Adjective, Adverb, Noun Clauses Gerund, Participial and Infinitive P Phrases

Adjective, Adverb, Noun Clauses
Gerund ,Participial
p and Infinitive
Phrases
J f
Jafar A
Asgari
i
English Department
Kashan University of Medical Sciences
Structure of Complex Sentences
Every Complex sentence is made up of
two parts, the dependent and the
independent:
I will come,, If yyou say.
y
Indep Dep
or
If you say, I will come.
Dep Indep
The dependent part can begin
differently
Main Clause Dependent Clause
That you are tried
What yyou sayy
who you are
I Know What time you left
How far you can jump
Why you left
Although
g I don't sayy it
The dependent part can have 3
main functions
Noun clause They didn't know why he
was so upset.
Adjective clause The man to whom I was

talkingg is a ppilot
Adverbial clause After it had stopped

snowing, I went outside
The Noun Clause is the modified
and bigger form of the noun:
‫اﺳﻢ ﺳﺎدﻩ‬ Answer I know the
Noun answer.
‫ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﯽ‬ The answer to the I know the

Noun phrase question answer to the
question.
‫ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وارﻩ اﺳﻤﯽ‬What the answer is I know what the

Noun clause answer is.
i
A sentence with a Noun Clause is
made up of 4 parts
Main Clause Subordinating Subject Verb
C j
Conjunction
ti
I Know Which way They Went
I understand What You Are trying to say

The Noun Clause Can Perform
All functions of the simple noun:
object I know what the answer is.
Subject what the answer is is not important.
Object of I am thinking about what the answer
prep is.
Suj What is important now is what the
complement
p answer is.
Object I know one thing: what the answer is.
complement
The Adjective Clause: Stucture
Noun Relative pro. Description
The man Whom I saw
The book Which I want to buy
The day When I was born
The city where I was born

The Adjective Clause with
prepositions and superlatives
For whom I work
with Whom I compete

The man
Against whom I stood
The tallest of whom was Ali

The men
The most powerful of whom was
absent
The Adverbial Clause
• Adverb clauses can be grouped according to
the type of relationship they express:
• Time
Time- place
place- reason
reason- purpose
purpose- manner
manner-
condition- result- contrast.
• After-
f as - As long
l as - As soon as -
before - since - until - when - whenever
while
End of part one
What is a Gerund Phase
Every gerund, without exception, ends in -ing. Gerunds are not,
however, all that easy to pick out. The problem is that all present
participles
ti i l also
l end d iin -ing
i . What
Wh t isi the
th difference?
diff ?
Gerunds function as nouns. Thus, gerunds will be subjects,
subject complements, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects
of prepositions
prepositions. Present participles
participles, on the other hand
hand, complete
progressive verbs or act as modifiers. Read these examples:
Since Francisco was five years old, swimming has been his
passion.
passion
Swimming = subject of the verb has been
Francisco's first love is swimming.
Swimming = subject complement of the verb is
Francisco enjoys swimming more than spending time with
his girlfriend Diana.
Swimming = direct object of the verb enjoys
Francisco gives swimming all of his energy and time.
Swimming = indirect object of the verb gives
Gerunds and Participles
a gerund phrase will always function as a noun

while a present participle phrase has the job of
modifying another word in the sentence. Check
outt these
th examples:
l
1.
1 Swimming is a good form of exercise
exercise.
2. Swimming in the lake, he found a dead body.
3. The man swimming there is my father.
4. I am not interested in swimming
The perfect gerund
The perfect gerund form of a gerund is made up

of having plus the past participate of the main
verb . This can be used instead of the present
form of the gerund when we are referring to a
past action:
1. Your having had the experience will be to your

credit.
credit
2. His not having done the homework made the
teacher veryy angry.
gy
The Passive Gerund
The passive gerund can have two forms : present and

past. The present form is made up of being + the past
participle
i i l off the
h main
i verb,
b andd the
h past form
f i made
is d up
of having been + the past participle of the main verb.
Present: being + the past participle
Past: having + been + the past participle
He was ppunished byy beingg sent to bed without anyy
supper.
The safe showed no signs of having been touched.
Different forms of participial
phrases
1. Solving the problem, he was deeply thinking.
2 Having
2. i solved
l d the
h problem,
bl h went to drink
he di k
something
3. Being solved, the problem looked easy.
4. Having been solved, the problem was found to be

unrealistic.
Different forms of infinitive
phrases
Perfect infinitive to have painted

Progressive infinitive to be writing
Perfect Progressive infinitive to have been writing
Passive infinitive to be written
Perfect Passive infinitive to have been written
Different functions of infinitive
phrases
When the infinitive is placed after a noun, it functions as an adjective.
The assignment to do for tonight is on page 83.

83
The desire to succeed is strong in youth.
Adjective complement
When used after an adjective, the infinitive functions as an adjective complement.
We were eager to hear about his trip.

This problem is difficult to do.
do
Adverbial function:
As an adverb, the infinitive modifies an adjective, a verb, or an entire sentence.
I’m sorry to let you know that you have failed.

I’m leaving now to get to class on time.
To keep warm at night,
night you should buy an electric blanket.
blanket
To be frank, snow has never excited me.
To tell the truth, I miss the beautiful weather in my country.
Thank You Very Much

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Adjective, Adverb, Noun Clauses

Adjective clause The man to whom I was

Adverbial clause After it had stopped

‫ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﯽ‬ The answer to the I know the

‫ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وارﻩ اﺳﻤﯽ‬What the answer is I know what the

I Know Which way They Went

I understand What You Are trying to say

The man Whom I saw

The book Which I want to buy

The day When I was born

The city where I was born

with Whom I compete

Against whom I stood

The tallest of whom was Ali

a gerund phrase will always function as a noun

The perfect gerund form of a gerund is made up

1. Your having had the experience will be to your

The passive gerund can have two forms : present and

1. Solving the problem, he was deeply thinking.

3. Being solved, the problem looked easy.

4. Having been solved, the problem was found to be

Perfect infinitive to have painted

The assignment to do for tonight is on page 83.

When used after an adjective, the infinitive functions as an adjective complement.

We were eager to hear about his trip.

As an adverb, the infinitive modifies an adjective, a verb, or an entire sentence.

I’m sorry to let you know that you have failed.

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