained
no other choice but to carry out the relocation. The events that followed the end of the war - when the
Allies penetrated into Anatolia and the Greeks advanced almost as far as Ankara - prove just how wisely
those responsible for the relocation had acted.
ERICH FEIGL
86
were other peoples, but the majority were Turks, which meant that in this area called Armenia there we-
re hundreds of thousands more dead Muslims than there were Armenians. Now, this area has been por-
trayed as an area in which Armenians were slaughtered. To a certain extent that is true, but to be histo-
rically accurate, we also have to call it an area where Muslims were slaughtered - in fact, many more
Muslims. And we have to view this time period around World War I, before and a little bit after World
War I, as a period of great inhumanity - of massacres, of deaths that touched all people - not simply Ar-
menians, not simply Turks. Unless it is viewed as a human problem instead of a sectarian problem - ins-
tead of a problem of just the Armenians - we will never understand what really went on at the time."
Precisely at this time in the early months of 1915 the Armenians were busy instigating innumerable upri-
sings in the Turkish hinterland, not only in Van and the eastern hinterland but also in the immediate vi-
cinity of the Dardanelles: armed uprisings in Yalova, Bursa, Izmit, and Adapazar› were intended to assist
the troops of the Entente to make their landings by preventing the Ottomans from sending reinforce-
ments. This dramatic phase saw the Greeks and Armenians of Istanbul in a state of "high
excitement": they were fully expecting the imminent triumphal entry of the British and French and their
allies into the Ottoman capital.
It was only at the very last possible moment, on April 24, 1915, that the Turks arrested a total of preci-
sely 235 Armenian ringleaders who had already planned a coup and prepared for a transfer of power in
Istanbul.
The Armenian myth of victimhood stands or falls on two legs: the date
April 24, 1915, and Franz Werfel's literary masterpiece,
"The Forty Days of Musa Dagh".
But these legs are not healthy ones - they are artificial limbs.
It is a striking fact that neither in Turkish literature on the subject - nor, naturally enough, in Armenian
literature – is there a thorough account of what happened on "April 23, 1915". From the point of view
of Yerevan or Boston this is quite logical, as neither the Republic of Hayastan nor the diaspora
Armenians have any interest in the real facts being made known - on the contrary, on both sides of the
Atlantic, the practice is to maintain a specious picture of "genocide" by celebrating an anniversary, and
thus giving an appearance of historical relevance to the events in question. After all, the priority is to
perpetuate a memorable and easily grasped myth from which not only the Armenians of the motherland
but also Armenian minorities all over the world can nourish their aggressive raison d'être.
Excerpt from the Hamburger Abendblatt, then presented no immediate danger. Many com-
22 April 2005. mentators in our own day, including a pair of
journalists writing in the Hamburger Abendblatt,
The Turks wanted to exterminate them have no scruples about multiplying the number
Genocide: Even 90 years after the planned extermination
arrested by 10 and writing 2,350 - what's in a 0? -
of the Armenians, fear and suppression of the facts domi-
nate Ankara's dealings on the matter. instead of 235, or simply fantasizing about "thou-
(...) sands", as another writer did in the Neue Zürcher
by Thomas Frankenfeld and Stefan Fuhr Nachrichten. Sheer manipulation.
Hamburg/Frankfurt am Main - "Who ever gives a thought It is clear that in the prevailing circumstances the
to the extermination of the Armenians today?" The small
Ottoman authorities could not have organized a
mustached man who tossed out this sarcastic question on
August 22, 1939 for the benefit of an assembly of high-
wave of arrests over a wide area in the capital
ranking Wehrmacht officers and commanders of SS special Constantinople, let alone actually have carried it
units was sure that he would be proved right. He was con- out. The planning took at least ten days and the
vinced that just as the extermination of the Armenians had fact that most able-bodied men were on active
long been forgotten, in decades to come nobody would gi-
service on one of the many fronts of war meant
ve a thought to the genocide perpetrated on the Jews by
the Nazis.
that the Ottoman authorities had to act with the
... greatest caution if the Armenians they were to
April 24, 1915, saw the beginning of the genocide: the exe- arrest were only to be the militant leaders who in
cution of the entire Armenian leadership cadre – 2.350 previous years had repeatedly been the perpetra-
men - in Constantinople. In the months that followed, al- tors of evil deeds.
most all the Armenians in Ottoman Turkey were forcibly
taken to concentration camps by Turkish gendarmes and
soldiers in units specially created for the purpose. The Armenian residential and administrative areas
centred on Kumkap› on the shore of the Sea of
(See: http://www.abendblatt.de/da- Marmara, where even today the Gregorian
ten/2006/10/13/624031.html) Patriarchate is to be found. The wealthy
Armenians lived, as did the Greeks, mainly in the
new quarter known as Pera. The historic city of
Constantinople was thus situated between the
teeth of a pair of pincers consisting of dissident
inhabitants who in April 1915 were waiting for
their hour to come.
his command failed to advance towards Russia over the Caucasus, Eastern Anatolia was left almost
entirely without any means of defending itself against Russian attack. Only a few regiments of the
95.000-strong 3rd Army had survived; almost 75.000 men had been lost. It was clear to all concerned
that the losses had been incurred not only because the troops had been poorly armed and equipped but
also because they were massively betrayed by the Armenian inhabitants of the region, who put their
hopes -vainly, as it turned out - in the Russians. The letter of thanks which Enver sent on ahead in
February to the Gregorian Bishop of Konya only proves that the commander clearly recognized the
importance of the Armenian forces.
In March 1915 a carefully prepared uprising broke out in Zeitun which was intended to break open the
sparingly manned Ottoman front from behind. The motivation behind this attack was the Armenians'
strategically well conceived plan to conquer the zone around Alexandrette (Iskenderun) in south-eastern
Anatolia, where the Ottomans only had a limited troop presence, and thus to cut the Empire into two
parts. A few months later, in July 1915, this offensive was indeed carried out with French support on
Musa Dagh, but failed as a result of the resistance of the defending forces.
The goal of the Armenians - who were undeterred by the fact that they were nowhere in the majority -
was the establishment of an independent State. And the Russian authorities in St. Petersburg - neither
Tsar Nicholas nor the "red Tsars" who followed him ever dreamt of granting the Armenians independ-
ence - were attracted by the imminent possibility of an attack on Constantinople and a breakthrough to
the "warm seas". All this was to be made possible
by the Armenian uprisings in the east and south-
east of the Empire, and the advance of the united
French and British forces over the Dardanelles to
Constantinople-Istanbul, the latter to be assisted in
a special way by Armenian bands in and around the
capital. The model was to have been Van.
The right man at the right moment at the right place: Mustafa
Kemal (bright uniform) with his absolutely loyal and enthusiastic
staff of the 3rd Ottoman Army.
At the end some 26.000 Australians and 7.500 New Zealanders were wounded; and 7.594 Australians
and 2.431 NZs were killed. The final death-poll alone at the Gallipoli Campaign: 33.000 allied and
86.000 Ottoman troops died in the eight month fight campaign which achieved none of its objectives.
The Turkish nation who lost about 253.000 men at battle had managed to emerge in honor against the
Allied forces. This was the biggest failure of Winston Churchill and of the Allies of course. They had
underestimated the military skills of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his brave soldiers.
The allied fleet began bombarding the Turkish batteries at the entrance to the Straits already 3rd
November 1914 and it continued intermittently until 12th March 1915. Having failed their own two
offensives at the Caucasian front and at Suez the Ottomans were now faced with an offensive by the
Allies. From the beginning of 1915 onwards it became evident, from intelligence reports of enemy naval
and troop movements that the French and the British Empire forces were assembling on the islands
before the Dardanelles - mainly at Imbros.
THE ANGLO-FRENCH ATTACK ON CONSTANTINOPLE, THROUGH THE NARROWS AND ACROSS THE
SEA OF MARMARA, WAS NOW IMMINENT. DATE: APRIL 24!
The 18th March 1915 marks the real beginning of the Dardanelles campaign under the commander
Admiral de Robeck.
The mood of the Turkish population of Istanbul reached a low point. First the failures of the Caucasian
and Egyptian campaigns and now the threatening situation of the Ottoman capital... Some of the people
of Constantinople, also from the remaining Turks, began to talk despondently about the capture of the
city as though it had already occurred. Most of the Turks who could afford it or had well situated rela-
ERICH FEIGL
92
Faced by a situation such as this, no government in the world could have acted differently. After the
attack on Pearl Harbour, Americans of Japanese extraction who lived thousands of miles from Japan
were arrested and taken away to camps in a most humiliating manner; the French did not act any differ-
ently towards their German speaking citizens, nor did the Muscovites towards the Volga Germans ... the
list could be continued indefinitely.
To say that is not of course to justify high-handed attacks carried out by Ottoman authorities or robber
Kurds who vented their aggressions on the helpless refugees, enriching themselves in the process in
accord with age-old traditions. It is a grotesque irony that decades later these two parties - ASALA and
PKK - were to join forces against Ankara, their only motivation once again to get their hands on the
booty, regardless of the human lives lost in the process.
The difference between Turks and Armenians, however, lies in the fact that while the Ottomans inter-
vened wherever possible and passed prison and sometimes death sentences, the Armenians have never
made a single condemnation of any of the innumerable mass murders and outrages committed on the
Islamic civilian population.
This is a thought that could perhaps be commemorated on April 24. On 18th March (the preparation to
take under custody Armenian insurgents had already started) eighteen battleships
entered the straits. The fleet included Queen Elizabeth, Lord Nelson, Agamemnon, Inflexible Irresistable
and others from Britain the Gauloise, Suffren and the Bovet from
France. At first they made good progress, until the Bouvet struck a
mine, heeled over, capsized and disappeared in a cloud of smoke.
Soon afterwards the Irresistable and Ocean hit mines. The Allied
fleet retreated, over 700 men had been killed, three ships had been
sunk and three more had been severely damaged...
The mountain of Moses and the A number of wounded Turkish soldiers travelling on
home leave were ambushed and brutally killed by Ar-
lowlands of Alma and Franz Werfel menian bands in the vicinity of Kum and Çum, in the
district of Lice, Diyarbak›r, on July 25, 1915.
Borrowed from "Ermeni Âmâl ve Herekât-i Ihtalâliyesi;
While rocks and cliffs are indeed a feature of the
Tesâvir ve Vesâik”. The Armenian aspirations and re-
"mountain of Moses", the general landscape corre- volutionary movements.-Albums No: 1 and 2. 1919.
sponds in no way to the picture that Werfel suggests to
his readers. The area is just as unheroic as the truth
about the uprising provoked by the French with all the
technical means at their disposal. French warships
brought the Armenian soldatesca firstly to Suez and then
to the Syrian front, but their behaviour resulted in the
British and French immediately withdrawing them from
active service.
At the end Werfel decided to describe the story (not his-
tory!) of an Armenian settlement near the crossroads
Damascus-Iskenderun, i. e, Anatolia and Syria.
Armenians should serve as victims, bloody Turks as
killers.
Actually Werfel did not definitely mean unscrupulous
"Young Turks" and innocent "Haik"... no, Werfel, as a
poet and most sensible seismograph already feeling the
coming earthquakes, caused by the German Nazis who
would start to extinguish the Jewish race, just took the
chance. Charade? No. Parable? Yes. At the expense of The "Chef´s Armeniens dans Djebel Mousa" on
the Turks… board of the French warship DESAIX, still playing
with gun and field glass, still in best mood.
We cannot understand that Franz Werfel did not investi-
gate a little bit more. He would soon have discovered
that the Ottomans had saved lakhs of Jews - around 200
000 - from the terror of the "Catholic kings" in Spain (1494). By the way, again during Hitler´s tyranny
some 30.000 German, Austrian, European Jews found a save heaven in Turkey; not a single one was re-
pulsed or handed over to the Nazis despite most severe German threats. (It is a shame for the Swiss aut-
horities how t h e y handled this problem… Jewish property and funds were welcome, but human be-
ings?) But let us come to the point of the "40 Days": When Franz Werfel aimed at the Nazis, calling
them "Turks" and the Jews "Armenians" Franz Werfel commited a crime. He commited murder - in
ERICH FEIGL
98
The camp near Suez of the Armenian combattans from Musa Dagh; young, at best health, ready for the next murderous attack. How said their pres-
ident Boghos Nubar 1919: "... les Arméniens dès le début de la guerre, ont eté des belligérants de facto". De facto: they were a war-leading nation
since the beginning of the war. This and the other photographs are from the Musée d´histoire contemporaine, Paris. They are absolutely authentic.
Werfel was such a phenomenon. Die Windsbraut gave also reason for a Hollywood film, describing her
turbulent life, her love-affairs and her attractive qualities which she doubtless had. The list of her ado-
rants is sheer endless: Erich Wolfgang Korngold dedicated to her his famous violin concerto, she made
friendship(?) with Gabriele d´Annunzio, Toscanini, Arnold Schönberg, Darius Milhaud, Poulenc, Marc
Chagall, Thomas Mann, met Bernhard Shaw, liked H. G. Wells, liked Romain Rolland, Auguste
Rodin... it´s an endless list of great personalities who all adored this femme fatale. She fascinated men.
Unfortunately in her personal life as a mother she was less lucky. Her daughter Anna Maria (from
Gustav Mahler) died at the age of five. From Walter Gropius, the famous creator of the "Bauhaus" she
had another daughter, Manon, in 1916. She also died at a very young stage. In 1918 she became, still
married with Walter Gropius, pregnant by Franz Werfel. The child, named Martin, only lived ten
months. A series of personal tragedies. Why is this excurse to failed motherhood and painful pregnan-
cies so important for the background of our problem with Franz Werfel? These facts seem to be the key
to the "40 Days of Musa Dagh".
While Werfel himself mentions in his "note" to the book just "famished-looking children, working in an
carpet factory" Alma Mahler-Werfel in her memoirs "Mein Leben" (Alma Mahler -Werfel "Mein
Leben" Fischer Taschenbuchverlag, ISBN 3-596-20545-x) writes about the days in Damascus, 1929:
"The owner (of this carpet-factory) guided us through his establishment. We walked along the weaver´s
looms and everywhere we saw the starved out children, with pale El Greco-faces and over dimensioned
dark eyes. They rolled upon the floor, took spools and might, sometimes, have swept the floor.
Franz Werfel asked the owner about these remarkable children. "Oh, these poor creatures, I collect
them from the streets and I give them one pisatster per day, so that they should not die from starvation.
They are children of Armenians, slaughtered by the Turks. If I do not shelter them, they would die of
hunger. Nobody cares for them. They can afford nothing, they are too weak... Werfel and I left the
place, nothing from now on seemed to be of importance or beauty..."
This moving moment provokes, beyond any irony, two questions:
How is it possible that AD 1929, fourteen years after the tragic events of 1915, starved out Armenian
children, apparently not older than four or five years, could be orphans, begetted 1914, children whose
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100
particularly perfidious kind of book-burning, for while it was in public praised to the (Armenian) skies,
in secret it was cut, falsified and meddled with.
Today, however, precisely the passages cut from the original provide the knowledgeable reader with
proof of the deception to which Werfel fell victim when writing his masterpiece.
ERICH FEIGL
102
Now, carefully reading the words of Franz Werfel (translated from the original German edition) we re-
ceive the inner message of the falsifications Werfel had fallen victim. He writes about the preliminary
victory of the well equipped Armenians from Musa Dagh:
"Therefore a war ending in defeat often means a set back of such races for decades whereas other peop-
les less military-minded are able to overcome military misfortune far more easily and more productively.
But the most horrible humiliation for a belligerent upper class is to be taught in a bloody lesson by an
"inner enemy", i. e. an inferior minority ..."
Excuse me for this intermission but we hear now something so sensational that it has to be announced
in a proper way: "... i e. an inferior minority oriented to trade, the crafts, and education."
Armenians from Musa Dagh Reinforcements for the Armenian "Légion d'Orient" in Suez. The thoro-
ughly able-bodied men were intended to be trained up and put into action on the Syrian front, but were
in fact soon withdrawn from active service on account of their notorious cruelty and cowardice. All that
was left at the end of the day was - as usual - a myth, bereft of any factual foundation. Several thousand
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104
fighters from Musa Dagh were trained in Egypt and Cyprus... but their behavior was so cruel and sha-
meless that France and England decided to call them back from service at the front.
Back to the "40 Days..." and the reason of the civil war. Werfel says that the Turkish defeats in Urfa
and Van were of less importance for the Turks than this minor and temporary defeat at Musa Dagh
"because these (Van, Urfa) were very populous Armenian towns whose insurrection was under the ban-
ner of the Russian advance." True! "From the foreign policy angle, the desperate appeal of Van was
even highly welcome in view of the advancing enemy of the Empire because, before the eyes of the
world, it supplied the best possible excuse to justify, a posteriory, the crimes against the Armenian Mil-
let very convincingly. There you have clear proof that the Armenians are traitors and that we have to
free ourselves from them. The raison d´etat has never considered it too important to make a gracious
turn from cause to effect. The bad conscience of the world, too lazy to think, the press of the groups in
power and readers´ distorted brain always turned and understood matters only the way they wanted
them. In certain places one could write with indignition, and read with even greater indignition, about
the matter of Van: Yes, the Armenians have risen in arms against the Ottoman leading nation which is
involved in a serious war, and have defeated to the Russians".
Remark: It was not only a serious war (which war is not serious?) but a war of survival fought at the
frontiers of Suez, Sinai, Mekka and Medina, Basra and Baghdad, the Dardanelles, the shores of the
Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus...
"The Vilayets inhabited by Armenians therefore have to be freed from that people by deportation" Simi-
lar statements could be read in their Turkish announcements, but not the reverse which was the truth:
"In despair about the deportation, started long before, the Armenians of Van and Urfa defended them-
selves against the Turkish military power until they were rescued by the advancing
Russians".
The fact that the clever Armenians or their servants deleted this fundamental original passage in their
translation has a reason: It is absolutely clear that the Armenians of Van started the insurrection behind
the Ottoman lines already in February 1915, waiting for the Russian offensive. Before the Russians had
reached Van they had already extinguished the whole Muslim (Turks and Kurds alike) population of
Van with all the neighboring villages. Meanwhile there is also archeological evidence of these mass-mur-
ders as countless mass-graves with Muslim victims have been spotted, excavated and identified.
The initial signal was given by the Armenians, well equipped, young and powerful. The Turks defended
Abraham Sever:
My dear departed friend, Franz Werfel, who wrote that book, "The 40 Days at Moussa
Dagh", never was in that region to investigate what he wrote. He wrote it as his Armenian
friends in Vienna had told him. Before his death, Werfel told me that he felt ashamed and
contrite for having written the book and for the many falsehoods and fabrications the
Armenians had foisted on him. But he dared not confess publicly for fear of death by the
Dashnag terrorists.
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
105
Anyhow, Werfel´s novel is a masterpiece, a gem in the crown of world literature. But it is at the same ti-
me shameless fiction, a story which paved the way for Armenian terrorism and aggression until today. It
delivered the absurd raison d´ etre of a nation which can not survive without the backbone of marty-
rdom, while they are the most aggressive nation of our age as we can witness their crime and crimes
against Azerbaijan. In that sense the "40 Days of Musa Dagh" is not a bible, but a pamphlet, finally not
better than Hitlers "Mein Kampf". It´s a peak of absurdity. Because Werfel and his - our - world fell
victim of this pamphlet too.
Back to the "40 Days": Doubtless the poet Werfel had a foreboding presentiment of evil. Towards the
end of the twenties, at the beginning of Hitler’s incredible rise... what should he do?
Searching for a story his wife Alma remembered a visit to an Armenian carpet-factory in Damascus,
where he had seen Armenian orphans working at the weaver´s looms. Armenian go-betweens immedia-
tely recognizing that they got a turn provided him with "material", stuff which consisted of Aram Ando-
nians "documents".
A Gang of Forgers
Henry Morgenthau (1856-1946), lawyer, real
estate developer, was United States ambassador to
the Ottoman Empire during the Armenian
"Genocide." Hoping to get the United States
Hagop Andonian was Ambassador Morgenthau's right hand man
involved in the war, the ambassador freely accept- who may have played a significant part in making up
ed at face value any and all reports critical of the "Ambassador Morgenthau's Story." He apparently typed the tran-
script called "Diary," among the collections of Morgenthau
Turks, as they arrived from the network of U.S. papers. Likewise, he probably also prepared the lengthy weekly
consuls, relying mainly on the claims of letters to members of Morgenthau's family. The American ambas-
Armenians and missionaries. It didn't help that sador wrote that this relieved him "of all responsibility for any
error," and these were the writings that formed the basis of the
Morgenthau had an unabashed, racist dislike for book. Morgenthau further wrote that his secretary's services
Turks, looking upon them as inferior beings... and were "indispensable."
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
109
Kaiser Franz Joseph I., belonging to the House of Habsburg. Werfel, who was the son of a wealthy
Jewish glove manufacturer was surrounded by poets like Franz Kafka
("The Castle", "The Trial") or Rainer Maria Rilke. In 1911 he pub-
lished his first poetry volume.
The young poet was transferred to the Military Press Bureau like other
writers and artists, which was typical for the Austro-Hungarian
Monarchy, at the beginning of the war in 1914. Werfel never forgot this
token of tolerance. By and by Werfel published a series of plays and
became as popular as well-to do. But starting in 1929 his and the pub-
lic´s conception of world-history reached a new dimension.
Adolf Hitler, this uneducated jobless Austrian, who hated nothing more
than the Habsburgs and the Jews, gained more and more power in
Germany. One of the secrets of his success was his ardent, fanatical
fight against everything Jewish (although exactly these people had
helped him to survive during his needy years in Vienna where he had
spent his life in an alms-house).
When the Nazis occupied Austria in 1938, Werfel went to Pastor Johannes Lepsius (1858- 1926) one of the styli-
Paris. Later he became one of the best co-operators of tes for the anti-Turkish Armenian mafia. Until recent
Austria´s young heir to the crown Otto von Habsburg (son years he was the last resort for them, after the total un-
masking of Andonian, Morgenthau & Co. Meanwhile
of Charles I.). Otto von Habsburg was in those days the only we know that also Lepsius was an unscrupulous mani-
one, who together with a handful of friends fought against pulator. (Read: Cem Özgönül´s documentation
the Nazi-aggression and the renaissance of an independent "Der Mythos eines Völkermordes") The damage,
created by Lepsius is beyond description as also Franz
Austria. Later Werfel and his wife could escape from Paris to Werfel fell victim to Lepsius´ falsifications.
America, just like Otto von Habsburg and his family did.
Werfel, again, could establish himself as a great writer. His
novel "The Song of Bernadette" sold nearly one million
copies. 20th Century Fox bought the rights for US$125 000 to make a movie! Just like the novel, the
film became a world success, too. Unfortunately a book like "The Song of Bernadette",
which deals with the miracles of Lourdes, a book, which brought a complete credibility within the
Christian world, contributed also to Werfel's authenticity as an advocate of the Armenian case.
The basis for the accusations against the Ottomans (and later against the Turks) was a book written by
Aram Andonian in 1920, The Memoirs of Nairn Bey: Turkish Official Documents Relating to the
Deportations and Massacres of Armenians — in French, Documents Officiels concernant les mass acres
armeniens. He published his book simultaneously in Paris, London, and Boston - in English, French, and
Armenian. Ever since then, these "Documents" have formed the backbone and the basis of all Armenian
accusations against the Ottomans and their Turkish heirs. Aram Andonian claims to have met an
Ottoman official by the name of Nairn Bey in Aleppo, after the entry of the British. This official suppos-
edly passed the papers with the death orders to Andonian. Without going any further into the serious
differences between the French and English editions of these "Documents Officiels", it must be said that
after having studied both editions it is no longer clear whether these are supposed to be the memoirs of
Nairn Bey or of Aram Andonian. In the text of the English edition, there are altogether forty-eight "offi-
cial Ottoman documents" scattered
through the book. These are attributed to the following persons and institutions:
Not all of these "documents" are complete. Sometimes the date is missing, sometimes the serial number,
occasionally both. All in all, exactly half are lacking in some way. The originals of the papers copied by
Andonian were never seen. Photographs of fourteen "documents" appear in his books. When asked for
the originals, he claimed they were lost. Not a single one of the documents reproduced by Andonian can
be found today. They were probably destroyed to make it more difficult to prove that they
were forgeries.
Andonian made so many mistakes in preparing the papers, however, that it is possible to prove with
absolute certainty that they were forgeries, even without the originals.
Wrong dates:
The simplest, absolutely irrefutable proof of the forgery involves Andonian's incorrect use of calendar
information. To give just one example, Andonian has the governor of Aleppo signing documents at a
time when he had not yet been named to the post and was still living in Istanbul. Naturally, for his for-
ERICH FEIGL
112
geries Andonian used the Rumi calendar, which was in use in the Ottoman Empire at the time. The
Rumi (Roman) calendar of the Ottomans was a special variation on the common Islamic calendar,
which takes the Hegira (Mohammed's emigration from Mecca to Medina in 622 A. D.) as a starting
point. Because it used lunar years, it was only necessary to subtract 584 years to convert from the
Gregorian to the Rumi year. 1987 A. D., for example, would be 1403 on the Rumi calendar. There is
another trick, however. In addition to the 584 years, one also has to figure in a difference of thirteen
days. Moreover, the Rumi calendar began on March 1. That meant that the last two months of the
Rumi calendar (January and February) were already the first months of the Christian calendar.
The correct date - according to the Christian calendar - for these last two months of the Rumi calendar
is obtained by adding 584 plus one year. An example:
January 5 of the year 1331 (Rumi) corresponds to January 18, 1916 (1331+584+1 and 13 days).
That, however, is still not all the tricks. As mentioned above, the Ottoman year always began on March
1. In February 1917, the difference of thirteen days between the Rumi and Gregorian calendars was
eliminated in order to facilitate conversion. The difference of 584 years remained unchanged, however.
Thus, February 16, 1332 (February 1917) suddenly became March 1, 1333 (March 1, 1917 A. D.). At
the same time, the year 1333 (1917) was made into a year with only ten months, running from
March 1 to December 31.
January 1, 1334 thus became January 1, 1918 A. D. (Note: the Turkish Republic adopted the Gregorian
calendar in 1925, so that the Rumi year 1341 became 1925 A.D.) These calendar technicalities may
seem very complicated and uninteresting. They are, however, of tremendous importance in connection
with The Forty Days of Musa Dagh and the forgeries of Aram Andonian, which at first fooled Franz
Werfel.
In considering the dating (and the sequential numbering) of the "Andonian papers" and the authentic
documents, one must also keep in mind that the numbering of the incoming and outgoing documents
always began with March 1 (1333 Rumi = 1917 A. D.) and continued sequentially through February 28
(the last day of the Rumi year). It was then "New Year's" once again on March 1.
In forging the most important of his "documents", which he called Number 1, Aram Andonian already
committed a serious error. Here is the text of the most important part of this "document":
Document No. 1
"In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, To the delegate at Adana, Jemal Bey.
February 18, 1331 (March 2, 1916). (Note: This is the
date which appears on Andonian's original Turkish 'document'. See below for discrepancies in the
French and English editions.)
The only force in Turkey that is able to frustrate the political life of the ‹ttihad and Terakki (Committee
of Union and Progress) is the Armenians. From news which has frequently been received lately from
Cairo, we learn that the Dashnaktsutiun is preparing a decisive attack against the Jemiet."
After a short transition, the alleged "Document No. 1"
comes to the following conclusion: "The Jemiet has decided to save the fatherland from the ambition of
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
113
date March 25, 1331. It is quite clear that the forger simply knew too little about the Ottoman calendar
and overlooked these tricky details in converting.
The Turkish historians fiinasi Orel and Sürreya Yuca published an extensive scientific work in 1983 con-
cerning the forgeries of Aram Andonian. They follow up on all the details (there are hundreds) of the
unsuccessful forgeries. These range from dates and counterfeit signatures to trans mogrified greetings
such as "Bismillahs", which no Muslim would ever have dared to write.
A particularly insidious section of the forged Andonian papers deals with the "broadening of the mas-
sacre" – in particular to include children. This section is brilliantly done from a psychological stand-
point. One "document" of this type reads as follows:
Document No. 4
Deciphered copy of a ciphered telegram of the Ministry of the Interior. No. 502, September 3, 1331
(September 16, 1915).
"We recommend that the operations which we have ordered you to make shall be first carried out on
the men of the said people (the Armenians), and that you shall subject the women and children to them
also. Appoint reliable officials for this.
The Minister of the Interior,
Talat
Note:
To Abdülhalad Nuri Bey. September 5. Have you met with the commandant of the gendarmerie?
The governor,
Mustafa Abdülhalik"
Aside from the fact that the governor's signature is clearly (and crudely) forged, Andonian was sloppy
and let another blunder slip through in composing this telegram. No "Governor Mustafa Abdülhalik"
could possibly have had anything to do with an administrative act in Aleppo on September 3 or
September 5. The governor of Aleppo at that time was Bekir Sami Bey. Mustafa Abdülhalik was
still in Istanbul at the beginning of September. He took office in Aleppo on October 10, 1915. There is
indeed a telegram from September 3, 1331 in the Ottoman archives addressed to the governor of
Aleppo, Bekir Sami Bey. At any rate, it bears the serial number 78 and not Andonian's fantasy number
502. It appears that Franz Werfel, in writing The Forty Days of Musa Dagh, was especially moved by
Andonian's chapter on "The Broadening of the Massacre". It was no longer just the men who were to
be killed (according to Andonian's forgeries). Now, the women and children were to be put to death as
well. Twelve of Andonian's "documents" deal with this issue. Five of them are supposed to be from
Talat Pasha himself. Fortunately, these telegrams were especially easy to expose as crude forgeries, based
on several criteria (date, signature, names, serial number).
Franz Werfel was at first completely convinced by the forgeries of Aram Andonian. He undoubtedly also
believed the stories of his circle in Vienna, who supplied him with reports of "the crimes of the Turks".
It is thus understand able that he passes judgement on the Mevlevi dervishes without having any clear
idea of Islamic mysticism or the objectives of the dervish order of the Mevlevi. Occasionally Franz
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
115
sault and invade it. It stood siege for 40 days, which is a good indication of the preparations the Armenians
had made surreptitiously under the very nose of the Ottoman Government. Nor was it ever explained that
the rebellion of the Armenians had been fostered, organized, financed, and supplied with arms and muniti-
ons by the Russians. Leaders of the Armenian revolutionary organization DASHNAGTZOUTIUN have sin-
ce admitted to have been seduced by Russia with promises of independence and a New Armenia. They have
admitted that they were financed and armed by Russia. They have admitted that bands of Armenian revolu-
tionaries had been organized to sabotage and interfere with the Ottoman armies defending their homeland,
even before the Ottoman Government had entered the war against Russia. The thousands who occupied the
summit of Moussa Dagh for 40 days escaped by descending the mountain by a secret exit fronting on the
Mediterranean, while the Ottoman armies were besieging the front of that mountain. The Armenians had
communicated by flambeau signals with the French and British naval ships patrolling the Mediterranean.
Those (thousands) who escaped were taken aboard the ships of the British and French and transported to
Alexandria in Egypt. The Armenians found it to their interest to invent that these thousands had perished -
keeping their rescue by the British and French a secret. Only a small contingent of Armenians who had
remained fighting the Ottomans finally surrendered.
My dear departed friend, Franz Werfel, who wrote that book, The 40 days at Moussa Dagh, never was in
that region to investigate what he wrote. He wrote it as his Armenian friends in Vienna had told him. Before
his death, Werfel told me that he felt ashamed and contrite for having written the book and for the many
falsehoods and fabrications the Armenians had foisted on him. But he dared not confess publicly for fear of
death by the Dashnag terrorists. Christian missionaries had found the Armenians willing and easy converts
from their ancestral orthodox Christianity to the Protestant and Catholic brands. Sympathetic to their con-
verts, they helped spread the false stories of massacre throughout the Western World. Modern day Armeni-
ans heard the false stories from their elders who were never there themselves, but had heard them from the
Dashnag revolutionaries who had made deals with the Czar and the Bolsheviks. The Republic they establis-
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
117
hed died aborning because of the intrigues and subtle dealings typical of the Dashnag fanatics. The false cla-
ims of genocide and holocaust have gained for them great sympathy throughout the Western World.
They cannot tolerate disproof and refutation. They try to stifle and prevent disproof by threats."
The Collapse of the Central Powers and the Continuing Resistance of the
Ottoman Empire
The armistice-agreement ball was opened on the Balkans. On October 2, 1918, the Bulgarian western
front collapsed under the weight of the far superior Allied forces, and Sofia had to capitulate at
Thessalonica. Almost simultaneously, the British and the French made a breach in the Ottoman Palestine
front with strong support from Armenian combat troops.
The Armistice of Mudros between the Ottomans and the Allies came on October 30. Immediately there-
after, British and French ships passed through the Dardanelles, where they had suffered a humiliating
defeat in 1915. A mighty fleet of fifty-five warships now cast anchor beneath the walls of the Caliphs'
city. Admiral Calthorpe, who had signed the Armistice of Mudros for the British side, be came Allied
high commissioner in Istanbul, and was thus the most powerful man in the Ottoman Empire. Austria-
Hungary surrendered in Padua on November 3. The representatives of Germany signed the capitulation
at Compiegne on November 11.
The signing of the peace dictates of Versailles and St. Germain followed fairly soon thereafter, and on June
28 the defeated Germans accepted the dictated peace which would become a major factor leading to the
outbreak of World War II just twenty-one years later. Austria's representatives signed on September 10,
1919. Bulgaria signed at Neuilly on November 27, 1919 (thus losing its access to the Aegean - i.e., the terri-
tory which it had taken from the Ottomans in the Balkan War). Finally, on June 4, 1920, the Kingdom of
Hungary - or what was left of it - had to give in at Trianon.
The culmination of the victors' "triumphs" appeared to have been reached at Sevres. The new rulers of
Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, and Hungary had already submitted helplessly and without resistance to the
conditions of the dictated peace. Now, the same conduct was naturally expected of the representatives of the
Ottoman Empire. They did not disappoint.
The dictate of Sevres was nothing to be ashamed of. At the very worst, it might be compared to what
Austria had been forced to accept at St. Germain. The territory of the Ottoman Empire shrunk to about one
tenth of what it had been in 1912. Armenia, which had only been "discovered" by the Western powers after
the collapse of the Czarist empire, was to take over roughly the area which had been set aside for Russia in
the secret treaties between the Al lied powers.
It is quite remarkable - and undoubtedly painful - that the Ottoman delegation signed this absurd dictate.
There is one excuse: The capital of the Ottoman Empire was occupied by the Allies, and the Sultan was
entirely at the mercy of the victors. Nevertheless, the Ottoman delegation should never have put their signa-
ture to this dictate. A refusal could not possibly have worsened the Sultan's predicament. In the eyes of the
imperial people (the Turks) and the faithful (meaning all the Muslims of the world - the Sultan was, after all,
still the Caliph!), it could only improve. Losing was worse than nothing. At any rate, the dictate of Sevres,
like the earlier one signed at Brest-Litovsk, never took effect. Independently of the Ottoman government in
Istanbul, which in its state of de facto imprisonment could no longer speak for the people, a new Turkish
leadership had been formed in central Anatolia under Mustafa Kemal, who would later be given the hon-
orary title "Father of the Turks" -Atatürk.
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118
Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, Ankara became the center of the Turkish struggle for national survival. View of the old city of Ankara.
Sivas on January 20, 1920. This resolution is known today in Turkey as the "National Pact". With the spirit
of resistance surging up everywhere, the British occupied Istanbul, still the capital of the Ottoman Empire,
on March 16, 1920. The Ottoman parliament was forcibly dissolved. Ottoman dignitaries were arrested by
order of the British, based on the names provided by Ottoman-Armenian informers. These high officials
were suspected of improper conduct towards the Armenians during the war, and they were all shipped off to
Malta. Grand Turkish National Assembly had been founded Ankara in central Anatolia, electing Mustafa
Kemal president on April 23, 1920. From that day on, Ankara was the nerve center of the Turkish national
resistance, which was just getting into full swing.
Up until that time, the Turks had always thought in supranational terms, as the people of an empire, not as
the people of a Turkish national state. Circumstances finally forced the Turkish people, as the last national
group in their multi-national state, to think in national terms as well. It was necessary for survival in a
thoroughly nationalistic environment. Large parts of Anatolia were already under foreign occupation. In
order to defend it, the army was quickly reorganized to fight a war on three fronts, forced upon them by the
occupational forces. In the West, the Greeks had invaded and were already approaching the gates of
Ankara. The Armenians, who were allied with the French, were advancing in the South and had already
brought large parts of Cilicia under their control. In the East, the Armenians, seeing that the Ottoman
Empire had been defeated and expecting its imminent collapse, had already begun realizing their Greater
Armenian dream.
ERICH FEIGL
120
Between 1917 and 1918, the collapse of the Russian Czardom robbed the Western powers of their great
Eastern ally, thus giving the Central Powers a little breathing-space. Armenian irregulars continued figh-
ting on the eastern Anatolian and Egyptian-Arabian fronts and attack ing the Turks, Austrians, and Ger-
mans with rhetoric. During this period, the Armenians became a factor to be reckoned with in the battle
against the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Germany, who were all putting up a tough
defense. Now, negotiations were finally held that had a certain real foundation. The concessions made
to Czarist Russia in the Sykes-Picot Agreement had served the Czar's interests, not those of the ever-ho-
peful Armenian extremists (extremist not only in their political methods, but also in their exaggerated
expectations). Communist-Bolshevist Russia would long remain
The routes between Anatolia and an unknown entity. (No one could have guessed that its politics
central Asia (the cradle of the would differ in absolutely no way from those of the Czars; the
Turkic people) are 15.000 years Armenians suspected this least of all!) So after the collapse of the
old. If any nation can claim Czardom, everything that had been promised to the Czars in the
Sykes-Picot Agreement was now promised to the Armenians. It
"squatter's rights" to Eastern
was thus reasonable to expect them to distinguish themselves a
Anatolia, then it is the Turks.
little bit more in the fight against the Ottoman Empire! Lloyd
George, in his well-known flowery style, described Armenia as a
land "soaked with the blood of innocents". Little did he know
that he was telling the truth but that the blood was mostly that of Muslims, who in fact had many more
dead to mourn than the "Christian" Armenians. Lloyd George was just as much a hypocrite as Wilson
and Clemenceau. They had all picked out a "roman tic" victim and then dropped her by the wayside as
soon as she ceased to be useful.
When the "peace conference" - which was actually nothing but a dictate-preparation conference - began
meeting in Paris in January of 1919, it appeared as if the Armenian extremists' hour had arrived. The
Armenians sent two delegations to the "peace conference". One was led by the professional emigrant
Boghos Nubar, who had been working towards the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire for many
years. The other was from the Republic of Armenia (the existence of which had only been made possible
by the Turks after the Treaty of Baku on May 28, 1918).
The two delegations immediately began "auctioning" - outbidding each other in demands for territory
and underbidding each other in rational arguments. They were apparently confusing politics with a car-
pet bazaar, where the important criteria are the pattern, the number of square meters, and the age of the
desired item. Their demands became so excessive that even such inveterate carpet-lovers as the Allied
rulers lost interest in making a real offer. After all, it did not have to be an Armenian carpet. Those of
the Turks were much older, more valuable, and more reliable. After the Armenian delegation led by
Boghos Nubar started things off by demanding an Armenia in eastern Anatolia, the joint delegation (the
group led by Avetis Aharonian from the Republic of Armenia had in the meantime merged with Nubar)
worked its way up to territorial claims stretching from the Black Sea, with Trabzon as a harbor, all the
way to Cilicia. The Armenian population of this "Greater Armenia" would not even have accounted for
a fifth of the total population of the region - and that is based on the figures from 1914! Moreover, even
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
121
Monsieur le Ministre,
I have the honor, in the name of the Armenian
National Delegation, of submitting to Your Excel-
lency the following declaration, at the same time
reminding him that the Armenians have been, sin-
ce the beginning of the war, de facto belligerents,
as you yourself have acknowledged, since they ha-
ve fought alongside the Allies on all fronts, endu-
Eastern Anatolian landscape above Lake Van (Yedikilisse-Warakwank). ring heavy sacrifices and great suffering for the sa-
ke of their unshakeable attachment to the cause of
if back then in 1914 the entire Armenian popula-
the Entente:
tion of the world had gathered in eastern Anatolia,
In France, through their volunteers, who started
there still would not have been an Armenian
joining the Foreign Legion in the first days and co-
majority in the region.
vered themselves with glory under the French flag;
But so what? In the nineteenth century, the various
In Palestine and Syria, where the Armenian volun-
Armenian churches had wrestled over who was the
teers, recruited by the National Delegation at the
"most Armenian". Later, the Dashnaks and
request of the government of the Republic itself,
Hunchaks both wanted to carry off the palm in
made up more than half of the French contingent
the fight to be the best terrorists.
and played a large role in the victory of General
And now, the delegation from the Republic of
Allenby, as he himself and his French chiefs have
outbidding each other in the same way. As men-
officially declared; In the Caucasus, where, witho-
tioned above, their "common memorandum"
ut mentioning the 150.000 Armenians in the Impe-
claimed not only the "six vilayets" of Van, Bitlis,
rial Russian Army, more than 40.000 of their vo-
Diyarbak›r, Karput, Sivas, and Erzurum (in which
lunteers contributed to the liberation of a portion
the Armenians had never in history had a majori-
of the Armenian vilayets, and where, under the
ty), it also laid claim to Trabzon, Karabagh (where
command of their leaders, Antranik and Nazerbe-
virtually no Armenians had ever lived), Sansegur,
koff, they, alone among the peoples of the Cauca-
and large parts of Georgia, as well as Cilicia.
sus, offered resistance to the Turkish armies, from
At the same time, the reputation of the Armenians
the beginning of the Bolshevist withdrawal right
as a nation of peace-loving victims who had been
up to the signing of an armistice."
defenselessly and helplessly murdered (or rather
exterminated) by the bloodthirsty Ottomans was
(The letter bears the date on which it was received
shaken. The reason: The young, autonomous
in the French Foreign Office - December 3, 1918).
Armenian Republic could not think of anything
In this manner, Boghos Nubar explained that the
better to do than start a whole series of wars of
Armenians had waged constant war with the
conquest. The president of the "Armenian
Ottoman Empire from November 1, 1914 right up
National Delegation" sums up, in a letter to
to the signing of the Armistice of Mudros on
French Foreign Minister Stephen Pichon, why the
October 30, 1918 and had thus been, in his eyes,
Ottomans, who were fighting on five fronts at the
"de facto belligerents".
same time and were also confronted with internal
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
123
In the spring of 1919, the Armenians launched an expansionist campaign into Anatolia.
Their first attack was directed against Oltu.
Armenians at all. Armenian units advanced right into the precincts of Tiflis. It was not until this critical
stage of the war that the Georgians finally managed to rouse themselves to determined resistance and
repel the Armenian invasion.
At any rate, the Armenian advance on Tiflis had opened the eyes of the now astonished world public.
For the first time, people realized that the neighbors of the Armenians were not dealing with a "perse-
cuted, innocent, unarmed, pacifist, Christian" nation, but rather with an unfortunate people in the
hands of a terrorist organization. This organization, the Dashnaktsutiun, fought indefatigably for power
and land, without regard for the boundaries of the areas in which Armenians actually lived. It was
undoubtedly this same excessiveness which eventually destroyed all the Greater Armenian dreams - first
in eastern then in southern Anatolia, and finally in the Caucasus.
The next victim of the aggression of the young Armenian
The war of aggression which
"Christian" Armenia waged against Republic was its neighbor to the east, Azerbaijan. The British
Christian Georgia in 1920 had pulled their troops out of the Caucasus region in August, 1919,
territorial expansion as its aim. We but not without leaving their Armenian protégés with large
can only hope that that was the last quantities of the most modern weapons. The only place in the
time an army will set out under the Caucasus where Allied forces were still located was Batum.
sign of the cross to subjugate a From this base, the British were still participating heavily on the
Christian neighbor. side of the Armenians.
The withdrawal of Allied forces from the Caucasus led immedi-
ately to open hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan. The
lands claimed by the Armenians included not only Turkish territory and areas settled by Muslims
(Turks, Kurds, Circassians), but also pieces of Azerbaijani land, mainly residential areas and pasture
lands of the Tatars. Nakhichevan and the mountains and valleys of Karabagh soon became the sites of
determined Tatar resistance to the Armenian occupation. The uprisings of the Muslim population soon
struck the district of Erivan itself. (We must not forget that the Muslims were originally in the majority
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
125
In April of 1919, the Armenians occupied Kars with British help. They made it their key position for the assault on
Anatolia. Their objective was to win access to two seas: in the north at Trabzon and in the south at Adana. This would
mean a "Greater Armenia" stretching from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. The Armenians had always been a small
minority in this region.
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
127
before his departure, he visited the French war cemetery, and as he laid down the obligatory wreath he said sadly:
"To the French soldiers who sacrificed their blood in vain."
He could almost have been saying those words vicariously for all the French people who wish to remember the vic-
tims of terror in Lebanon and the victims of the Lebanese disaster. The incomprehensible waves of terrorism from
Lebanon have in the meantime reached France and Paris, claiming countless innocent victims.
They are in fact all exclusively victims of a French policy that held that France could win power and influence in
the Ottoman Empire (and thus in Syria and Lebanon as well) by tolerating and even supporting Armenian terro-
rism. Meanwhile, countless Armenian bombs have gone off in Paris, killing many innocent French citizens. For the
most part, these bombs came from Lebanon, a country which was once propped up artificially by France in order
to gain influence in the Ottoman Empire.
The Armenian terrorists and their Shüte accomplices regard this slaughter of the French people of today, who had
absolutely nothing to do with the tragedy of Lebanon, as their "legitimate" contribution to a belated campaign of
vengeance. The Turks of today, however, had even less to do with the events for which they must "pay". They are
much less guilty than the French for the present situation in the Middle East. The French did, after all, at one time
help the Russians and the British and the American missionaries drive the unfortunate Armenians into the inferno
of rebellion and civil war . . .
On Wednesday, December 1, 1921, Turkish troops advanced to the coast, and the solemn transfer of authority
from the French to the Turks took place in Adana. This meant that the unfortunate civil war on the southern
front, which had flared up again so cruelly after the French intervention, was finally over. There was still the Tur-
kish western front, however. Since the beginning of their invasion on May 15, 1919, the Greeks had managed to
capture half of western Anatolia and were now preparing for the conquest of Ankara.
The Peace of Gjrumri (Alexandropol; Today Leninakan) of December 2, 1920 The severe fighting between the tro-
ops of Kaz›m Karabekir and the Republic of Armenia brought heavy losses. The fighting first ended with the truce
of November 6, which the Armenians had requested after the Turks had taken Kars and advanced to Gümrü.
After some tough preliminary negotiations and renewed Armenian attacks, the most modernly-equipped Armenian
army was defeated near Shahtahti on November 15. The Armenians now appealed once again for a truce. The pea-
ce negotiations of Gümrü began ten days later. On December 2, 1920, these negotiations produced a peace treaty
between Turkey and the Republic of Armenia which is still valid and binding today. (Shortly thereafter, on March
16, 1921, the Turks signed the Treaty of Moscow, since Armenia was, as it had almost always been in its history,
not a sovereign state itself, but rather under Russian sovereignty. Armenia had already made an agreement on Oc-
tober 11, 1920 with the Soviet-Russian representative Legrand, saying that "Armenia accepts the mediation of
Russia in solving its territorial problems." In other words, Armenia had signed away its sovereignty in foreign po-
licy matters to Moscow.) The Treaty of Alexandropol-Gximru establishes the borders between Turkey and its Ar-
menian neighbor quite clearly, including of course the border north-east of Mount Ararat. Ararat is the highest pe-
ak in Turkey. Nevertheless, the Soviet Republic of Armenia still includes Ararat in its coat of arms. This is nearly
as absurd as it would be for the British to include Kilimanjaro in their coat of arms, simply because they once held
sovereignty there.
Armenia. (The full text is easily available in the Mavi Boucuk Archives and in my book "A Myth of Terror" (inter-
net), in English and French in form of a facsimile with the signatures of Kaz›m Karabekir and Alexandre Khatissi-
an. Gouvernement d´Erivan s´´engage á considérer et declarér nul le Traité de Sèvres... (The Government of Yere-
van declares the Treaty of Sèvres for null and void.)
Some time later, on March 16, 1921, the Turks signed the Treaty of Moscow. Armenia had made before an agree-
ment on October11, 1920 with the Soviet-Russian representative Legrand, saying that "Armenia accepts the medi-
tation of Russia in solving its territorial problems".
The Treaty of Gümrü established the borders between Turkey and Armenia, including, of course, the border north-
east of Mount Ararat. Ararat is the highest peak of Turkey.
Nevertheless Armenia still includes Mount Ararat in its coat of arms. This is a similar absurdity as if Serbia would
show the Greek Mount Athos in its flag, because there exists a Serbian monastery there.
The final act was a meeting at Kars, in order to definitely ratify the Treaty of Moscow. It "sealed" the Turkish-Ar-
menian border of today, October 13, 1921. The Armenians did everything to get Ani in vain. Since that day they
denounce Turks to have destroyed this place, which is not true but one of the innumeral Armenian allegations.
Typical for these circumstances Armenia had meanwhile occupied Zangezur, an old an integral part of Azerbaijan,
inhabited mainly by Azeris, but at least Karabagh and Nakhichevan could be saved. Anyhow, Armenian and Rus-
sian forces occupied May 1992 in a dirty war of aggression Karabagh and Lachin - but definitely not for ever.
When the devastating Armenian uprisings in eastern Anatolia (especially in Van) forced the Ottoman government
to order the relocation of the Anatolian Armenians to the safe southern provinces, the Armenian populations of Is-
tanbul and Izmir were explicitly excluded, because there did not appear to be any danger in those areas. In the
spring of 1919, it became clear how much better it would have been for everyone concerned if the Armenians of
Izmir had also been moved sooner, since they did everything they could to harm their Turkish compatriots in the
course of the Greek invasion. Certain Armenians truly distinguished themselves in the first days of the Greek occu-
pation of Izmir with acts of violence against the Turks.
When the terror in Izmir got totally out of hand, the Greeks were finally forced to take action against their own
supporters in order to stop the murdering and looting. Two Armenian agitators were among those condemned to
death. The report of the Bristol Commission, which can be found in the Library of Congress in Washington, conta-
ins an assessment of the situation by an Allied officer. He speaks explicitly of Armenian gangs pillaging the Tur-
kish villages in the area between Izmir and Istanbul, particularly around Yalova and Gemlik. These gangs also
"cleaned" the area of Turks, since it was to be ruled only by Greeks and Armenians in the future.
Later, the leader of the Turkish delegation brought up these incidents expressly at the Lausanne Peace Conference -
and no one contradicted him. The surprise Greek attack against the Turks began on May 15, 1919 with the ambi-
tious invasion of western Anatolia. At last, the "Great Greek Empire" would rise again - after two thousand years!
- on the soil of Anatolia, which had long since become Turkish. The Allies had given their advance "blessing" to
the adventurous Greek operation. That did not mean, however, that they would stand by the victims of this mega-
lomania when it foundered. This was soon made vividly clear by the fate of the Greek and Armenian refugees.
The Greek aggression was carried out using the most modern weapons and tremendous capital outlay, with the re-
sult being that the expeditionary forces soon reached Haymana - i.e., the city limits of Ankara, the new capital. At
this point, the aggression became life-threatening for Turkish Anatolia. The sound of canon on the battlefield co-
uld be heard constantly in Ankara. The government did not consider surrendering, but rather moving - or fleeing -
to Sivas. The Greeks had, however, overstretched their expansionist capacity. Starting from the gates of Ankara,
the Turks gradually won back territory. After eleven days of fighting (from August 21 to September 2, 1921), they
ERICH FEIGL
132
broke the spearhead of the Greek attack outside Ankara. The defenders drove
the aggressors back to the west. The Turks may have been barefoot and mise-
rably equipped, but they were victorious nonetheless. France realized very qu-
ickly that the tide was turning and hurried to establish good relations with
Ankara. Foreign Minister Henri Franklin-Bouillon rushed to Anatolia, thus
letting it be known that his future negotiating partner was in Ankara - not in
Istanbul where a powerless Ottoman government was still feigning sovere-
ignty. France thus accepted the new Turkish "National Pact" and at the same
time made it clear that they considered the dictate of Sevres null and void.
This was the same France that had once been the most stubborn and brazen of
all the powers in goading the Armenians on to terrorism and war. But back
then the goal had been to weaken the Ottoman Empire. The French quickly
changed their tune when it became apparent that they could not get the better
of the Turks in this fashion. The "cause of the Armenians" fell into oblivion
overnight, just like the "Great Greek Empire", which also self-destructed by
overstretch ing its opportunities.
In August, 1922, after careful preparation, the Turks began their assault on
the Greek invaders. The Greeks, in the meantime, had formed a hedgehog de-
fense in Anatolia and were putting all their chips on "victory". King Constan-
tine himself even visited the Anatolian theater of war on June 13, 1921. In a
gesture that was truly pregnant with symbolic meaning, he set foot on land in
The horrific end of the Greek war of the same spot where the Crusaders had come ashore centuries earlier (also in
aggression with the Turks: A flood of
vain). On September 2, 1922, Turkish troops liberated Eskiflehir. A week later
refugees flee the burning city of Izmir.
Many people lost their adopted ho- they were in Manisa, which the Greeks burned before their departure. They
mes, both in Greece and in Anatolia, in did the same a short while later to Izmir. The Turks were to be left with not-
the wake of these events. The calcula- hing but "scorched earth". Just before Mustafa Kemal's victorious forces
tions of the Greek aggressors were just
as far off the mark as those of the Ar-
marched into Izmir, a devastating fire broke out in the Armenian quarter of
menian terrorists. the city. 25,000 buildings, which amounted to half of the entire city, were re-
duced to ashes. Fire brigades ran around helplessly, searching in vain for water
supplies. The cisterns were empty, the fire hoses cut, and the water supplies cut off. This "holokauston" was the
greatest "burnt-offering" ever made in the lands of the ancient world. It may well have been the work of the Dash-
naks. If so, it is second only to the annihilation of Van (spring, 1915) on the list of most appalling Dashnak terro-
rist acts ever to plague the world. The arsonists naturally spread the rumor throughout the world that the Turks
had laid waste to the second largest, second richest, and second most beautiful city in Anatolia - on the day of the-
ir triumphant entry!
The world public swallowed this nonsense, just as they had swallowed the earlier atrocity reports with great satis-
faction. The tale of the "Terrible Turk" was a sure-fire hit. On October 11, 1922, the victorious Turks and the de-
feated Greeks signed the Armistice of Mudanya. (Mudanya is a town near Yalova where the Armenian irregulars
had wreaked havoc during the Greek occupation.) This armistice brought the "‹stiklal Harbi", (The Turkish War
of Independence), to a triumphant close. The government of His Majesty the Sultan - still prisoner of the Allies in
Istanbul - sent its regards. The peace negotiations in Lausanne began on November 22, 1922. ‹smet Pasha, the vic-
torious general at ‹nönü, was leader of the Turkish delegation. He now emerged as a talented diplomat after alre-
ady having proved himself on the battle fields of Anatolia. He succeeded in presenting the Turkish delegates as ne-
gotiating equals. He made it clear that nationalisms. Consequently, the word "Armenian" is not even hinted at in
the Treaty of Lausanne.
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
133
thing in Turkey."
The Greek Prime Minister Venizelos also thought he
had to touch upon the Armenian issue in his speech.
This was the same man who was responsible for all the
bloodshed caused by the Greek invasion of Anatolia
and the subsequent debacle of that war of aggression.
(It was he who bore responsibility for the entire refugee
tragedy!) ‹smet ‹nonü broke him off:
"... Without any doubt, M. Venizelos pretends not to
see that the occupation of Asia Minor has been a sour-
ce of new miseries for the Armenians. This poor com-
munity was forced to enlist and to join the ranks of the
Greek army . . . The Armenians were sent to the front
and were forced to shoot at the Turks.
After the defeat many pillages occurred. Moreover, the
Greek authorities engaged in propaganda to attribute September 9, 1922, the Turkish forces re-conquered Izmir. Just
one day before the Armenians set fire. The Turks should not enter
these offences to the Armenians. Later, when the Gre-
a still blossoming ancient town and perfect modern harbour, but
eks left Asia, they dragged the Armenians along. It is ashes. (When the Germans retreated from Russian soil 1944/45
necessary to accept that the last government in the they also left behind "verbrannte Erde"... scorched earth). This is
the simple truth, an answer to the old question: C U I B O N O ?
world which can have the audacity to pity the Armeni- Whose benefit? (Cicero/ Lucius Cassius).
ans in front of everybody is the Greek Government
which has directly created these misfortunes for the Ar-
menians." When Lord Curzon began blathering about
"three million Armenians who once lived in Asia Mi-
nor", ‹nonü answered him by saying that in the entire
ERICH FEIGL
134
applied to all the Ottoman-Armenian citizens who had The folder of Housepian´s story is a web of simple lies, it
been relocated during the war, or who - for whatever has absolutely nothing to do with the historical truth: In
reason - did not happen to be on Turkish soil after the September of 1922, Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), the victori-
war. Article 31 was tailor-made for the Armenians who ous revolutionary leader of Turkey, led his troops into
had been relocated and now wanted to move back to Izmir, as a flotilla of 27 Allied warships - including 3
American destroyers- looked on. The Turks soon proceed-
Turkey. In accordance with this clause, every Armenian
ed to indulge in an orgy of pillage, rape and slaughter that
who had once been an Ottoman citizen had until July
the western powers anxious to protect their oil and trade
24, 1925 to come to Turkey as a Turkish citizen with
interests in Turkey, condoned by their silence and refusal to
the same rights as every other Turkish citizen. All talk intervene. Turkish forces then set fire to the legendary
of "expulsion" is thus unfounded, especially in light of city and totally destroyed it. There followed a massive
the fact that the Armenians had never even been moved cover-up by tacit agreement of the Western Allies. By 1923
out of the Ottoman Empire after the uprisings in eas- Smyrna's demise was all but expunged from historical
tern Anatolia; they had simply been moved to less thre- memory.” Expunged from historical memory? Izmir is a
atened provinces within the Empire. blossoming city, full of activities, economical power, seat of
“Finally, Peace with Turkey” NATO, modern harbour, shelters the most important fair
Reads the caption under the “leading personalities” at of the Middle East....
the Peace Conference of Lausanne. The treaty between
the powers of the Entente, Greece and Turkey was rati-
fied in Lausanne on July 24, 1923. The delegates (be-
ginning with the third one on the right): Alexander
Stamboliyski (Bulgaria), General Pellé (France), ‹smet
Pasha (‹nönü, Turkey), the hostile Swiss Federal Presi-
dent Scheurer, Sir Horace Rumbold (Great Britain), M.
Diamandy (Romania), the Marchese di Garriona (Italy)
and Ambassador Ochiai (Japan). On the far left, the
delegates of the “Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes”, who did not sign. The Turkish delegation
had brought about an unprecedented favourable conc-
lusion to the treaty thanks to the prudent, skillful and
In addition, at least one of the parties must recognize an "enemy". (In the case of the Turks and the Armenians,
this last point is problematic, since the Turks still respect the Armenians very much and have a high opinion of
them. Anyone who travels to Turkey can easily see this for him self.) There must also be a casus belli, a reason for
war. This almost always forces even the most peaceable opponent to adopt a hostile stance similar to that of the
enemy, if he wants to survive. The inferences to be drawn for the terrorist scene are clear: regardless of the pretexts
under which they operate, the terrorists have in fact declared war on human society. In studying the development
of Armenian terrorism, one is struck by the attitude adopted by some Armenian communities toward the terrorist
scene. This is especially true in the United States and France, where the Armenians constitute an important, finan-
cially powerful, highly intellectual element of public life. Armenian clubs and associations in these countries are in
some cases remarkably conciliatory, if not openly supportive, towards terrorism. It has even been known to hap-
pen on more than one occasion that a moment of silence has been observed in a public worship service for terro-
rists who had been killed or arrested.Similar expressions of sympathy and remembrance can be observed in the se-
cular world. The frame of mind at work here cannot be entirely attributed to the fact that many Armenians are the
victims of terrorist blackmail at the hands of their own terror organizations. Much more important is the exagge-
rated, largely false understanding of history, which is mainly propagated by certain newspapers and periodicals of
the Armenian diaspora. The fact that one can often find gems li-
ke "ONE million dead in 1915" and then perhaps in the same
publication "two or two and a half million victims" does not
seem to bother the editors very much. Some Armenian intellec-
tuals also show a remarkable intolerance towards scholars who-
se view of history differs from their own. Professor Justin
McCarthy is the author of the tremendously important, scienti-
fically irrefutable work Muslims and Minorities, in which the
true population figures for Anatolia appear for the first time.
He can only hold his lectures with massive police protection.
The version of historical events presented in Stanford J. Shaw's
History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey did not
match the picture presented by certain Armenians. His house
was bombed in an attempt to intimidate him and keep him
from publishing further. This intimidation has reached the point
where it is doubtful whether an Armenian publisher could be
found today for a book like Louise Nalbandian's "The Armeni-
an Revolutionary Movement". The book is thoroughly pro-Ar-
menian, but it is also somewhat objective and contains a few
critical words.
an minority within the Ottoman Empire a state of its quite well under the Soviet system. The careers of such
own. These efforts were actually doomed to failure men as Anastas Mikoyan and Yuri Andropov, who ro-
from the beginning, given the small percentage of Ar- se to become Soviet head of state, are striking proof of
menians in the eastern Anatolian population. These this. The countless other terrorist groups which appear
first Armenian terrorists bear an uncanny resemblance in the lists of crimes committed are nothing more than
to the Shüte suicide squads. (Extensive accounts can be alternate acronyms for the "big two", which take on
found elsewhere in this book of Armenian terrorism in new names at will. They do this partly to fool the pub-
the Ottoman Empire of the nineteenth and twentieth lic about their true size and partly to satisfy the vanity
centuries.) Their main heirs from an historical viewpo- of members who want to lead a "new" terrorist group.
int, however, are the JCAG (Justice Commandos of the The public should not let itself be fooled by occasional
Armenian Genocide). The terrorist actions of the JCAG quarrels and jealousies (when, for example, JCAG and
are regarded - as funny as this may sound - as being ASALA have to fight it out to determine who killed
carried out by "conservatives". Their specialty appears whom when and where). In this bizarre world of sha-
to be the assassination of Turkish diplomats and their dows and mirrors, unfair competition is just part of the
families. ASALA (Armenian Secret Army for the Libe- whole unfair bloody trade. In the end there is only one
ration of Armenia) is, by contrast, generally considered goal: terror for terror's sake.
to be a Marxist terrorist organization, closely control-
led by the Soviet Union. They see the existence of an The Political Background of the
"Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic" as the ideal and Armenian Terrorist Organization
work for the "unification" of eastern Anatolia with the ASALA
ASSR. It is only with some reservations that the Soviets An unprecedented terrorist "summit" was held in Tah-
can con done this objective, since they worry that a lar- ran in February, 1986, on the occasion of the seventh
ger Armenia could easily become rebellious. They sup- anniversary of the Ayatollah Khomeini's revolution.
port the activities of the ASALA anyway, however, sin- "Ismailian revolutionaries" - of the Iranian persuasion
ce they are directed against Turkey (which is also an - met with leaders of the Lebanese Hezbollah move-
important partner in the NATO alliance). For many ye- ment, Hussein Moussavi's men of the Jihad organizati-
ars, the ASALA also enjoyed the hospitality and sup- on, the Saudi Arabian Mujahedeen, the Shüte Amal
port of the Shüte terrorist groups in Lebanon. There grouping from Bahrain, delegates from the Moro gangs
appears to be a special affinity between the Armenian in the Phillipines and Libyan intelligence officers.
terrorists and the Shütes. This can be seen in the wil- What especially concerned Western observers about
lingness (or longing) to die and in the radical nature of this Teheran terrorists' conference was that the Arme-
the attacks, where there is never any indication what- nians were also represented. Roughly 200,000 Armeni-
soever that the fate of innocent bystanders has been gi- ans live in Iran. They have so far remained remarkably
ven any consideration.In spite of this manifest spiritual undisturbed by the fanatical Shütes of the Ayatollah.
closeness to the Shüte conception of the value of life These Armenians are used extensively against Turkey.
(or lack thereof), the ASALA has proclaimed in their Iran officially maintains good relations with Turkey
mouthpiece ARMENIA: "Our forces never strike aga- and depends heavily on goods transported through
inst S. S. R. of Armenia, which is already liberated." Anatolia. Since the improvement of Turkish relations
This corresponds entirely to the interests of the Soviet with Iraq however, Iran has taken an anti-Turkish
Russians. Just like their Czarist predecessors, they want turn. The Armenians are once again serving as useful
access to the "warm waters", and that means using all pawns for the rulers of a country which is only looking
available means to gain control over eastern Anatolia after its own interests. The ASALA was in the past kept
(as a bridge to the Gulf) and the Bosporus (as a gate- under some restraint in Iran, but now they have official
way to the Mediterranean). In spite of the mass depor- Iranian support to strengthen their cooperation with
tations of Armenians to Inner Asia under Stalin, the terrorist groups such as that of Abu Nidal. Observers
Armenian intellectuals have for the most part managed point out again and again the astonishing parallels bet-
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
141
Julius Streichers "Der Stürmer" the most brutal sheet of the Nazis appeared as an excellent pupil of Armenian propaganda. By the
way: Streicher was sentenced to death on the Nurenberg process, 1946. The knive´s inscription: TALMUD. Today they would write
KORAN.
The new railway is a way outside the aggressive Republic Hayastan, from Kars to Akhalkalaki and Tbilisi (Tiflis). In future the
railway- connection between Turkey - Europe - and Baku - with the Asian links - will avoid Armenian territory, in order to avoid
any contact with the warlords in Yerevan who occupy Azerbaijanian territory.
Baku railway project will be functional very soon. That means: Armenia will gradually lose its regional
advantages and ways of transportation of great importance for the country, while its neighbors will
increase their economic power. According to political observers: "If Armenia had ended to occupy
Karabakh, had cooperated with Azerbaijan and it had gone beyond the perspective of historical revenge
in its relations with Turkey, the situation would have been a much more different for Armenia".
The strange inherent similarity between the sons of William Tell and
those of Haik:
Mythomaniac teachings on descent
The connection between the Swiss confederates with the Armenian terrorists and whippers-in is old, very
old. And as will be shown in this account, they are both profoundly true to type. Geneva was the centre
of the Armenian machinations, an historic city which has often provided a home for machinating anar-
chists, marxists, or nationalists, from Bakunin and Lenin to the anarchist murderer of the Empress
Elisabeth, Lucheni, who with his deed in fact gave this mad woman her just deserts, for she had always
given anarchists financial support from her own private purse.
Another name that belongs on this infamous roster is that of a certain Avetis Nazarbekian, "a dedicated
revolutionary and propagandist". He and his heirs were responsible for innumerable murders and acts
of violence, not to mention the deliberate defamation of the Ottoman Empire, the Kurds, and the Turks.
Nazarbekian (1866-1936) wrote initially in Portugalian´s (another fanatic) "Armenia", finally separated
and founded, together with six companions the Hunchak-Party in Geneva, August 1887. As usual in
these days for these guys he had also contact with Uljanov ("Lenin") although without success, not
because of different ideas about terror and murder, but because of different plans for the later develop-
ERICH FEIGL
146
A MASTERPIECE OF IGNORANCE
Johannes Lepsius (* 1858 - † 1926)
German Federal Parliament, 15th term of office the organized expulsion and extermination of Ar-
Printed matter 15/5689 / 15.06.2005 menians did not make one single attempt to stop
the atrocities.
Proposal by the parliamentary groups: SPD, It is noble - even so late in the day - to bow one's
CDU/CSU, BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN and FDP head in memory of the Armenian victims. What
the author of this pamphlet (it is no more than
(An excerpt containing the most important - and that) overlooks (or consciously fails to mention) is
mostly grotesque - formulations.) the fact that in the course of a civil war which was
provoked by the Armenians, the losses incurred by
Remembrance and commemoration of the expulsi- the helpless Muslim population were many times
ons and massacres committed against the Armeni- greater than those suffered by the Armenians. No-
ans in 1915: Germany must make a contribution body wastes a thought on the Muslims who lost
to reconciliation between the Turks and the Arme- their lives. Is there not a single member of the
nians. German Federal Parliament who has read Justin
McCarthy's book "Muslims and Minorities"? If
It is proposed that the Bundestag approves the fol- not, is this perhaps because the book is only pub-
lowing: lished in English?
The German Federal Parliament bows its head to ARMENIA: "A German pastor and the genocide
the memory of the victims of violence, murder and He was an eye-witness of the genocide committed
expulsion lost by the Armenian people before and against the Armenians. His was the voice of cons-
during the First World War. It deplores the deeds cience while other Europeans were silent. A num-
of the Young Turk government of the Ottoman ber of people in Potsdam now wish to give him the
Empire that led to the almost complete extermina- honor he is due - but there is resistance ..."
tion of the Armenians in Anatolia. It also regrets
the shameful role of the German Reich which in
spite of having been informed many times over of
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
151
HE WAS NOT. HE WAS A SHAMELESS MANI- murderer: "The report of Lepsius contributes to
PULATOR WHO HAD NEVER SET HIS FOOT the assassin's acquittal." That is the point where
IN THE EASTERN REGIONS AND HE the present-day worldwide terror network took
FALSIFICATED REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS root.
EN MASSE..
"In order to expose the murders, the pastor disgui- With this act of commemoration the German Bun-
ses himself as a carpet-dealer. During his travels destag pays tribute to the efforts of all those Ger-
through the Armenian areas he transcribes eye-wit- mans and Turks who, in difficult circumstances
ness reports and collects statistics. He combines and against the resistance of their respective Go-
these with his personal thoughts and polemic aga- vernments, acted to save Armenian women, men,
inst the perpetrators to make up the documentati- and children. A particular intention is to rescue
on Armenien und Europa.." An eye-witness?? from oblivion the work of Dr Johannes Lepsius,
This man had never left Constantinople/Istanbul; who fought energetically and effectively for the
all what he reported came from Armenian sour- survival of the Armenian people, and to use the
ces, similar to the reports which Morgenthau had memory of his work as a means of improving rela-
received from his Armenian dragomans. These are tions between the Armenian, German, and Turkish
the essential points in the Lepsius legend, never peoples.
had left Constantinople which has hardly to do The author of this piece of writing may well be
with reality and truth. unaware that Pastor Lepsius was a cunning trick-
ster, as is demonstrated by many pieces of eviden-
What can be found under the Internet address ce which are on the Internet for anyone to read
"chrismon- ARMENIEN Ein deutscher Pfarrer who wishes. The author was clearly also unaware
und der Genozid" is a classic example of the falsi- that Lepsius never spent any time in the crisis-
fication and manipulation of historical fact, but stricken areas. His source was the US Ambassador
this was obviously the source used by the authors Morgenthau, who never set foot over the bounda-
of the parliamentary proposal. ries of the city of Istanbul and received his infor-
mation exclusively from his Armenian interpreters.
Lepsius was himself never witness to a single act Add to these the incredibly cleverly written book
of violence. Everything he wrote or reported he by Aram Andonian and you have the three traps
had from the lips of his Armenian informants, just which even as clever a man as Franz Werfel fell in-
as was the case with Morgenthau, the Ambassador to when he wrote his masterpiece "The Forty Days
of the United States. The short section " ... the of Musa Dagh", which is almost certainly the so-
pastor as carpet-dealer" gives the truth away, urce from which the members of the German Bun-
which is that his documentation is only composed destag derives their "knowledge" of the matter.
of "eyewitness reports ... personal thoughts". A
document in the style of Aram Andonian, whose But research into and assessment of these historical
falsifications were later to cost Talat Pasha and events is also of immediate significance for our
subsequently many others their lives. The "chris- own day, when the normalization of relations bet-
mon" website gives the following commentary on ween the Republic of Turkey and the Republic of
the trial of Tehlirian, Talat Pasha's Armenia is of particular importance for the future
ERICH FEIGL
152
of the whole region. It is urgently necessary that for the poor. With respect to Turkey, Germany
confidence-building measures, in the sense of the plays the judge without knowing the facts; with
word as used in the principles of the OSCE. The respect to the Czech lands, nothing is said even
opening of the border to Turkey, for instance, co- though everyone knows the facts. Is that pragma-
uld contribute to the termination of Armenia's iso- tism? Or it is perhaps plain injustice?
lation and to the resumption of diplomatic
relations. The German Bundestag appeals to the Federal
Government:
At this point the arguments presented by the aut-
hor or authors reach the culminating point of their - to contribute to the establishment of an equable
at all times considerable ignorance. Anyone can se- relationship between Turks and Armenians thro-
e from a glance at the map that the Republic of ugh study and reassessment of the past, and to for-
Hayastan (Armenia) is not subject to any "isolati- giveness and reconciliation in the present;
on". The borders to Georgia (in the direction of
the Black Sea) and to Iran to the south are quite - to contribute to ensuring that the Turkish Parlia-
open. The authors of this pamphlet are clearly also ment and Government, and Turkish society com-
unaware of Armenia's ill will towards Turkey mit themselves unreservedly to study and assess-
(non-renewal of the Treaty of Gümrü, resulting in ment of their historical and present relations with
the maintaining of positively absurd territorial cla- the Armenian people;
ims; the inclusion in Hayastan's national coat of
arms of Mount Ararat, which is clearly on Turkish - to contribute to the normalization of relations
national territory), as are the individuals most clo- between Turkey and Armenia.
sely associated with the proposal, namely Müntefe-
ring, Merkel, Göring, and Gerhardt. Berlin, June 15, 2005
Franz Müntefering and parliamentary group,
It is the responsibility of our educational policy to Dr. Angela Merkel, Michael Glos and parliamen-
contribute to ensuring that research into and as- tary group,
sessment of the expulsion and extermination of the Katrin Göring-Eckardt, Krista Sager and parli-
Armenians is carried out as part of the work on amentary group,
the history of ethnic conflicts in the twentieth Dr. Wolfgang Gerhardt and parliamentary group
century.
Substantiation
Would it not be better to spare a little time to talk Ninety years ago, on April 24, 1915, Istanbul's
about the Bene Decrees and to commemorate the Armenian political and cultural élite were, at the
mass murder and expulsion of Sudeten Germans? orders of the Young Turks government which held
power in the Ottoman Empire, arrested and taken
And yet no steps are taken in this direction. The to inner Turkey, where almost all were then mur-
Czech Republic was admitted to the EU in spite of dered. On this date, Armenians all over the world
the continued validity of the Bene Decrees, which remember annually all those expulsions and
is a clear case of one rule for the rich and one rule massacres to which Armenian subjects of the Otto-
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
153
GENOCIDE-HOLOCAUST-TERROR
the magic triangle of human inhumanity
"Death does not have a nationality, but it has pe-
ople that are responsible for it. Never forget them,
and demand that their works are evaluate
appropriately."
(Quoted from www.lietuvos.net/istorija/communism.
The pictures in this section come from the same so-
urce.)
GENOCIDE
"Genocide" is an artificial word, half Greek and
half Latin in derivation, like "television".
“GENOS” means roughly the same as descent, ex-
traction, or lineage, but is far from meaning a "pe-
ople". “CAEDO” means to strike down, fell, or
kill.
"Threesame" by Felix Nussbaum, 1944. He describes here in a
unique way the situation of all those persecuted which lies some-
The inventor of this word, which has since gained where between fear of death, death and vague hope.
currency in all cultures of the world, was a man
from the part of Poland then belonging to Russia.
His life was from the very beginning dominated by
the persecution of Russian Jews. One terrible word
hung dark over his whole existence: "pogrom".
Australia
The British did not act any differently towards the Irish. Those
who did not escape to America fell victim to London's hunger
blockades. Exactly the same treatment was meted out to the Indi-
ans whom the British brought under their yoke using all possible
means. If it were possible to pass just judgments now and to de-
mand compensation, then Germany would have to bear responsi-
bility for the extermination of the elite of the Hereros in former
German South-West Africa (Namibia).
WOUNDED KNEE
A symbol for the extermination of a whole race: The dead at
Wounded Knee South Dakota, December 29, 1890. They died
because of their religious beliefs. That day over 300 Indians were
killed, 200 of them women and children. This man's body was
turned on top of the others and the rifle was laid across him by the
photographers who sold postcards. A crowd of whites came to
watch the shootings.
Roosevelt.
They were the heirs of an unscrupulous war of destruction waged by their predecessors on all those who
were standing in their way.
Question: Where are the original inhabitants of the present-day United States? Where are the American
Indians? They were simply exterminated. The few who have survived lead a pitiful existence in reservati-
ons, like animals in a zoo. On December 9th 1948, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide was adopted unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly. For some
time now - even after decades of silence, they were still aware of their guilt - Armenian extremists and
propagandists have been attempting to use the magic word "genocide" for their own ends. Their intenti-
on - quite apart from the fact that there has never been a "genocide" committed on the Armenian peop-
le - is to distract the attention of world opinion at all costs from the real crimes that were committed. Si-
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
159
Raphael Lemkin (1900-1959), the man who coined the term "ge-
nocide". He rose to become one of the advisers to the US Chief
Prosecutor R. H. Jackson at the Nuremberg war trials in 1945. Thousands of Cambodian Christians died
Both of them were fully aware of the crimes committed by the So- as martyrs. Europe did not react, the UN
viets but neither mentioned a word about them. The trials dealt did not react . . . nobody cared.
only with cases of war guilt only and "genocide" in times of pea-
ce was not punishable under those terms. These circumstances
caused Lemkin to resolve to carry on his campaign for the estab-
lishment of genocide as a crime under international law.
In the years between 1975 and 1979, the period of Pol Pot and the Chodjali
"Khmer Rouge", up to 2 million Cambodians were murdered, the
purpose being to extinguish the old Cambodian culture and to A little Azerbaijani town is annihilated at a stroke by Armenian
create a "new mankind". soldiery, helped by Soviet irregulars.
This was one of the most terrible occurrences of the end of the
twentieth century, and quite comparable to Srebrenica. But while
milar events in Ruanda have brought similar re-
the Serbian murderers were with only a few exceptions soon to be
sults and reactions. The term "genocide" was alre- subjected to international law and the object of widespread con-
ady part of a "newspeak" (in George Orwell's tempt, those Armenians responsible for the atrocity of Chodjali
sense), finally in the hands of the Armenian pro- are still free to hold their heads high in the public sphere and are
considered by world opinion as "victims".
pagandists. Giordano Bruno, one of the most im-
portant theologists of his time was burnt - a holo-
ERICH FEIGL
160
Perhaps the most important document concerning hate, whih always exeggerated, in 1912 (according
the real amaout od Armenian victims during the ci- to Justin McCarthy´s absolutely reliable book
vil war of 1915: "Muslims and Minorities" 1,018000 people!
It is a letter, witten and singed by the head (quasi Source: Archives des Affaiees Etrangères de France,
prime minister) of the exiled Armenians, Bogos Serie Levant, Armenie, 2, folio 47).
Nubar addressed to the French foreign ministry. From the same archive the letter of Bogas Nubar
Alone the sentence that he has no idea about the where he declares the armenians were a " war-lea-
fate of the "reste de deportés dans le désert" shows ding nation" (page 109).
the underhanded way of his words, relying on the
fact that hardly somebody would care about which
"desert" he spoke. And finally: THE ARMENIAN
POPULATION OF "TURKISH ARMENIA" had,
according to the statistics of the Armenian Patriarc-
ERICH FEIGL
162
ARMENIAN MYTHOMANIA
163
Lowry, Heath W. The U. S. Congress and Adolph Hitler on the Armenians. Recent Turkish Publications
Carne, Russak & Co., New York, 1985.
Lang, D. M. The Armenians, A People in Exile. London, 1981. §imsir, Bilal. Apergu Historique sur la Question
Armenienne. Ankara, 1985.
Lepsius, Johannes. Deutschland und Armenien. Tempelverlag, Potsdam,
1919.
Ataov, Türkkaya. A British Report (1895): The Armenians
Lepsius, Johannes, ed. Die Grofie Politik der Europdischen Kabinette Unmasked. Ankara University, 1985.
1911-1914. Berlin, 1922-1927.
Lepsius, Johannes, L'Armenie et I'Europe. Lausanne, 1896. Ataov, Türkkaya. "A 'Statement' Wrongly Attributed to
Mustafa Kamal Atatürk". Ankara University, 1984.
Mansfield, Peter. The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors. The McMillan
Press, London, 1979. Ataov Türkkaya. "An Armenian Author on 'Patriotism
Mayéwski. Les Massacres d'Arménie. St. Petersburg, 1916. perverted'". Ankara University, 1984.
McCarthy, Justin. Muslims and Minorities. The Population of Ottoman Ataov, Türkkaya. "Documents on the Armenian Question:
Anatolia and the End of the Empire. New York University Press, 1983.
Forged and Authentic". Ankara University, 1985.
Moser, Pierre A. Arméniens - où est la réalite? Editions Mallier, Saint
Aquilin de Pacy, 1980. Ataov, Türkkaya. "Hitler and the 'Armenian Question'".
Ankara University, 1984.
Nalbandian, Louise. The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The
Development of Armenian Political Parties Through the 19th Century.
Berkeley, 1963. Ataov, Türkkaya. "The Andonian 'Documents' Attributed
to Talat Pasha Are Forgeries". Ankara, 1984.
Nazer, James, comp. The First Genocide of the 20th Century. New York,
1970. Cem Özgönül: "Der Mythos eines Völkermordes". Köln:
Norman, C. B. Armenia and the Campaign of 1877-1878. London, 1878. Önel Verlag 2006.
Orel, §inasi and Yuca, Sureyya. Les "Telegrammes" de Talât Pacha. Fait Türkaya Ataöv "The Armenians Ottoman Period". Ankara
historique ou fiction. Société turques d'Histoire, Ankara, 1983. 2001.
Papasian, K. S. Patriotism Perverted. Boston, 1934.
Selahi Diker "And the whole Earth was of one Language",
Schemsi, Kara. Turcs et Armeniens devant I'Histoire. Geneva, 1919.
Izmir 2000.
Sever, Abraham Sou. What is the truth about the Armenian claims of geno-
cide by the Turks. United Turkish Americans, Wheaton. 111. Documents on Ottoman Armenians. Prime Ministry, Direc-
torate of Press and Information, Ankara, 1978.
Sonyel, Salahi Ramsdam. The Ottoman Armenians, Victims of Great
Power Policy. K. Rustem & Brother, London 1987
Gürün, Kamuran. Le Dossier Armenien. Societe Turque
Simsir, Bilâl, ed. British Documents on Ottoman Armenians. (2 vols.) Türk d'Histoire, Ankara, 1983.
Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, Ankara, 1982.
Shaw, Stanford J. und Ezel Kural. History of the Ottoman Empire and International Terrorism and the Drug Connection. Ankara
Modern Turkey. (2 vols.) Cambridge University Press, 1978. University, 1984.
Toynbee, Arnold J. A Study of History. Oxford University Press, 1963. Karal, Enver Ziya. Armenian Question. Ankara, 1975.
Toynbee, Arnold J. Armenian Atrocities: The Murder of a Nation. New Armenian Terrorism and the Paris Trial. University of An-
York, 1975. kara, 1984.
Turabian, Aram. Les Volontaires Armeniens sous les Drapeaux Fran-cais.
Marseilles, 1917. Øimøir, Bilal. The Deportees of Malta and the Armenian
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ERICH FEIGL
166
Epilogue
Armenian terrorism: History is both poison and antidote. Histo-
rians usually contribute little or nothing to discussions of pre-
sent-day terrorism. Middle-East historians have especially avoi-
ded comment on Armenian terrorism, preferring topics more re-
mote and less likely to shoot back. However, in considering Ar-
menian violence, history cannot be ignored, for history is both
the cause of Armenian terrorism and its only cure. Armenian ter-
rorism is rooted in a false view of history. Only by correcting
that view will Armenian terrorism be defeated. I therefore wish
to suggest a method not usually used to combat terrorism: the
study of history.
Each terrorist needs a raison d'etre - a philosophy and a cause
for which he can kill and die. History usually plays a part in this,
both because terrorists often look back to an idyllic past in
which all was well with their people, and because terrorists al-
most always remember real or imagined historical injuries and
vow vengeance. But the main wish of terrorists is always to free
their people from foreigan bondage. That was the case with the
Viet Kong, and that is the case today with the I. R. A. Today's
Armenian terrorists are unique in that history, or at least their
version of it, is their only real justification. In recent days I. R. A.
seems to be of "minorr" importance. Same for the "freedom
fighters" of Sardinia, Kosovo or Spain´s problem with the ETA-
separatists. Also the most cruel events in the Middle East made
Armenia´s criminal attack against Azerbaijan somehow forgot-
ten. But the refugees from Western Azerbaijan will never forget.
And the Turks will never forget the Armenian ruthless
accusations.
A Personal Foreword 7
Introduction 10
Urartians: Their Language and Their Heritage 12
Armenia: Myth and Historical Reality 18
The Prehistoric Cultures of Eastern Anatolia –A Key to The Understanding of The History of Anatolia 19
Seljuks, Mongol Invaders and Ottomans 26
Jews in the Ottoman Empire 28
The Greek Orthodox - Patriarchate 30
The Armenian Orthodox Patriarchate 32
The Triumph of the Ottomans in Eastern Anatolia and Cilicia 38
The Causes of the Armenian Tragedy 39
The Rivalry Among the Churches and Sects to Win the Favor of the Ottoman Armenians 39
The Beginning of the End -The Formation of a Protestant 41
The Catholic Armenians 41
The Nineteenth Century: A Golden Age for Armenians and Ottomans, in Spite of the Beginnings of Nationalistic Agitating from Abroad 46
Great-Power Politics and the Armenian Question 50
It´s only one step from myth and mythology to mythomania 56
Mark Sykes, the Zealots of Zeitun and the Reckless Revolutionaries 62
The Mechitarists as a Special Kind of Victim of Armenian Terror 67
The truth about the present-day Mechitarists of San Lazzaro 68
Nationalism Spreads From the Church to Secular Organizations 70
The Bab-› Ali Demonstration, the Hunchaks, and the Kusaktsakan 72
One df theclimaxes of Armenian terror: The raid on the Ottoman Bank 74
The Armenians' Last Chance - Blown by the Dashnaks 76
May 17, 1915 The Armenians invade Van and set fire to the Muslim part of the town 79
The Relocation Decision: Its Causes and Consequences 81
The Armenian myth of victimhood stands or falls on two legs: the date April 24, 1915, and Franz Werfel's literary masterpiece,
"The Forty Days of Musa Dagh". 88
The Anglo-French Attack on Constantinople, through the narrows and across the sea Marmara, was now imminent. Date: April 24! 91
The mountain of Moses and the lowlands of Alma and Franz Werfel 97
Alma, the alter ego of Franz 98
The poet and his world 100
The bed-sheets of the Musa Dagh-fighters 105
Werfel´s substratum of "truth" 106
A Gang of Forgers 108
The Forgeries of Aram Andonian and Johannes Lepsius 110
The Collapse of the Central Powers and the Continuing Resistance of the Ottoman Empire 117
The Turmoil of a War That Would Not End 120
The Wars of the Republic of Armenia 123
The Reconquest of Kars and the End of Armenian Expansion 126
An Equally Tragic Sequel on the Southern Front 128
The Treaties of Gümrü, Moscow and finally Kars 130
The End of the Armenian-Greek Invasion 131
Terrorism as Bloody Real Fantasy-War 136
The Armenian Terrorist Organizations 139
The Political Background of the Armenian Terrorist Organization ASALA 140
Some examples of Armenian tirades of hatred: They poisoned worldwide public opinion. A myth of mental terror. 142
Water and oil Turkey, the energy bridge of the third millenium 144
Armenia´s war of aggression against Azerbaijan: a barrel burst 144
The strange inherent similarity between the sons of William Tell and those of Haik: Mythomaniac teachings on descent 145
Grounds for the judgment 147
A masterpiece of ›gnorance 150
Genocide - Holocaust - Teror 154