25 Smnyr Nig Cemøiy Sþibi: Suxpab Nig Sit Imnuss

25
sMNYr
nig
cemøIy
suxPaB
sþIBI
nig
siT§imnusS
kare)aHBum<pSay
CaPaKsþI BIsuxPaB nig siT§imnusS
elx1 Exkkáda qñaM2002 GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak
25 sMNYr nig cemøIy sþIBI suxPaB nig siT§imnusS
karEføgGMNrKuN ³
25 sMNrY ni cemøyI sþBI sI xu PaB nig siTmi§ nusSGaceFVeI TA)anedayman kar]btßmKÖ aMRT
BIrdæaPi)al n½rEv nigRtUv)anerobrageday Helena Nygren-Krung ¬ehelNa nIeRkn-
RKug¦ EdlCaCnbegÁalEpñksuxPaB nig siT§imnusSénGgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak
tamry³dMeNIrkarénkarBieRKaHeyabl; d¾TUlMTUlay . CaBiess Andrew Cassels
¬EGnRDU kaEsl¦, Andrew Clapham ¬EGnRDU ExøbEhm¦, Sofia Gruskin ¬sUhyIúV a:
RKUsÁIn¦ nig Daniel Tarantola¬danIEjl tara:ntULa¦)anpþl;karENnaMdm¾ ansar³sMxan; .
sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl; Jenny Cook ¬ECnnI Xuk¦ Edl)anpþl;nUv karRsavRCavRbvtþi
Bt’man nigkarKaMRT . elIsBIenHeTot Bt’manRtUv)anpþl;[eday Robert Beaglehole
¬rU:bWt b‘íKIøhUl¦, Gian Luca Burci ¬KIGan lusa bWsIu¦, Nick Drager ¬nik ERdhÁ½r¦,
Nathalie Drew ¬NatalI RDU¦, Alison Lakin ¬GalIsun LaKIn¦, Debra Lipson ¬edR)a
libsun¦, Craig Mokhiber ¬eRkk m:k;XIb½r¦, Bill Pigott ¬b‘Íl BIkt;¦, Geneviève
Pinet ¬eh©nNWveI yv BIeNt¦, Nicole Valentine ¬nIkUl Ev:Linfaj¦, Javier
Velasquez ¬hSavIey: evLaesá¦, Simon Walker ¬saym:un v:kX½r¦, nig Dan Wikler ¬Edn
vikl½r¦ . CacugeRkay sUmEføgesckþIdwgKuNdl; Catherine Browne ¬xafWrnI eR)an¦,
Annette Peters ¬GaENt PIF½r¦, Dorine Da re-van der Wal ¬dUrIn da er-va:n eD
va:l¦ nig Daryl Somma ¬darIl sUma:¦ .
Tinñn½yénkare)aHBum<pSayenAkñúgkataLúkénb½NÑal½yrbs;GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak
sMNYr nig cemøIysþIBIsuxPaB nig siT§imnusS
¬kare)aHBump< SayCaPaKsþIBIsuxPaB nig siTi§mnusS¦
1. siT§imnusS -2. suxPaBsaFarN³ - 3. eKalneya)aysuxPaB - 4. c,ab;GnþrCati - 5. eKalkarN_ENnaM- I. GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak - II.
esovePAPaK
ISBN 92 4 154569 0 (cMNat;fñak; NLM: WA 30)
ISSN 1684-1700
© GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak qñaM2002
rkSasiT§iRKb;Ebbya:g Éksare)aHBum<pSayrbs;GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelakGacTTYl)anBIEpñkTIpSa nigpSBVpSay GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak
Gas½ydæan 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland ¬TUrs½BÞ³ +41 22 791 2476; Tursar +41 22 791 4857; GIuEml
³: [email protected]). ral;sMeNIsuMkarGnuBaØat edIm,Ie)aHBum<eLIgvij b¤ bkERbnUvÉksare)aHBump< Sayrbs;GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak -
eTaHCasMrab;lk; b¤ sMrab;EckcayEdlminEmnCalk<N³BaNiC¢kmμk¾eday - KYrepJIeTAEpñke)aHBum<pSay tamGas½ydæanxagelI ¬TUrsar ³ +41
22 791 4806; GIuEml ³ [email protected]¦ .
karGFib,ay nig karbgðajsMPar³enAkñúgkare)aHBum<pSayenH minbgðajnUvkarbeBa©jmtiNamYy eTaHCaGVIk¾eday rbs;GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak

eT GMBInwgzan³Rsbc,ab;énRbeTs EdndI TIRkug b¤tMbn; b¤énGaCJaFr b¤GMBIkarkMNt;RBMEdn b¤RBMRbTl;NamYyeLIy . bnÞat;EdlmancMNucmUl²
enAelIEpnTICasBaØabgðajBIbnÞat;RBMEdnRbhak;RbEhlEdlGacminTan;mankarRBmeRBogKñaeBjeljenAeLIy .
karelIkeLIgGMBIplitplénRkumh‘unCak;lak; b¤ éneragcRkplitmYycMnYnenaH minbBa¢ak;fa plitplTaMgenHRtUv)anyl;RBm b¤ pþl;Gnusasn_
edayGgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak CakareBjcitþCagplitplRkumh‘und¾eTotEdlmanlkçN³RsedogKñaEdlmin)anelIkeLIgenaHeT . kMhus nig
karlubecalRtUv)anelIkElg eQμaHénplitpl CakmμsTi R§i tUv)ansMKal;edayGkSrFMxagedIm .
GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelakminFanafa Bt’manEdlmanenAkñgú kare)aHBump< SayenH KWeBjelj nigRtwmRtUv ehIyminTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarxUcxat
NamYy EdlekIteLIgBIkareRbIR)as;ÉksarenHeLIy .
karvaybBa©ÚlkMBüÚT½r nige)aHBum<enARbeTs)araMg . rUbftenAelIRkb ³ WHO/PAHO - GñkerobcMrcna François Jarriau / Kaolis.
25 sMNYr nig cemøIy
sþIBI
suxPaB nig siT§imnusS
GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak
“´sMukMu[eyIgTaMgGs;KñaemIleXIjsuxPaBfaCakarRbsiT§iBrC½ymYy
EdleKR)afñacg;)anCayfaehtuEtb:eNÑaH b:uEnþsUm[eyIgemIleXIj
fava CabBaðasiT§imnusSmYy EdleyIgRtUvEtkarBarpg”
GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati kUhVI GaNan; ¬Kofi Annan¦
GarmÖkfa
karTTYl)anbTdæansuxPaBx<s; EdlCasiT§i CamUldæanrbs;mnusSCatiRtUv)andMkl;
kñúgFmμnuBaØrbs;GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak ¬WHO¦ CaghasibqñaMknøgmkehIy .
enAkñúgkargarRbcaMéf¶rbs;eyIg GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelakkMBugts‘UBüayam eFVI[
siT§ienHkøayCakarBitsMrab;buKÁlRKb;rUb edayykcitþTukdak; CaBiesscMeBaHCn
RkIRkbMput nigCnEdlgayrgeRKaHbMput .
esckþIEføgGMBIsiT§imnusSpþl;[eyIgnUvRkbx½NÐCMrujTwkcitþ nigmKÁúeTÞsk_mYysMrab;
karviPaK nigskmμPaBd¾manRbeyaCn_ . ynþkarsiT§imnusSrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati
pþl;nUvmaKa’d¾sMxan;eq<aHeTArkkarelIkkMBs;KNenyüPaBsMrab;vis½ysuxaPi)al .
karykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsiT§imnusSkMBugrIkduHdalTUTaMgBiPBelak . GgÁkarsuxPaB
BiPBelakkMBugcUlrYmya:gskmμkñúgkarbegáInkaryl;dwgGMBIsiT§imnusSTak;Tgnwg
suxPaB . eyIgkMBugeronsURt BITIPñak;garGgÁkarshRbCaCatiepSg²eTot shKmn_
GnþrCati nigPaKIBak;B½n§epSg²eTot .
KwenAkñúgbribTenHehIy EdlGgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak)anpSBVpSaynUv kare)aHBum<
pSayCaPaK sþIBIsuxPaB nigsiT§imnusS enHeLIg . eyIg)aneRCIserIs 25sMNYr nig
cemøIy CaPaKTI1 enAkñúgkare)aHBum<pSayCaPaKenH edayelIkeLIgnUvcemøIysMrab;
sMNYrCaKnøwH EdlBinitüBic½yelITMnak;TMngrvagTidæPaBepSg²énsuxPaB nigsiT§i
mnusS .
´sgÇwmfa sMNYr nig cemøIy enHnwgpþl;nUvmKÁúeTÞsk_dl;mitþGñkGanCaeRcInEdlcab;
GarmμN_elITMnak;TMngrvagsuxPaB nig siT§imnusS .
Gro Harlem Brundtland

¬RkU haLwm Rb‘unEln¦
TIRkughSWENv
Exkkáda qñaM2002
© WHO
5
bBa¢Imatika
BakübMRBYj nig GkSrkat; 6
EpñkTI1 ³ suxPaB nig RkitüRkm nigbTdæan siT§imnusS 7
sMNYrTI1 etIsiT§imnusSCaGVI? 7
sMNYrTI2 etIsiT§imnusSRtUv)andMkl;enAkñúgc,ab;GnþrCatidUcemþc? 7
sMNYrTI3 etIsuxPaB nigsiT§imnusSmanTMnak;TMngKñadUcemþc? 8
sMNYrTI4 etI "siTi§TTYl)ansuxPaB" mann½ydUcemþc? 9
sMNYrTI5 etIeKalkarN_esrIPaBrYcputBIkarerIseGIgmanTMnak;TMngdUcemþcCamYysuxPaB? 11
sMNYrTI6 etI]bkrN_ siT§imnusSGnþrCatiNaxøHEdlEcg GMBIkarsnüarbs;rdæaPi)al? 12

sMNYrTI7 etImanynþkartamdanGnþrCatiGIVxøHsMrab;siTi§mnusS? 12
sMNYrTI8 etIRbeTsRkIRkEdlmanFnFantictYcGacTTYl)anbdæansiT§imnusSdUc
RbeTsGñkmandUcemþc? 14
sMNYrTI9 enAeRkamc,ab;siT§imnusS etImankatBVkic©énkic©shRbtibtþikarGnþrCatib¤eT? 14
sMNYrTI10 etIrdæaPi)almankatBVkic©siT§imnusSGVIxøHTak;TgnwgGñkedIrtYdéTeTotenAkñúgsgÁm? 15
EpñkTI2 ³ karbBa©ÚlsiT§imnusSeTAkñúgsuxPaB 16
sMNYrTI11 etIviFIsa®sþsuxPaBEp¥kelIsiT§I mann½ydUcemþc? 16
sMNYrTI12> etIGVICatémøbEnßménsiT§imnusSenAkñúgsuxPaBsaFarN³? 18
sMNYrTI13> etIRtUveFVIdUcemþc RbsinebIkarkarBarsuxPaBsaFarN³tMrUv[mankardak;kMhitelI
siT§imnusSmYycMnYn? 18
sMNYrTI14 etIsiT§imnusSGacmanplvi)akGVIxøHsMrab;Bt’mansuxPaBEdlEp¥kelIPsþútag? 19
sMNYrTI15 etIkarKaMRTEpñksiT§imnusSGaceFVIdUcemþc edIm,IBRgwgRbB½n§suxPaB? 20
sMNYrTI16 etIc,ab;suxPaB nig c,ab;siT§imnusSmanTMnak;TMngKñadUcemþc? 21
sMNYrTI17 etIsiT§imnusSGnuvtþcMeBaHkarviPaKsßanPaBsuxPaBenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgLaydUcemþc? 21
EpñkTI3 ³ suxPaB nig siT§imnusSenAkñúgbribTTUlMTUlay 22

sMNYrTI18 etIRkmsIlFm’manTMnak;TMngdUcemþceTAnwgsiT§imnusS? 22
sMNYrTI19 etIeKalkarN_siT§imnusSmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgsmFm’dUcemþc? 22
sMNYrTI20 etIsuxPaB nigeKalkarN_siT§imnusSGnuvtþdUcemþccMeBaHkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk? 23
sMNYrTI21 etIsklPavUbnIykmμb:HBal;dl;karelIkkMBs; nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusSdUcemþcEdr? 24
sMNYrTI22 etIc,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCatiman\T§iBleTAelIc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatidUcemþc? 25
sMNYrTI23 etIviFIsa®sþcMeBaHkarGPivDÆEdlEp¥kelIsiT§i mann½ydUcemþc? 26
sMNYrTI24 etIc,ab;siT§imnusS c,ab;sþIBICnePosxøÜn nigc,ab;mnusSFm’TMnak;TMngKñadUcemþcCamYybBaØtþién
CMnYyEpñksuxPaB? 27
sMNYrTI25 etIsiT§imnusSmanTMnak;TMngKñadUcemþceTAnwgkargarGPiviDÆn_EpñksuxPaBenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgLay? 28
]bsm<½n§I ³ ]bkrN_pøÚvc,ab; 29
]bsm<½n§ II³ rcnasm<½n§énGgÁkarsiT§imnusSshRbCaCati 32
6
BakübMRBYj nig GkSrkat;
ACC KN³kmμaFikarsRmbsRmYlEpñkrdæ)al
CAT GnusBaØaRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ nigkarRKb;RKg b¤kardak;TNÐkmμeXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤RbmafemIl
gaydéTeTot ¬1984¦
CCA karvaytémøRbcaMRbeTsrYm
CCPOQ KN³kmμaFikarBieRKaHeyabl;sþIBIkmμviFI nigsMNYrRbtibtþikar
CDF Rkbx½NÐGPivDÆn_RKb;RCugeRCay
CEDAW GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg; énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwg®sþI ¬1979¦
CERD GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgBUCsasn_ ¬1963¦

CRC GnusBaØasþIBIsiT§ikumar ¬1989¦
ECOSOC RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁm
IACHR KN³kmμkarGnþrGaemriksþIBIsiT§imnusS
ICCPR ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigneya)ay ¬1966¦ nigBiFIsarBIrrbs;va ¬1966¦nig ¬1989¦
ICESCR ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ ¬1966¦
ILO GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati
IMF mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati
NGO GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al
OHCHR kariyal½y]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS
PAHO GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak kariyal½yRbcMaenAtMbn;Gaemrik

PRSP ÉksaryuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
UN GgÁkarshRbCaCati
TRIPS TidæPaBénsiT§ikmμsiT§ibBaØaTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmμ
UDHR esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬1948¦
UNDP kmμviFIGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati
UNDAF Rkbx½NÐCMnYyGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati
UNGASS sm½yRbCMuBiessénmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati
UNICEF mUlniFiGgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,Ikumar
WANAHR sm<½n§PaBBiPBelak edIm,IGaharUbßmÖ nigsiT§imnusS
WHO GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak
WTO GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak
7
EpñkTI1 ³
RkitüRkmnigbTdæansuxPaB
nigsiT§imnusS
sMNYrTI1> etIsiT§imnusSCaGVI?
©
WHO/PAH
¬1¦
¬1¦ KN³kmμaFikarsRmbsRmYl siT§imnusS ³
Epñkrdæ)al ¬ACC¦ RbB½n§
shRbCaCati nigsiT§imnusS ³ • RtUv)anFanaedaybdäanGnþrCati
eKalkarN_ENnaM nigBt’man • RtUv)ankarBartampøÚvc,ab;
sMrab;RbB½n§sRmbsRmYlRbcaM • epþatelIesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusSCati
RbeTs RtUvÉkPaBCYsmux[ • karBabuKÁlmñak;² nigRkum sMNrY TI2> etIsiT§imnusSRtUv)andak;
ACC edayKN³kmμaFikarBieRKaH
• CakatBVkic©rbs;rdæ nigGñkedIrtYrbs;rdæ dMkl;enAkñúgc,ab;GnþrCatiya:g
eyabl;sIþBkmμvFi I nig sMNrY
Rbtibtþikar (CCPOQ) enAkñúg • minGacRtUv)ane)aHbg;ecal b¤deNþIm)an dUcemþc?
sm½y RbCMuelIkTI16rbs;xnÜø TI • BwgEp¥kKña nig Tak;TgKñ¬2¦aeTAvijeTAmk
Rkug hSWENv qñaM2000 . • manlkçN³Caskl eRkays®gÁamelakelIkTI2 shKmn_GnþrCati)anGnum½tnUv
¬2¦ enHmann½yfasiTi§mnusS
esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬UDHR qñaM1948¦ . b:uEnþ
GnuvtþcMeBaHbuKÁl RKb;rUb nig siT§imnusSRtUv)anFanatampøÚvc,ab;edayc,ab;siT§imnusS Edl enAeBlEdlrdæTaMgLay)anerobcMeFVIbBaØtþinanaénesckþIRbkasenH[
RKb;TIkEnøg . karBarbuKÁlmñak;² nigRkumRbqaMgnwgGMeBIEdldak;kMhitelI eTACac,ab;EdlP¢ab;katBVkic© s®gÁamRtCak;)anlb;elI nigeFVI[siT§i
¬3¦siT§imnusS ³ esovePAENnaM esrIPaBCamUldæan nigesckþIéføfñÚrCamnusS ¬3¦ . siT§imnusSman mnusSEbkExJkCaBIrRbePTedayELk²BIKña . BYkbs©wmRbeTs)anEvk
CamUldæansMrab;buKÁlikGgÁkar
shRbCaCati ecjpSay siT§iBlrdæ vb,Fm’ esdækic© neya)ay nigsgÁm . CaeKalkarN_ Ejkfa siT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)aymanGaTiPaB cMENksiT§iesdækic©
edaykariya l½yén ]tþmsñgkar siT§imnusSBak;B½n§nwgTMnak;TMngrvagbuKÁlmñak;²nigrdæ . katBVkic© nigsgÁmRKan;EtCaesckþIR)afñab:ueNÑaH . bøúkelakxagekItRbeTs)an
GgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYl bnÞúk
siT§imnusS(OHCHR) nig
rbs;rdæaPi)alBak;B½n§nwgsiT§imnusSsßiteRkameKalkarN_én CMTas;fa siT§iTTYl)anGahar suxPaB nigkarGb;rMman]tþmPaBCag
KMeragmha viTüal½ybuKÁlik kareKarB karBar nigkarseRmc)an ¬4¦ . cMENksiT§iBlrdæ nigneya)ayminsUvsMxan;b:unμaneLIy . CalT§pl
GgÁkarsh RbCa Cati qñaM1999
p.3. sn§isBaØaedayELkBIKñacMnYnBIrk¾RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM1966 KW
¬4¦ CabnþbnÞab; katBVkic© “ siT§imnusSTaMgGs;manlkçN³Caskl minGacEbgEck)an GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ ¬ICESCR¦ nig
EdlRtUvbMeBj mankatBVkic© ehIyBwgEp¥kKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigTak;TgKñaeTAvijeTAmk .
sRmbsRmYl pþl; shKmn_GnþrCatiRtUvRbRBwtþicMeBaHsiT§imnusSCaskl eday GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigneya)ay ¬ICCPR¦ . cab;taMg
nigelIkkMBs; ¬Epñk2>33: - yutþiFm’ nigedayesμIPaBKña Ep¥kelImUldæandUcKña nigman BIeBlenaHmk sn§isBaØa esckþIRbkas nig]bkrN_c,ab;déTeTot
elxeyag 23 Tm¶n;dUcKña. edayRtUvykcitþTukdak;elIsar³sMxan;énlkçN³
énAcMNucGFib,ayelx 14 Biess nigsavtarRbvtþisa®sþ vb,Fm’ nigsasnaepSg²Kña CaeRcInRtUv)anGnum½t ehIyKW]bkrN_TaMgenHehIyEdlsegçbnUvsiT§i
énEynD½r siTi§TTYl rbs;Cati nigtMbn; rdæmankatBVkic©elIkkMBs; nigkarBarsiT§i mnusS .
)anbdæansuxPaBx<s;bMput nigesrIPaBCamUldæanTaMgGs; eTaHbICamanRbB½n§neya)ay
RtUv)anGnum½t eday KN³ esdækci © nigvb,Fm’EbbNak¾eday”
kmμaFikarsiTI§ esdækic© sgÁm • sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSGnþrCatiP¢ab;katBVkic©eTAelIrdæaPi)al
nigvb,Fm’ enAkñúgEx ]sPa TaMgLay Edl)an[sc©ab½nelIsn§isBaØaTaMgenH .
qñaM2000 ¬CESCR cuHéf¶TI4
esckþIRbkas nig kmμviFIskmμPaBRkugvIEy:nenAkñúg • esckþIRbkasminP¢ab;katBVkic©eLIy eTaHbICaRkitüRkm nig
Ekkáda qñaM2000¦. snñisITBiPBelaksþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬5¦ . bTdæaneRcIn EdlmandMkl;enAkñúgesckþIRbkasTaMgenaH qøúH

bBa©aMgBIeKalkarN_nanaEdlP¢ab; katBVkic©enAkñúgc,ab;
¬5¦esckþIRbkas nig kmμviFI RbéBNIGnþrCatik¾eday .
skmμPaB Gnum½tenAkñúg snñisIT • snñisITGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anbegáInnUvÉksareKal
BiPBelaksþIBIsiT§imnusS neya)ayRBmeRBogrYm EdlminP¢ab;katBVkic©CaeRcIn man
TIRkugvIEy:n 14-25 Exmifuna esckþIRbkas nigkmμviFIskmμPaBCaedIm .
qñaM1993 kfax½NÐ 5
¬Éksarénmhasnñ)i at sh
R bCaCati A /CONF
137¼23.
8
“RbCaBlrdæmni Edlt¥jÚ Et¥rGMBPI aBCasklénsiTi§ bribTénRkitüRkménsiT§imnusSnImYy²RtUv)anGFib,ayya:g
eBjeljenAkñúg]bkrN_siT§imnusS . Bak;B½n§nwgsiT§iTTYl)an
mnusSeT ehIyBYkeKk¾mni Edlcat;Tku siTmi§ nusSfaCa suxPaB nigesrIPaBrYcputBI karerIseGIg bribTénRkitüRkmRtUv
katBVkicr© bs;elakxaglic b¤xageCIgEdr . CaerOy² )anKUsbBa¢ak;enAkñúg sMNYrTI 4 nigTI5 epSg²Kña . ]TahrN_
énPasaEdlRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúg]bkrN_siT§imnusS edIm,I GFib,ay
KWmanEtemdwknaMrbs;BYkeKeTEdleFVIEbbenaH ” BIbribTénRkitüRkménsiT§imnusSsMxan;² déTeTot
GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati kUhVIú GaNan; EdlTak;TgnwgsuxPaBmandUcxageRkam ³
sMNrY TI3> etIsuxPaB nigsiT§imnusSman • TaruNkmμ ³ “KμanCnNamñak;RtUvTTYlrgnUvTaruNkmμ b¤kar
TMnak;TMngKñadUcemþc? RbRBwtþieXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤EbbRbmafemIlgay
b¤TNÐkmμeLIy . CaBiess KμanCnNamñak;RtUv
manTMnak;TMngd¾sμúRKsμajrvagsuxPaB nigsiT§imnusS ³ TTYlrgnUvkarBiesaFn_evC¢sa®sþ b¤viTüasa®sþ edayKμankar
•karrMelaP b¤kgVHkarykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsiT§imnusSGacman
yl;RBmrbs;xøÜneLIy .” ¬7¦
• GMeBIhigSaelIkumar ³ eK ”RtUvcat;viFankarsmRsbEpñkc,ab; rdæ)al
plvi)akF¶n;F¶rdl;suxPaB ¬6¦ sgÁm nigEpñkGb;rMTaMgGs; edIm,IkarBarkumar
•eKalneya)ay b¤kmμviFIsuxPaBGacelIkkMBs; b¤ rMelaPsiT§i BIRKb;rUbPaBénGMeBIhigSa eRKaHfñak; b¤karrMelaPpøvÚ kay b¤pÚøvcitþ
mnusSeTAtamrebobEdleKalneya)ay b¤ kmμviFITaMgenH RtUv kare)aHbg;ecal b¤karminykcitþTukdak; kareFVI)ab
)antak;Etg b¤Gnuvtþ . b¤kareFVIGaCIvkmμ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarrMelaPpøÚvePTpg>>>.” ¬8¦
• karGnuvtþtamRbéBNIRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;³
•PaBgayrgeRKaH nig plb:HBal;énsuxPaBminl¥Gackat;bnßy
eKRtUvcat;viFankard¾manRbsiT§PaB nigsmRsb edIm,Ilub bM)at;nUv
)antamry³karcat;viFankar edIm,IeKarB karBar nigbMeBj karGnuvtþEbb RbéBNIEdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;suxPaB rbs;kumar .
¬9¦
katBVkic©siT§imnusS . • karcUlrYm ³ siT§iTTYl)an “>>>karcUlrYmd¾skmμ edayesrI
nigEdlmann½y” ¬10¦
¬6¦ Mann J, Gostin L,
Gruskin S, Brennan T,
Lazzarini Z, and Fineberg
“suxPaB nig siTmi§ nusS”
¿TahrN__GMBITMnak'TMngrvagsuxPaB nigsiT?imnus!
HV,
suxPaB nigsiT§imnusS ³
TsSnavdþIGnþrCati PaK1 elx1
qña1M 994
¬7¦maRta 7 ICCPR. karham
]
R)amelIkareFVTI aruNkmμ k¾RtUv)an
bBa¢ak;enAkñúg]bkrN_siT§imnusSdéT TaruNkm` TasPaB
eTot pg Edr rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg CAT
nig maRta37 én CRC . TMenomTMlab'buraNEdl hwg!aeTAelIRs1I nigkumar
¬8¦maRta 19 CRC
karhamR)amelIGMeBIhigSaRbqaMg
®sþIk¾RtUv)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgesckþI
maneRKaHf~ak' karrMMelaPsiT?imnus!
RbkassþIBI karlubbM)at;GMeBI
higSaRbqaMg ®sþIePTpgEdr
qñaM1993 . naMeGaymanCMgW
¬9¦ maRta 24 CRC
karhamR)amelIkarGnuvtþCaRbéBNI
RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;RbqaMg nwg®sþI
k¾RtUv)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúg siT?iTTYlkarEfTaMsuxPaB siT?k~-gkarcUlrYm
esckþIRbkassþIBI karlubbM)at; suxPaB
GMeBIRbqaMghigSa®sþIePT nig
Gnusasn_rYmcMnYn24 sþIBI®sþI nig
siT?iTTYlkarGb'rM elIkkMBs' rYcputBIkarerIseGIg
suxPaBrbs;KN³kmμaFikarlubbM
)at;ral;TRmg;énkarerIseGIg
kat'bn/y siT?imnus! ,rMelaPsiT?imnus!
RbqaMg®sþIePT 1999 pgEdr .
¬10¦maRta2 siT?iTTYlcMNIGahar PaBgayTTYlCMgW tamry:karGPivDÛn_
esckþIRbkassþIBIsiT§iTTYl)an
nigGaharUbt/mÖ tamry:siT?imnus! siT?iTTYlBt_man
karGPivDÆn_ qñaM1986 . siT§i
TTYl)ankarcUlrYm k¾RtUv)an suxPaB
bBa¢ak;enAkñúg]bkrN_siT§imnusS
déTeTotpgEdr rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg
maRta25én / maRta15 én
ICCPR rYcputBIkarerIseGIg siT?irk!akarsMgat'p8al'x7+n
ICESCR / maRta5én maRta7/
CERD,
8/ 13/ nig14 én CEDAW /

nigmaRta3/ 9 nig12 én .CRC
9
sMNYrTI4> etIBaküfa “siT§iTTYl)an
suxPaB” mann½ydUcemþc?
“siT§iTTYl)ansuxPaBminEmnmann½yfa siT§ieFVI[man
suxPaBl¥enaHeT ehIyvak¾minEmnmann½yfardæaPi)al
RkIRkTaMgLayRtUvEterobcM esvasuxaPi)aléfø² Edl
xøÜnminmanFnFanRKb;RKan;sRmab;eFVIenaHeLIy . b:uEnþ
vaTamTar[rdæaPi)al nigGaCJaFrsaFarN³erobcMnUv eKal
neya)ay nigEpnkarskmμPaB EdlnaMeTArkkarEfTaM
suxPaBEdlman nigEdlGacrk)ansMrab;TaMgGs;Kñakñúg
eBlevlad¾xøIbMputEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. karFana[TegVIenH
ekIteLIg)an enAEtCa]bsKÁ EdlkMBugRbQmmuxdl;
shKmn_siT§imnusS nigGñkmanviC¢aCIv³ EpñksuxaPi)al
enAeLIy . ”
]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúk siT§imnusS ma:rI
r:bb‘ínsun (Mary Robinson)
© Grégoire Ahongbonon
• Bt’man ³ “esrIPaBkñúgkarEsVgrk TTYl nigEckrMElkBt’man siT§iTTYl)annbdæand¾x<s;bMputénsuxPaB ¬ehAfa{siT§iTTYl

nigeyabl;RKb;RbePT” ¬11¦ )ansuxPaB}¦RtUv)anqøúH¬20¦
bBa©aMgCaelIkdMbUg enAkñúgrdæFmμnuBaØ
•PaBÉkCn ³ “ Kμ a nNamñ a k; R tU v TTY l rgnU vkareRCotERCk
Edlminsmehtupl b¤minRsbc,ab;eTAelI PaBÉkCn rbs; WHO ¬1946¦
¬11¦ maRta19/ ICCPR . rbs;xøÜneLIy>>>” ¬12 ¦
siTi§TTYlBt’man
• PaBrIkcMerInEpñkviTüasa®sþ ³ siT§irbs;buKÁlRKb;rUbkñúgkarTTYl
GtßRbeyaCn_énkarrIkcMerInEpñkviTüasa®sþ nigkareRbIR)as;rbs;
va . ¬13¦
k¾RtUv)anEcgenAkñúg]bkrN_siTi§ • karGb;rM ³ si T § i T TY l )ankarGb; r M ¬14¦ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMglT§PaB ehIybnÞab;mk)anbBa¢ak;CafμIeLIgvij enAkñúgesckþIRbkas
mnusSdéTeTotrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg
maRta10/ 14/ nig16 én TTYlkarGb;rM edIm,I)ancMeNHdwgCamUldæanGMBIsuxPaBkumar TIRkugGal;ma: Gata (Alma Ata) qñaM1978 nigenA
CEDAW nigmaRta13/ 17 nig nigGaharUbtßmÖ GtßRbeyaCn_énkarbMe)A:edaH Gnam½y kñúgesckþIRbkas sþIBIsuxPaBBiPBelakEdlGnu¬21¦ m½teday
mhasnñ i)atsu x PaBBiPBelakenAkñ úgqñaM1998 . vaRtUv
24én CRC pgEdr . nigGnam½y Epñkbrisßan nigkarbgáareRKaHfñak; ¬15¦. )anGnum½tya:ghμwgma:t;enAkñúg]bkrN_siT§imnusSGnþrCati
¬12¦ maRta17/ ICCPR .
siTi§TTYl)anPaBÉkCnk¾RtUv)an nigkñúgtMbn;d¾eRcIneTot¬22¦ .
EcgpgEdrenAkñúg]bkrN_siTi§
mnusSdéTeTot
rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgmaRta16én
CEDAW /nigmaRta40én pgEdr . CRC • Gahar nigGaharUbtßmÖ ³ “siT§irbs;buKÁlRKb;rUbkñúgkarTTYl siTi§TTYl)annUvkMritd¾x<s;bMputénsuxPaBenAkñúgc,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCatiKWCakar
¬13¦ maRta15/ .
)anGaharRKb;RKan; nigsiT§iCamUldæanrbs;buKÁlRKb;rUb edIm,IrYc GHGagcMeBaHkarerobcM kñúgsgÁmRkitüRkmsßab½nc,ab;briyakasGnueRKaHEdlGac
ICESCR
¬14¦ maRta13/ . siT§i ICESCR
TTYlkarGb;rMk¾RtUv)anEcgenAkñúg
]bkrN_siT§imnusSdéT eTotpg Edr
rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg maRta5én / maRta10
putBIkarGt;Xøan>>>¬16¦ . ” sMerc)annUvkarTTYl)ansiT§i.karbkRsayd¾RtwmRtUvénsiT§iTTYl)ansuxPaB
• CIvPaBrs;enA ³ buKÁlRKb;rUbmansiT§iTTYl)anCIvPaBrs;enARKb;RKan;
CERD
nig16én / nigmaRta 19/ 24/ 28/

nig33 én .
CEDAW
CRC
rab;bBa©lÚ TaMgGahar sMelokbMBak; lMenAdæan RBmTaMgesvaEfTaM suxPaB manbBa¢ak;enAkñúgmaRtaTI12én ICESCREdlRbeTscMnYn145)anpþl;sc©ab½n
¬15¦ maRta24/ .
nigesvasgÁmcaM)ac;RKb;RKan; ¬17¦ . edayRbeTs¬KitRtwmEx]sPaqñaM2002¦.enAkñúgEx]sPaqñaM2000KN³kmμkar
CRC
¬16¦ maRta11/ .
• siT§iTTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁm ³ siTri§ bs;bK u lÁ RKb;rbU kñgú karTTYl
ICESCR
siT§iTTYlcMNIGahark¾RtUv)anEcgenA
kñúg]bkrN_siT§imnusSdéT eTotpgEdr
rab;bBa©Úl TaMgmaRta12én CEDAW )ansnþisuxsgÁm rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarFanara:b;rgEpñksgÁm ¬18¦. TTYlbnÞúksiT§iesdækic©sgÁmnigvb,Fm’ EdlRtYtBinitüemIlGnusBaØa)anGnum½telI
nigmaRta27én .
¬17¦ maRta25/
CRC
UDHR GtßaFib,ayTUeTAsþIBIsiT§iTTYl)ansuxPaB¬23¦.GtßaFib,ayTUeTAmaneKalbMNg
nigmaRta11 .
¬18¦ maRta9/ .
ICESCR
ICESCR CnTaMgLayEdlTTYlrgPaBBikarpøÚvcitþgayrgeRKaHCaBiesscMeBaH bMPWøBIsPaBnigxøwmsarénsiT§ibuKÁlnigkatBVrbs;PaKICardæ ¬rdæTaMgLayEdl

siT§iTTYlsnþisuxsgÁmk¾RtUv)anEcg
enAkñúg]bkrN_siT§imnusSdéTeTotpg Edr karerIseGIg . karerIseGIgminRtwmEtmanplb:HBal;CaGviC¢man )anpþl;sc©ab½n¦.GtßaFib,ayTUeTATTYlsÁal;fasiTi§TTYl)ansuxPaBTak;Tin
rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgmaRta5én maRta11/ 13/
nig 14én / nigmaRta26én .
CERD/
elIsmtßPaB rbs;BYkeKkñúgkarTTYl)ankarBüa)al nigkarEfTaM

ya:gCitsñiT§eTAnwgnigBwgEp¥keTAelIkarTTYl)annUvsiT§imnusSdéTeTot kñúgenaHman
CEDAW CRC
¬19¦éf¶T1I 8 Exkum³Ö qñaM 1992/ esckþsI eRmc

rbs;mhasnñ)i atGgÁkar b:ueNÑaHeT k¾b:uEnþkars¥b;ex<Im EdlBak;B½n§CamYyCMgpW øÚvcitþk¾mann½y
RbCaCatisþIBIkarkarBarCn Edlman CMgWpøÚvcitþ
nigkarEklMGkarEfTaM suxPaBpøvÚ citþ eKalkarN_ faBYkeKTTYl rgnUvkarerIseGIgenAkñúgTidæPaBCaeRcInepSgeTot dUcCasiTi§TTYl)ancMNIGahar CMrksñak;enA kargar karGb;rM karcUlrYm karTTYl
1 .
(A/RES/46)
¬20¦ÉksarCamUldæan énCIvitrbs;BYkeK eday eFVI[b:HBal;dl;siT§iTTYl)an kargar )anGtßRbeyaCn_epSg²BIkarrIkcMerInxagviTüasaRsþ nigkareRbIR)as;rbs;vaCIvit

kare)aHBum<elIkTI43/ TIRkughSWENv/
GgÁkarsuxPaB BiPBelak/ qña2M 001. FmμnBu aØ lMenAdæan karGb;rM .l. RKb;RKan; pgEdr . PaBKμankarerIseGIg smPaB karhamR)ammineGayeFVITaruNkmμ PaBCaÉkCn
RtUv)anGnum½tedaysnñisIT
suxPaBGnþrCatienAkñúgqñaM1946.
¬21¦ 51>7/ ]bsm<½n§.
esckþIseRmcrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIkarkarBacMeBaHCnEdl karTTYl)anBt’man nigesrIPaBkñúgkarbegáItsmaKm karCYbCuMKña nigclna.
WHA
manCMgWpøÚUvcitþ hamR)amkarerIseGIgEp¥kelICMgWpøÚvcitþ ¬19¦.

10
25sMNYr nig cMelIy sþIBIsuxPaB nig siT§imnusS
¬22¦ siTi§TTYlsuxPaBKWCa
siT§iEdl RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;enA bEnßmBIelIenH KN³kmμkarenHbkRsaysiT§iTTYl)ansuxPaB faCa GtßaFib,ayTUeTA dak;ecjnUvlkç¬24¦N³vinicä½ycMnYnbYn edIm,Ivay
kñúg]bkrN_ GnþrCatiCaeRcIn .
maRta25¬1¦én UDHR Ecgfa siT§ipþac;muxmYy EdlRKbdNþb;minRtwmEt eTAelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB tMélelIsiT§iTTYl)ansuxPaB ³
“buKÁlRKb;rUbman siT§iTTYl)an
CIvPaBrs;enAEdl RKb;RKan; Tan;eBlevlanigsmRsbbu:eNÑaHeT k¾bu:EnþEfmTaMgeTAelIktþakMNt;
sRmab;suxPaBrbs;xøÜn nigRKYsar TaMgLayénsuxPaB dUcCakareRbIR)as;Twk EdlGacpwk)an nigman (k ) PaBEdlGacrk)an (Availability) mUldæansuxaPi)al
rbs;BYkeK edayrab;bBa©Úl TaMg suvtþiPaB nigGnam½yRKb;RKan; karpÁt;pÁg;RKb;RKan;nUvcMNIGahar saFarN³ nigEfTaMsuxPaBEdlmankMBugman dMeNIrkar TMnijnigesva
cMNIGahar sMelokbMBak; CMrk
sñak;enA nigkarEfTaMsuxPaB mansuvtßiPaB GaharUbtßmÖ nigCMrksñak;enA lkçxNÐkargar nigbrisßan k¾dUcCakmμviFeI pSg²RtUvEtmansMrab;pþl;CUn kñúgbrimaNRKb;RKan;.¬25¦
nigesva sgÁmcaM)ac;” . ICESCR RbkbedaypasuxPaB nigkarTTYl)annUvkarGb;rM nigBt’man rYmTaMg
pþl;nUvmaRtad¾ RKb;RCugeRCay suxPaBpøvÚ ePT nigsuxPaBbnþBUCpgEdr. (x ) PaBEdlGaceRbIR)as;)an (Accessibility) mUldæansuxa
bMputsþIBIsiT§iTTYl)an Pi)al TMnijnigesva RtUv)anGaceRbIR)as;)an sMrab;mnusSRKb;rUb
suxPaBenAkñúgc,ab;siTmi§ nusSGnþr
Cati . eyagtammaRta12¬1¦ én edayKμankarerIseGIg enAkñúgyutþaFikar énPaKICardæ . PaBEdlGac
ktikasBaØa enH/ rdæPaKITTYlsÁal; eRbIR)as;)anmanTidæPaBCan;KñacMnYnbYn³
“siT§irbs;buKÁl RKb;rUbkñúgkar
TTYlbdæanx>s;bMput énsuxPaB siT§iTTYl)ansuxPaB • PaBKμankarerIseGIg ¬26¦
pøÚvkay nigpøÚvcitþ” cMENk maRta
12¬2¦ tamviFIBnül;bMPøW • PaBEdlGaceRbIR)as;edayrUbv½nþ ¬27¦
GFib,ayGMBI “viFankarmYycMnYn
Edl cat;eLIgedayrdæPaKI • PaBEdlGaceRbIR)as;Epñkesdækic©
“…edIm,IseRmc )annUvkaryl;dwg (PaBEdlmanlT§PaBTij)an)¬28¦
eBjeljGMBIsiT§i enH”. minEt
b:ueNÑaH siT§iTTYl)an suxPaB RtUv • PaBEdlGacTTYl)annUvBt’man ¬29¦
)anTTYlsÁal;enAkñúg CERD qñaM
1963/ CEDAW qñaM 1979 nig enAkñúg
CRC qñaM1989 . ]bkrN_ siT§i
(K) PaBEdlGacTTYlyk)an (Acceptability) RKb;mUldæan
mnusSkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYnk¾ suxaPi)al TMnij nigesvaTaMgGs; RtUvEteKarBeTAtamRkmsIlFm_
TTYlsÁal; nUvsiT§iTTYl)an
suxPaBpgEdr dUcCa FmμnBu aØ karEfTaM s u x PaB RKUeBTü nigmanlkçN³smRsbEpñkvb,Fm’ nigykcitþTukdak;eTAelI
sgÁmGWru:bqñaM1961 dUc)an EkERb
FmμnuBaØsiT§imnusS nigsiT§iRbCaCn ktþ a kM N t; EynD½r nigtMrvU karénvdþCvI it k¾dcU CaerobcMeLIg edIm,IeKarBPaBsMgat;
nigEklMGrsßanPaBsuxPaB rbs;GñkEdlBak;B½n§ .
GaRhVikqñaM1981 nigBiFIsarbEnßm
sRmab;GnusBaØaGaemriksþI
BIsiT§imnusS enAkñúgvis½yénsiT§i (X) KuNPaB (Quality) mUldæansuxaPi)al TMnij nigesva
esdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’qañ M 1988 RtUvEtmanlkçN³smRsbxagviTüasaRsþ nigEpñkeBTü nigman
¬BiFIsarenH)ancUlCaFrman enAkñúg
qñaM1999 . RsedogKña enHEdr KuNPaBl¥ ¬30¦.
siTi§TTYl)ansuxPaBRtUv)an
RbkasCapøÚvkar edayKN³kmμ
karsiTi§mnusS nigGFib,ayBisþar
enAkñúgesckþRI bkas nigkmμviFI
skmμPaBRkugvIEy:nqñaM1993
nig ]bkrN_siTi§mnusSepSgeTot
. ¬23¦ eyabl;TUeTA14 .
¬24¦ eyabl;TUeTA14 . RkahVikxageRkamenH bgðajBIcMnYnRbeTs EdlTTYlsÁal;siT§iTTYl)an
¬24¦ enHKYrrab;bBa©Úlktþa suxPaBtamkMritxus²Kña ³
kMNt;CamUldæanénsuxPaB
dUcCaTwksuvtßiPaB nigEdlGac
briePaK)an nig esvaGnam½y
RKb;RKan; mnÞIreBTü KøInik nig
karTTYlsÁal;BIfañ k;Cati
GaKarBak;B½n§nwgsuxPaBepSg
² eTot buKÁlikeBTü
énsiT§iTTYlsuxPaB
nigbuKÁlik GaCIBEdl 193
)anTTYlkarbNþúH
bNþaldéTeToEdl)anTTYl
ebovtSCalkçN³RbkYtRbECg 142
kñúgRbeTs nig »sfCamUldæan 109
dUc)ankMNt; edaykmμviFI 83
skmμPaBrbs;GgÁkar
WHOsþIBI»sfCamUldæan .
¬26¦ brikaç r/ TMnij nigesva

suxaPi)alRtUvEtGaccUldl;
mnusSTaMgGs;Kña tamGgÁc,ab;
nigGgÁehtu edayminman RbeTsTaMgGs; RbeTsEdl)an RbeTsEdl)an RbeTsEdl)an
karerIseGIgelIehtuplEdlRtUv pþl;sc©ab½n pþl;sc©ab½n pþl;sc©ab½n
)anhamR)amNamYyeLIy . ICESCR snÞisBaØatMbn;Edl TTYsÁal;siT§iTTYl)ansuxPaB
¬27¦ brikçar/ TMnij nigesva siTi§TTYl)ansuxPaB enAkñúgrdæFmμnuBaØCati rbs;xøÜn
suxaPi)alRtUvEtcUleTAdlRKb;
EpñkénRbCaCnCalkçN³rUbv½nþ
RbkbedaysuvtßiPaB CaBiess
RkumEdlgayrgeRKaH b¤Edlmin
RtUv)aneKrab;rk dUcCaCnCatiPaK
RbPB: Eleanor D. Kinney, siT§imnusSGnþrCatikñúgkarTTYl)ansuxPaB ³
tic nigCnGenþaRKam ®sþI kumar
mnusSCMTg; mnusScas; CnBikar
etIXøaenHmann½ydUcemþcsMrab;RbeTsCati nigBiPBelakrbs;eyIg? karBinitüeLIgvijelIc,ab;
nigGñkrs;enACamYyemeraKeGds_ Indiana, vUl
: Um 34 TMBr½ 1465 qña2M 001 .
¼CMgWeGds_ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgenAkñúg
tMbn;CnbTpg .
11
25 sMNYr nig cMelIy sþIBIsuxPaB nigsiT§imnusS
WHO/PAHO
sMNYrTI5 etIeKalkarN_énesrIPaB
©
¬28¦ brikçar/ TMnij nig

esvasuxaPi)alRtUvEtGacman
témøsmrmüsRmab;TaMgGs;
edayKμan karerIseGIg manTMnak;
Kña . karcMNayelI
esvaEfTaMsuxPaB RBmTaMg TMngCamYy suxPaBdUcemþcxøH?
esvaEdlTak;TgnwgktþakMNt;
suxPaBCamUldæan RkumgayrgeRKaH nigRkumÉeka enAkñúgsgÁmhak;dUcCaTTYlnUv “karGnuvtþn_suxPaBsaFarN³ RtUvRKbdNþb;eTAeday
RtUvEtEp¥kelIeKalkarN_
smFm’ edayFanafa cMENkd¾eRcIn elIslubénbBaðasuxPaB. karerIseGIgedaycMhr bBaðaénkarerIseGIgedayGectna. ]> skmμPaBcuH
esvaTaMgenH eTaHbICa ÉkCn rWedayRbeyal rMelaP eKalkarN_sþIBIsiT§iCamUldæan ehIyCa mUldæanGac {snñidæan} fa RKb;RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtUv)an
b¤saFarN³k¾eday jwkjab;vasßitenAelIrWsénsßanPaB suxPaBTn;exSay. enAkñúg eKTak;Tgtamry³sarCaPasaEtmYyeRcInCageK enA
RtUvmantémøsmrmüsRmab; karGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg karerIseGIgGacbgðajxøÜnvaeGayeXIjenA
TaMgGs;Kña . elIkBa©k;TUrTsSn_ rWkarviPaK {ePøc} rab;bBa©ÚlbBaða
¬29¦ PaBGacTTYl)anrab; kñúgkmμviFIsuxPaBeKaledAminRKb;RKan; niglT§PaBénkareRbI suxPaBnanaEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgRkummYycMnYn dUcCa
bBa©ÚlTaMgsiT§iEsVgrk TTYl R)as;esva enAmankMrit . Cm¶WmharIksudn Cm¶WxUcekasikaQamRkhm rWbBaða
nigEckrMElkBt’man nigKMnit
Bak;B½n§nwgbBaðasuxPaB . karerIseGIgbgðajxøÜnenAkñúgviFICaeRcInya:gsaMjúaM EdlGac {minykcitþTukdak;} nwgsmtßPaBénkareqøIytb
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday PaBGac manplb:HBal;edaypÞal; rWedayRbeyaleTAelIsuxPaB. Cak;EsþgénRkummnusSepSg²Kña edaysarenAeBlkar
TTYl)anBt’manminKYrb:HBal;dl;
siTi§rkSaTinñn½ysuxPaBpÞal;xÜøn ]ThrN_ RbkassþIBIkarlubbM)at;ecalnUvGMeBIhwgSaRbqaMg RBmanGMBIkarBuledaysarCatisMNr RtUv)aneKR)ab;
CakarsMgat;eLIy . nwgRsþITTYlsÁal;TMnak;TMngrvagGMeBIhwgSaRbqaMgnwgRsþI nig edayKμankarRBYy)armÖGMBIlT§PaBxaghirBaØvtßú edIm,I
¬30¦ kñúgcMeNamkic©karepSg
eTot enHRtUvkarbuKÁlikeBTü
TMnak;TMngGMNacminesμIKñarvagbursnwgRsþI .
(31)
Fanadl;karcuHexSayénCatisMN. tamBit karerIs

EdlmanCMnaj CaBiess»sf
EdlRtUv)anGnum½ttamviTüasa karhammineGaymankarerIseGIg minEmnmann½yfa minKYrTTYl eGIg edayRbeyal ekIteLIgya:geRcIn EdleKal
®sþ nigEdlminputkMNt; RBm sÁal;PaBxusKñaenaHeT manEtkarRbRBwtxiþ su Kña nigkarxkxanmin)an neya)aysþIBIsuxPaBsaFarN³nigkmμviFIepSg²
TaMg]bkrN_mnÞIreBTü ykcitþTukdak;nwgkrNIepSg²eGayesμIKñabu:eNÑaH EdlRtUvEtEp¥k KYrRtUv)ancat;Tukfa manlkçN³erIseGIg rhUtdl;eBl
TwksuvtßiPaB nigEdlGac
briePaK)an nigGnam½yRKb; elIlkçN³sm,tþiCak;Esþgnigsmehtupl EdlmaneKalbMNg Na EdlmankarbgðajepSgBIenH edaydak;bnÞúkeTAelI
RKan; . EktMrUvGtulüPaBenAkñúgsgÁmmYy. suxPaBsaFarN³ edIm,IbBa¢ak;nigFanaeGaymankar
Tak;TineTAnwgsuxPaBnigkarEfTaMsuxPaB mUldæansMrab;PaBmin eKarBsiT§mnusS} .
¬31¦ esckþRI bkas;sIþBIlubbM)at; erIseGIg)anvivtþeTAmux ehIy\LÚvenHGacsegçbfa CakarhamR)am
GMeBIhigSaRbqaMg®sþIePT Jonathan Mann(33)
kic©RbCMueBjGgÁelIkTI85 éf¶TI20 elI {karerIseGIgNamYycMeBaHkareRbIR)as;karEfTaMsxu PaB nigktþa
ExFñÚ qñaM1993 (A/RES/48/104), kMnt; CacMbgénsuxPaB k¾dUcCacMeBaHmeFüa)aynigsiT§iTTYl
buBVkfa . GtßRbeyaCn_ sMrab;lT§kmμ edaysarehtuplCatisasn_ BN’sm,úr
¬32¦ eyabl;TUeTA14 . ePT Pasa sasna mtineya)ayrWmtiepSg²eTot edImkMeNIt Cati rW
¬33¦ r)aykarN_mCÄmNÐl sgÁm RTBüsm,tþi kMenIt Cm¶WsrésRbsaT rWBikarragkay sßanPaB
Hastings/ PaKTI27/ elx3/
]sPa-mifuna 1997/ TMB½r9 . suxPaB ¬rab;TaMgemeraKeGds_¼Cm¶WeGds_¦ ePTniym zan³suIvil
sgÁm rWzan³epSg²eTot EdlmanbMNg rW\T§Bi llubecal rWeFVeI Gay
)at;bg;nvU karTTYl)annUvsiTTi§ TYl)ansuxPaBedayesμIKña ¬32¦.
12
25 sMNYr nig cMelIy sþIBIsuxPaB nig siT§mnusS
sMNrY TI6 etI]bkrN_siT§imnusS
GnþrCatiGVIxøH kMNt;BIkarebþCa
citþ rbs;rdæaPi)al
rdæaPi)alsMerccitþedayesrIfaetIRtUveFVIPaKI énsn§isBaØasþIBI siT§i
mnusS rWeT . eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday enAeBleFVIkarsMerccitþ
rYcehIy mankarebþCacitþGnuvtþeTAtambBaØtþiTaMgLay énsn§i
sBaØaEdlBak;B½n§enaH. sn§isBaØasþIBI siT§imnusSGnþrCati
GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBI siT§iesdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ (ICESCR, © WHO / P. Virot
1966) nigGnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay

(ICCPR, 1966) )anbBa¢ak;bEnßmeTotGMBIxøwmsarénsiT§i
TaMgenH EdlmanEcgenAkñúgRbkassklsþIBI siT§imnusS
(UDHR, 1948) nigEcgGMBIkatBVkic©tampøÚvc,ab;sMrab; sMnYr7 etIynþkarGnþrCatisMrab;RtYtBinitü
rdæaPi)alTaMgLayEdlCaPaKIénlixitbTdæanTaMgenH. srubmk
eKehAÉksarTaMgenH fa {c,ab;GnþrCatisþIBIsiT§imnusS }. CaGnþrCati manGVxI øHsMrab;siTi§mnusS?
Ep¥kelIÉksarCamUldæanTaMgenH sn§isBaØasþIBIsn§imnusS karGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØasþIBIsiT§imnusScMbg RtUv)anRtYtBinitüeday
GnþrCati déTeTot )anepþateTAelIRkumCak;lak; rWRbePTnanaén KN³kmμkarFikarénRkumGñkCMnajÉkraCü EdleKsÁal;faCa
mnusSdUcCa CnCatiPaKtic RsþI nigkumar rWeTAelIbBaða
(34) (35) (36)
Cak;lak;epSg²dUcCa kareFVTI aruNkmμCaedIm. enAkñgú kar

(37) GgÁkarRtYtBinitüsn§isBaØa begáIteLIgeRkamCMnYy]btßmÖnig
BicarNaGMBRI kbx½NÐénsiTmi§ nusSEdlGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHsuxPaB GnuvtþedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati. sn§isBaØanImYy² kñúgcMeNam
eKRtUvEtBicarNaGMBbI BaØtsiþ BIþ sI Ti mi§ nusSTaMgmUl . siT§isBaØasþIBIsiT§imnusSTaMgR)aMmYy manKN³kmμkarRtYtBinitü
Rbkas nigkmμviFIskmμPaB Edl)anmkBIsnñisIT§BiPBelak pÞal;xøÜn EdlCYbRbCuMedayeTogTat; edIm,IBinitüeLIgvijnUv
rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati dUcCasnñisIT§BiPBelaksþIBIsiT§imnusS r)aykarN_rbs;PaKICardæ nigcUlrYmenAkñúg {karBiPakSaRbkb
¬TIRkug Vienna qñaM1993¦ snñisIT§GnþCatisþIBIRbCaCnnigkar edayPaBsßabna} CamYyrdæaPi)alTaMgLay Tak;TineTAnwgviFI
GPivDÆn_ ¬TIRkug Cairo qñaM1994¦ kic©RbCuMkMBUlBiPBelak EdlRtUveKaBtamkatBVkic©mnusSrbs;BYkeK. Ep¥kelIeKal
sMrab;karGPivDÆn_ ¬TIRkug Copenhagen qñaM1995¦ snñisIT karN_éntmøaPaB rdæTaMgLayRtUvdak;bBa©ÚnnUvr)aykarN_
BiPBelakelITIbYn sþIBIRsþI ¬TIRkugeb:kaMg qñaM1995¦ nigsnñisIT rIkcMerInrbs;xøÜn CUneTAKN³kmμkarsn§isBaØa nigeFVIkar
BiPBelaksþIBIkarRbkan;BUCsasn_ karerIseGIgnwgCatisasn_ pSBVpSayr)aykarN_TaMgenaH dl;RbCaCnpÞal;rbs;xøÜn. dUecñH
kars¥b;CnbreTs nigPaBKμankarGt;»nEdlBak;B½n§ ¬TIRkug
Durban qñaM2001¦ pþl;nUvdMbUnμansþIBIkarBak;B½n§nwg r)aykarN_GacedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan; kñúgkarrYmcMENkdl;
eKalneya)aymYycMnYn énkareqøIytbeTAnwgkatBVkic©sþIBIsiT§i karCMrujeGaymankarBiPakSafñak;Cati sþIBIbBaðasiT§imnusS elIk
¬34¦ GnusBaØaGnþrCatisIþBI mnusSrbs;rdæaPi)al. TwkcitþeGaymankarBak;B½n§nigkarcUlrYm BIsgÁmsuIvil nigCMruj
karlubbM)at;ral;TRmg;én CaTUeTAnUvdMeNIrkarBinitüBic½yCasaFarN³ elIeKalneya -
karerIseGIgBUCsasn_/
1963 RKb;RbeTsTaMgGs;enAkñúgBiPBelak \LÚvenH KWCaPaKImYyén )ayrbs;rdæaPi)al. enAcugbBa©b;énkarBiPakSaKñaenH
¬35¦ GnusBaØaGnþrCatisIþBI sn§isBaØasþIBIsiT§imnusScMnYnmYyya:gtic EdlepþateTAelIsiT§iEdlBak;B½n§ KN³kmμkarsin§isBaØa eFVIkarsegátsnñidæan EdlrYmman
karlubbM)at;ral;TRmg;én nwgsuxPaB kñúgenaHsiT§iTTYl)ansuxPaB nigsiT§imYycMnYneTotEdlBak;B½n§ Gnusasn_sþIBIviFI EdlrdæaPi)alGacEklMGrkMNt;RtasiT§i
karerIseGIgRbqaMg®sþePT/
1979 . eTAnwglkçxNÐEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;suxPaB. mnusSrbs;xøÜn. sßab½nCMnajdUcCa WHO GacedIrtYnaTI
¬36¦ GnusBaØasþIBIsiTI sMxan;enAkñúgkarpþl;Bt’man suxPaBEdlBak;B½n§ edIm,IsMrYldl;
kumar/ 1989 .
¬37¦ GnusBaØaRbqaMg karBiPakSarvagPaKICardæ nig KN³kmμkarRtYtBinitüsn§isBaØa.
kareFVITaruNkmμ nigkar
RbRBwtþ b¤kardak;TNÐkmμ
eXareXA GmnusSFm’
b¤Rbmaf emIlgaydéT
eTot1984 .
13
25 sMNYr nig cMelIy sþIBIsuxPaB nig siT§imnusS
karerobcMkñúgtMbn;RtUv)anbegáIteLIg enAkñúgGgÁkarGnþr-rdæa
Pi)alkñúgtMbn;. ]bkrN_bMerIsiT§imnusSkñúgtMbn;GaRhVik KWCa
FmμnuBaØGaRhViksþIBIsiT§imnusSnigsiT§irbs;RbCaCn Edlman
TItaMgsßitenAkñúgGgÁkarÉkPaBGaRhVik. ynþkarsiT§imnusSkñúg
tMbn;sMrab;CnCatiGaemrik manTItaMgenAkñúgGgÁkarénrdænana
rbs;Gaemrik nigEp¥kelIGnusBaØaGaemriksþIBIsiT§imnusS. enA
kñúgTIVbGWru:b RbB½n§siT§imnusSmYybegáItCaEpñkmYyénRkumRbwkSa
GWru:b. ]bkrN_bMerIsiT§imnusSsMxan;² KWGnusBaØaGWru:bsþIBIkar
karBarsiT§imnusSnigesrIPaBCamuldæannigFmμnuBaØsgÁmGWru:b. 38)
GgÁkarEdlmansmaCikcMnYn15RbeTs - shKmn_GWru:b - )an

bBa¢ak;ya:gBisþarnUvviFansþIBIbBaðasiT§imnusS nig)aneFVIsmah-
rnkmμsiT§imnusS eTAkñúgeKalneya)aybreTsrYmrbs;xøÜn.
bEnßmBIelIenH GgÁkarsnþisuxnigshRbtibtiþkarkñúgTVIbGWrub
(OSCE) EdlCaGgÁkarmYyEdlmansmaCik55RbeTs man
ynþkarnigkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIsiT§imnusSedayELk. enAkñúgtMbn;
GasuI)a:suIhVIk karBieRKaHeyabl;CaeRcInkñúgcMenamrdæaPi)al
nana kMBugeFVIeLIgTak;TineTAnwglT§PaBénkarbegáItkic©RBm-
ynþkardéTeTotsMrab;RtYtBinitüsiT§imnusS enAkñúgRbB½nG§ gÁkar eRBogsþIBIsiT§imnusS.
© WHO/PAHO
shRbCaCatirYmman KN³kmμkarsþIBIsiT§imnusS nigGnuKN³

kmμkarsþIBIkarCMruj nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusS. KN³kmμkar
shRbtibtþikarrvag AHO/WHO nigKN³kmμkarGnþr-
TaMgenH EtgtaMgebskCnBiess nigGñkCMnajÉkraCü nigRkum GaemriksþIBIsiT§imnusS (IACHR, KN³kmμkarmYyTTYl xusRtUv
kargardéTeTot edIm,IRtYtBinitüemIl nig raykarN_ GMBIbBaða kñúgkarRtYtBinitüGnusBaØaGaemriksþIBIsiT§imnusS¦ Tak;Tin eTAnwg
siT§imnusSEdlCaRbFanbTTaMgLay ¬dUcCaGMeBIhwgSaRbqaMg siT§Irbs;mnusSEdlmanCm¶WpøÚvcitþ KWCa]TahrN_mYy éntYnaTId¾
nwgRsþI karlk;kUn karGnuvtþn_EbbburaNRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; sMxan;Edlsßab½nCMnaj GacedIrtYenAkñúgynþkarRtYtBinti ü Ca
GnþrCati . PAHO/WHO pþln; vU mtibec©keTsnigCMnYy sþIBI
nigkareFVITaruNkmμ¦ rWGMBIRbeTsnana. bEnßmBIelIenH karbkRsayGnusBaØaGaemriksþIBIsiT§imnusS nigRbkasrbs;
muxtMENgsñgkarCan;x<s;TTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS RtUv)anbegáIt GaemriksþIBIsiT§inigkatBVrbs;mnusS Ep¥keTAelIbTdæanGnþrCati
eLIgenAkñúgqñaM1994 edIm,IdwknaMRbB½n§siT§imnusS rbs;GgÁkar sþIBIsiT§irbs;mnusSEdlmanCm¶Wviklcrwk. CalT§pl IACHR
shRbCaCati. GNtþirbs;sñgkarCan;x<s;enH BRgIkeTAdl; bBa©ÚlbTdæanTaMgenH eTAkñúgr)aykarN_cugeRkay énkrNI
nImYy² EdlBak;B½n§ nig enAkñúgr)aykar)aykarN_RbeTs.
RKb;TidæPaBTaMgGs; énskmμPaBsiT§imnusS rbs;GgÁkarsh CalT§plénCMnYybec©keTsenHIACHR)anecjGnusasn_
RbCaCati³ karRtYtBinitü karpSBVpSay karkarBar sMrab; nigelIkkMBs; nigkarBarsiT§irbs;GñkEdlman
nigsMrbsMrYl . Cm¶WpøÚvcitþ. (éf¶TI28 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2001). (39)
¬38¦ http://conventions.coe.int/
Treaty/EN/CadreListe Traites.htm.
¬39¦ Gnusasn_enHRtUv)anbBa©Úl
kñúgr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMrbs; IACHR
¬2001¦/ edaykMNt; CaelIkdMbUg
faÉksarenHTukmYy
EpñksRmab;siT§iGñkBikarpøÚvcitþ
14
sMNrY etIeKGaceGayRbeTsRkIRkEdl RbugRby½tñbMput nigRtUvEtmanehtuplRtwmRtUv edayeyageTA

TI8 manFnFantictYc rkSa)annUv elIPaBTaMgmUlénsiT§iEdlRtUv)anpþl;CUn sMrab;sn§isBaØasþIBI
siT§imnusS EdlBak;B½n§nwg kñúgbribTénkareRbIR)as;ya:geBj
bTdæansiT§imnusSdUcKñanwg
elj nUvFnFanGtibrmaEdlman. kñúgbribTenH eKcaM)ac;RtUv
RbeTsGñkmanEdrrWeT? EbgEckrvag PaBGsmtßPaB nigGsuqnÞ³rbs;PaKICardæmYy
edIm,IeKarBeTAtamkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜn .
CMhaneq<aHeTAkan;karTTYl)ansiT§ieBjelj RtUvEtman Epnkar enAkñúgkMLúgeBldMeNIrkarraykarN_ PaKICardæ nigKN³kmμkar
twmRtUvCak;lak; nigmaneKaledAc,as;las;bMput tamEdlGac kMNt;GMagDIkaT½r nigeKalrgVas;Cati edIm,Idak;ecjCaeKaledA
eFVIeTA)an edIm,IeqøIyTAnwgkatBVkic©siT§imnusS rbs;rdæaPi)al. R)akdniymEdlRtUvsMerc kñúgkMLúgeBlraykarN_bnÞab;.
(40)
RKb;meFüa)aysmRsbTaMgGs; rYmTaMgkar eRbIR)as;nUvviFankar

c,ab; nigbBaØtþi sþIBIsMNgtampøÚvc,ab; k¾dUcCaviFankarrdæ)al
hirBaØvtßú Gb;rM nigsgÁmEdr RtUvEteRbIR)as;enA kñúgn½yenH. sMNrY TI9 etIeRkamc,ab;siT§imnusS
kic©karenHminRtUvkar nigminbdiesF ecalnUvTMrg;BiessNamYy mankatBVkic©RtUvshkar
énkarRKb;RKg rWRbB½n§esdækic© EdlRtUveRbIR)as;Cayanþynþ CaGnþrCati rWeT?
sMrab;CMh‘anTaMgLay EdlRtUv ecaTsYr.
Cm¶WRKuncaj; emeraKeGds_¼Cm¶WeGds_ nigrebg KWCa]TahrN_
énCm¶WEdlmanplb:HBal; mkelIRbCaCnRkIRkbMput kñúgBiPB
elak edayminesμIKña CaehtunaMeGaymanCabnÞúkd¾F¶n;F¶r
mkelIesdækic©rbs;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. kñúgn½yenH eKKYrkt;
sMKal;fa eTaHbICalMnaMénsiT§imnusS Bak;B½n§eTAnwg katBVkic©
rbs;rdæTaMgLay Tak;TineTAnwgbuKÁl nigRkumnana enAkñúgyutþa
Fikarrbs;xøÜn EdlkñúgenaH]bkrN_bMerIeGaysiT§imnusS sMedA
eTAelIFnFanrbs;rdæ lMnaMenH rab;TaMgCMnYynigshRbtibtþikar
GnþrCati.
eyagtammaRta 55 nig 56 énFmμnuBaØrbs;GgÁkarshRbCa
Cati shRbtibtþikar sMrab;karGPivDÆn_ nigkarsMerc)an
nUvsiT§imnusS KWCakatBVkic©mYyrbs;RKb;rdæTaMgGs;. RsedogKña
enHEdr RbkassþIBI siT§iTTYl)ankarGPivDÆn_ sgát;F¶n;elI
(42)
kmμviFICMnYyGnþrCati nigshRbtibtþikard¾skmμ edayEp¥kelI

smPaB GFibetyüPaB karBwgEp¥kKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigpl
RbyaCn_rYm. (43)
bEnßmBIelIenH ICESCR tMrUveGayrdænImYy² EdlCaPaKIén

© WHO/PAHO
GnusBaØa {cat;viFankar edayerog²xøÜn nigtamry³CMnYy
eKalkarN_én karseRmc)anCabnþbnÞab;nUvsiT§imnusS dak;ecj breTsnigshRbtibtþikar CaBiess
(41)
CakatBVkci ©myY edIm,IeFVdI eM nIreTAmuxeGay)anelOn nig manRbsiT§

¬40¦ eyablTUeTA 3én
ICESCR sþIBIlkçN³énkatBVkic©
PaBkan;EteRcInEfmeTottamEdlGaceFVIeTA)aneq<aHeTAkan;eKal
rbs;rdæPaKIEdlGnum½t eday edAenaH . dUecñH vaTak;TineTAnwgRbeTsRkIRknigRbeTsGñkman
KN³kmμaFikarsiTi§esdækic© sgÁm edaysar vaTTYlsÁal;nUv]bsKÁedaysarEtFnFanmantictYc bu:Enþ
nigvb,Fm’/ sm½yRbCMuelIk TI5/
1990 (E/1991/23) . tMrUv eGayRbeTsTaMgGs;bgðajnUvkarrIkcMerInCaRbcaM enAkñúgkareFVI
¬41¦ ICESCR/ maRta2¬1¦. dMeNIreq<aHeTAkan;karsMerc)aneBjeljnUvsiT§inana . ral;viFankar
¬42¦ Gnum½tedaymhasnñ)i at
enAkñúgesckþIseRmcrbs;xÜøn vileTArkPaBcas;vijedayectna RtUvkareGaymankarBicarNa eday
41/128 éf¶TI4 ExFñÚ
qñaM1986 .
¬43¦ esckþIRbkassþIBIsiT§i
TTYlkarGPivDÆn_/ maRta3/
Gnum½tedayesckþIseRmcrbs;
mhasnñ)i at41¼128 ExFñÚ qñaM
1986 .
15
© WHO/PAHO
esdækic© nigbec©keTs edayBicarNaGMBI FnFanGb,brma katBVkic©rbs;rdæ edIm,IkarBarsiT§imnusS mann½yfa rdæa

rbs;xøÜnEdlman edaymaneKalbMNgseRmc[)an nUvsiT§i EdleK)an Pi)alTTYlxusRtUv kñúgkarFanafa GñkedIrtUnaTI eRkABIrdæ Gnuvtþ
TTYlsÁal;. [enAkñúgenH].”
(44) eTAtamc,ab;siT§imnusS enAkñúgyutþaFikarrbs;eK. rdæaPi)al
mankatBVkic©Fanafa PaKITIbIGnuelameTAtam bTdæansiT§i
enAkñúgsμartIenH {Rkbx½NÐénshRbtibtþikarGnþrCati} RtUv)aneK mnusS edayGnum½tc,ab; eKalneya)ay nigviFankarnana
elIkmkniyay EdlTTYlsÁal;Ca]TahrN_fa tRmUvkarrbs;RbeTs edIm,IFanaeGaymankareRbIR)as;RKb;RKan;nUvkarEfTaM suxPaB
kMBugGPivDÆn_ KYrelIkvis½ysuxaPi)almkBicarNa. tYnaTIrbs; Bt’man EdlmanKuNPaB .l. nigmeFüa)ay edaHRsay
sßab½nCMnaj RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;enAkñúgmaRtasþIBI siT§imnusS EdlGaceRbIR)as;)an RbsinebIbuKÁlnanaRtUv)aneK bdiesF
kñúgbribTenH. ]TahrN_ ICESCR bBa¢ak;fa {viFankarGnþrCati sMrab; mineGayeRbIR)as;TMnijnigesvaTaMgenH . ]ThrN_ énkic©kar
sMerc)annUvsiT§I >>> rYmmanviFIsaRsþepSg²dUcCa >>> karpþl;CMnYy enH KWkatVkic©rbs;rdæaPi)al edIm,IFanaeGayman niy½tkmμ
bec©keTs nigkarerobcMkic©RbCuMkñúgtMbn; nigkic©RbCuMbec©keTs elI]sSahkmμfñaMCk; edIm,IkarBarRbCaCnrbs;xøÜn Tb;Tl;nwg
kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IBieRKaHeyabl; nigeFVIkarsikSa Edl)anerobcMeLIg karrMelaPsiT§iTTYl)ansuxPaB siT§iTTYl)anBt’man nigbBaØtþi
rYmKñaCamYyrdæaPi)alEdlBak;B½n§}.
(45)
sþIBIsiT§imnusSdéTeTotEdlBak;B½n§.
¬44¦ ICESCR/ maRta2 . sMNYrTI10 etIkatBVkic siT§imnusS enAkñúgbribTRkumh‘unnigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al mankarrIk

(46)
raldalnUvRkumsμ½RKcitþ EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIlixitbTdæansiT§imnusS
¬45¦ ICESCR/ maRta23 . rbs;rdæaPi)al manGVIxøH GnþrCati. karbegáInkarykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHplvi)akénkargar
¬46¦ enAkñúgEpñkCMnYsmnusSFm’
]TahrN_ FmμnuBaØ ¬esckþIRBag¦ ebIeRbobeFobnwgGñkedIrtY siT§imnusSenAkñúgEpñkÉkCn )aneFVIeGaysiT§imnusSsßitenAelI
rbs;KeRmagEsV½rsþIBIbTdæan
mnusSFm’Gb,brmaenAkñúgCMnYy
déTeTot enAkñúgsgÁm? rebobvar³GaCIvkmμ kñúgenaHGaCIvkmμCaeRcIn kMBugcab;epþIm
se®gÁaHeRKaHmhnþraypþl;nUv bBa©Úl karRBYy)armÖsMrab;siT§imnusS eTAkñúgRbtibtþikarRbcaMéf¶
kataLúkd¾RKb;RCugeRCayén
edaysartYnaTInigParkic©TTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæaPi)al mankarBwg rbs; BYkeK. (47)
niyambec©keTssRmab; NGO Ep¥kkan;EteRcIneLIgeTAelIGñkedIrtYnaTI EdlminEmnCardæ

nigbuKÁlikCMnYyse®gÁaHGnþrCati
déTeTotsRmab;bBaðaepSg² ¬Rkumh‘unFanara:b;rgsuxPaB .l.¦ RbB½n§suxaPi)al rbs;rdæa-
dUcCacMNIGahar GaharUbtßmÖ Pi)al RtUvEtFanaeGaymannUvsMNaj;suvtþiPaBsgÁm nigynþkar
Twk nigGnam½y edayEp¥kelI
c,ab;siTi§mnusSGnþrCati . déTeTot edIm,IFanafa RkummnusSEdlgayrgeRKaH TTYl)an
¬47¦ http: // www. nUvkareRbIR)as;esva nigrcnasm<½n§ EdlBYkeKRtUvkar.
unglobalcompact.org.
16
EpñkTI 2 ³
karbBa©Úl
siT§imnusS
eTAkñúgsuxPaB
© WHO/PAHO
sMNYrTI11 etIyuT§sa®sþEp¥kelI FanaeFVIya:gNaeGayRbB½n§suxaPi)al GaceRbIR)as;)an

siT§iedIm,ITTYl)ansuxPaB sMrab;mnusSRKb;rUb CaBiessEpñkénmnusS Edlgayrg
eRKaHbMput rWRtUveKpat;ecaltampøÚvc,ab; rWtamkarCak;Esþg
mann½ydUcemþc? edayKμankarerIseGIg edaymUlehtuNamYy EdleKham
R)ameLIy .
viFIsa®sþEp¥kelIsiT§iedIm,ITTYl)ansuxPaBsMedAeTAelI
dMeNIrkarén ³ eRbIR)as;TsSnvis½y EynD½r edayTTYlsÁal;fa TaMgktþa
• eRbIR)as;siT§imnusSCaRkbx½NÐmYy sMrab;karGPivDÆn_ CIvsaRsþ TaMgktþasgÁmvb,Fm’ edIrtYnaTIsMxan;mYyenA kñúg
suxPaB ¬48¦ karelIkkMBs;suxPaBrbs;bursnigRsþI ehIyfaeKalneya
• vaytMélnigedaHRsayplb:HBal; énsiT§imnusS mkelI )ay nigkmμviFITaMgenH RtUvEtedaHRsayPaBxusKñaTaMgenH
eKalneya)ay kmμviFI rW c,ab; sþIBIsuxPaB . Rbkbedaymnsikarx<s; .
• eFVIeGaysiT§imnusSkøayeTACa EpñkrYmmYyénkartak;Etg
Gnuvtþ RtYtBinitü nigvaytMéleKalneya)aynigkmμviFI
nanaEdl Bak;B½n§nwgsuxPaBenARKb;Epñkvis½yTaMgGs;
rYmmanneya)ay esdækic© nig sgÁm .
¬48¦ sUmemIlsMNYrTI3
sRmab;karBül;GMBITMnak; viFIsa®sþEp¥kelIsiT§iedIm,ITTYl)ansuxPaBtMrUveGay
TMngrvagsuxPaB nigsiT§i FatusMxan;²EdlRtUvGnuvtþenAkñúgdMeNIrkarenH GacmandUc
mnsuS . xageRkam ³ mankarTTYlsÁal;crwtlkçN³ CabuKÁlrbs;RkummnusS
¬49¦RbkarCaeRcInRtUv
)an Bnül;enAkñúg
karkarBar esckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS EdlBak;B½n§. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgRKb;skmμPaBTaMgGs;
]bkrN_siT§i mnusS EdlTak;TineTAnwgkumar eKalkarN_ENnaMén GnusBaØa
Cak;lak; dUcCa GnusBaØa karykcitþTukdak;dl;RkummnusSTaMgLay EdlRtUv)ancat; sþIBIsiT§ikumar KYrRtUv)aneKGnuvtþ. skmμPaBTaMgenH
énGgÁkarBl kmμGnþrCati
sþIBIRbCa Cn GenþaRKam
Tukfa gaynwgrgeRKaHbMputkñúgsgÁm . müa:geTot karTTYl
(49)
rYmman ³
nigkulsm<½n§enAkñúg sÁal; nigGnuvtþtamcrwtlkçN³rbs;GñkEdlRtUvb:HBal;eday • plRbeyaCn_d¾l¥rbs;kumarKWCakarBicarNacMbg
RbeTsÉkraCü ¬elx
169/ 1989¦nig
sareKalneya)ay kmμviFI nigyuT§saRsþsuxaPi)al – kumar • TsSn³rbs;kumarnwgRtUv)anpþl;CUnnUvtMél
GnusBaØa GnþrCatisþIBIkar ¬kumarI nig kumara¦ ekμgCMTg; RsþI nigburs RbCaCnedIm smRsb
karBarsiT§i kmμkrGenþa
Rbevsþn_ TaMgGs; nig
nigkusm<½n§ CnCatiPaKtic nigPasaCnrbs;Cati PaKtic
smaCikRKYsarrbs;BYkeK Gñkpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAkñúgRbeTs CnePosxøÜn CnGenþaRbevsþn_ FanaeGayman smPaB nigesrIPaB BIkarerIseGIg
¬1990¦. nigCnGenþaRbevsnþ mnusScas; mnusSBikar GñkeTas eTaHCaedayectnarWGectna tamviFI énkartak;EtgkmμviFI
Cab;Bn§naKar Rkum)at;bg;»kasesdækic© rWRtUveKpat;ecal rWGnuvtþsuxPaB .
nig¼rWRkumgayrgeRKaH .
17
bMEbk Tinñn½ysuxPaBCaEpñktUc² edIm,IEsVgrk
eGayeXIjkarerIseGIg.
FanaeGaaymankarcUlrYmedayesrI Rbkbeday
Gtßn½y nig manRbsiT§PaB BIGñkTTYlGtßRbeyaCnBI
eKalneya)ay b¤kmμviFIGPivDÆn_suxPaBnanaenAkñúg
dMeNIrkarsMerccitþ Edlb:HBal;dl;BYkeK .
elIkMBs; nigkarBar siT§ikñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rM nig
siT§iEsVgrk TTYl nigEckrMElk Bt’man nigKMnitnana
EdlTak;TineTAnwgbBaðasuxPaB . eTaHCaya:gNak¾
eday siT§iTTYl)anBt’manminKYreFVI[ b:HBal;dl;siT§i
rkSa PaBÉkCn Edlmann½yfa Tinñn½ysuxPaBpÞal;
xøÜnRtUvrkSakarsMgat; . © WHO/PAHO
eK)anbgðajfa “kareKarBsiT§imnusSenAkñúgbribT én begáIn tmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB enAkñúg nigsRmab;

emeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ CMgWpøÚvcitþ nig Bikarragkay EpñksuxaPi)al CakarBicarNaKnøwHmYyenARKb;dMNak;
naMeTArkkarbgáar nigkarBüa)al)anl¥d¾KYr[kt;sMKal; . kalénkarerobcMbegáItkmμviFI .
kareKarB esckþIéføfñÚr nigPaBÉkCn rbs;buKÁlmñak;²
GacsRmYl[mankarEfTaM EdlmanlkçN³eqøIytb nig bBa©Úl karkarBar edIm,IkarBarRbqaMgnwgkarKMram
manlkçN³CamnusSeRcIn . kars¥b;ex<Im nigkarerIseGIg kMEhgrbs;RkumPaKeRcIneTAelIRkumCnCatiPaKtic
raraMgdl;kic© RbwgERbgEpñkevC¢sa®sþ nigEpñksuxPaB CnGenþaRbevsnþ_ nigRkum "EdleKminrab;rk"kñúg
saFarN³ kñúgkarBüa)alGñkman CMgW b¤BikarPaB ¬50¦. RbeTsdéTeTot kñúgbMNgedaHRsaybBaðaGtulüPaB
GMNac . ]TahrN_ tamry³karbBa©Úl ynþkar
manEtkardak;kMritelIkarGnuvtþ b¤karTTYl)ansiT§i eday edaHRsaykñúgkrNImankarrMelaPelIsiT§iEdlBak;B½n§
eKalneya)ay b¤kmμviFIsuxaPi)al CaCMerIscugeRkay nig nwgsuxPaB .
manEtkarcat;Tuk CMerIsenHRsbc,ab; b:ueNÑaHeT eTIbbT "FatupSM" EdlGaceFVIeTA)anenAkñúgviFIsa®sþ
bBaØtþinImYy² énbTbBaØtþi EdlRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg cMeBaHsuxPaBEp¥kelIsiT§i ³
eKalkarN_sIura:Kusa RtUv)anbMeBj¬51¦. siT§iTTYl)an
¬sUmemIlsMNYrTI13¦ suxPaB
dak;GnþraKmn_siT§imnusS elInItikmμsuxaPi)al eKal Bt’man
neya)ay b¤ kmμviFINamYy[enAEk,rKña CamYyTisedA
EynD½r
suxPaBsaFarN³EdleyIgR)afñacg;)an nigkarFananUv
esckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS
tmøaPaB
tulüPaBCaCMerIs rvaglT§pll¥én suxPaBsaFarN³ eKalkarN_sIura:Kus
nigkarelIkkMBs; nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusS . kMriteKal nig GMagDIkaT½r
begáIt TMnak;TMngCacMheTAnwgRkitüRkm nigbTdæansiT§i KNenyüPaB
mnusSGnþrCati edIm,IKUsbBa¢ak;BIrebobGnuvtþ nigP¢ab; karkarBar
TMnak;TMngsiT§imnusSeTAnwgeKalneya)ay kmμviFI nig smPaB nigesrIPaBBIkarerIseGIg
¬50¦ Eds. Mann J, nItikmμEpñksuxaPi)al . karEbkExJk
Gruskin S, Grodin M, karykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHRkumEdlgayrgeRKaH
Annas G, suxPaB nig
siT§imnusS ³ GñkGan
eFVI[karseRmc)annUv siT§iTTYl)anbTdæansuxPaB karcUlrYm
(Routledge/ 1999¦/
EdlGacseRmc)anx<s;bMput køayCaeKalbMNg skmμ PaBÉkCn
esckþIepþIm/kfax½NÐ4 . PaBx<s;bMput EdlmanTisedAelIkkMBs;suxPaB . siT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM
¬51¦eKalkarN_sIura:kUsa
sþI BIbTbBaØtþisþIBIkardak; bBa¢ak;BI katBVkic© rbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgkareKarB karBar tulüPaBCaCMerIsrvageKaledAsuxPaBsaFarN³
kMrit nig karRbmafemIl nigseRmc)ansiT§imnusS . nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusS
gayenA kñúgktikasBaØaGnþr
CatisþIBI siT§Blrdæ nigneya
PaBGacTTYl)an
)ay . Éksar UN kMNt;nUv kMriteKal nig GMagDIkaT½r edIm,IFana karBinitü katBVkic©c,as;las;rbs;rdæaPi)al
E/CN.4/1985/4, ]bsm<½n§ . tamdanelIkaryl;dwgGMBIsiT§iEdlkMBugRbRBwtþieTAenA siT§imnusSEdlmanTMnak;TMngya:gc,as;las;
kñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al .
18
sMNYrTI12 etIsiT§imnusSmantémødUcemþc sMNYrTI13 etImanbBaðaGVIekIteLIg
enAkñúgsuxPaBsaFarN³? RbsinebIkarkarBarsuxPaB
saFarN³tRmUv[mankardak;
CaTUeTA siT§imnusSpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;kargarenAkñúgEpñk kMhti elIsiTi§mnusSmYycMnnY ?
suxPaBsaFarN³ edaypþl;nUv ³
• karTTYlsÁal;CacMhnUvbTdæansuxPaBEdlGacseRmc mansiT§imnusSmYycMnYn EdlminGacdak;kMhit)an enA
)and¾x<s;bMputfaCa “siT§imnusS” ¬edaypÞúyeTAnwg TMnij kñúgkal³eTs³NamYy dUcCaesrIPaBBIkareFVITaruNkmμ nig
b¤plitplmYyEdlmanFatupSMCasb,úrsFm’¦ Taskmμ nigesrIPaBénKMnit mnsikar nigsasna CaedIm .
• ]bkrN_mYy edIm,IelIkkMBs;lT§plEpñksuxPaB eday
eRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþsiT§imnusS sRmab;kartak;Etg kar RbkarnanasþIBIkardak;kMrit nigkarRbmafemIlgayenAkñúg
Gnuvtþ nigkarvaytémøeKalneya)ay nigkmμviFIEpñk ]bkrN_siT§imnusSGnþrCati TTYlsÁal;nUv tRmUvkarkñúgkar
suxPaB . dak;kMritelIsiT§imnusSenAkñúgkal³ eTs³Cak;lak;NamYy .
suxPaBsaFarN³ CYnkalRtUv)aneRbIedayrdæTaMg
Lay CamUlbTmYysRmab;dak;kMrit elIkarGnuvtþsiT§i
mnusS .
ktþaCaKnøwHmYykñúgkarkMNt;fa etIRtUvmankarkarBar
caM)ac;Edrb¤Gt; enAeBlEdlsiT§iRtUv)andak;kMhit enaHKW
lkçN³vinicä½ynImYy² énlkçN³vinicä½yTaMgR)aM éneKal
karN_ sIura:Kusa RtUvEtseRmc[)an . eTaHbICaenAkñúg
kal³eTs³Edlkardak;kMritEp¥kelIehtuplénkarBar sux
PaBsaFarN³RtUv)anGnuBaØat CaTUeTAk¾eday k¾kardak;
kMhitTaMgenHKYrmanry³eBlkMNt; nigRtUvmankarBinitü
eLIgvijEdr .
© WHO
• yuT§sa®sþ “pþl;PaBkøahan” mYysRmab;suxPaB Edl

rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgRkumEdlgayrgeRKaH nigEdlminRtUv)an eKalkarN_sIura:Kusa
eKrab;rk Edl)ancUlRbLÚkCaGñkcUlrYmd¾sMxan; nig eKGaceFVIGnþraKmn_elIsiT§imnusS edIm,IseRmceKal
d¾skmμ edAsuxPaBsaFarN³)an EtkñúgkrNIEdlva CaCMerIscug
eRkayb:ueNÑaH . GnþraKmn_EbbenaH GacRtwmRtUveTA
•Rkbx½NÐ vaküs½BÞ nigTRmg; énkarENnaM d¾manRbeyaCn_ )an luHRtaEtenAeBlNa EdllkçxNÐ EdlkMNt;c,as;
mYy edIm,IkMNt;viPaK nigeqøIytbeTAnwgktþakMNt; las; dUcmanEcgkñúgc,ab; siT§imnusS EdleKsÁal;fa
suxPaBd¾sMxan; CaeKalkarN_sIura:Kusa RtUv)an bMeBjb:ueNÑaH ³
• bTdæanmYy sRmab;vaytémøkarbMeBjkargarrbs; • kardak;kMhitRtUvmanEcgnigeFVIeLIg Rsbtamc,ab;
rdæaPi)alenAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al • kardak;kMhitRtUveFVIeLIg edIm,ITisedARsbc,ab;
• elIkkMBs;KNenyüPaBrbs;rdæaPi)alsRmab;vis½y
énplRbeyaCn_TUeTA
• kardak;kMhit KWcaM)ac;bMputenAkñúgsgÁm RbCaFibetyü
suxaPi)al edIm,I seRmcTisedAenaH
•mUldæanGMNacd¾man\T§iBlmYy sRmab;karts‘Umti nigkic© • minmanmeFüa)ayGnþraKmn_ nigdak;kMhitNa
shRbtibtþikarCamYyrdæaPi)al GgÁkarGnþrCati sßab½n EdlmanRsab; edIm,IseRmcTisedAdUcKñaenHeLIy
hirBaØvtßúGnþrCati nigkñúgkarksagPaBCaédKU CamYyGñk ehIy
edIrtYénsgÁmsIuvilEdlBak;B½n§ • kardak;kMhitminRtUvRBag b¤dak;ecjCaGtþenam½t KWfa
• ynþkarGnþrCatiEdlmanRsab; edIm,ItamdankarseRmc edayminsmehtupl b¤Edlman lkçN³erIs
)ansuxPaBCasiT§imnusS ¬52¦ eGIgeLIy .
• RkitüRkm nig bTdæanGnþrCatiEdlRtUv)anTTYlyk
¬]TahrN_ niymn½yénTsSn³Tan nigRkumRbCaCn¦ GnþraKmn_elIesrIPaB énkareFVIskmμPaB enAeBl begáIt
• karENnaMEdlsIusgVak;KñasRmab;rdæTaMgLay BIeRBaH
kardak;[enAdac;BIeK b¤kareFVIÉekakmμ sRmab; CMgWqøgF¶n;F¶r
siT§imnusSBak;B½n§RKb;skmμPaBrbs;GgÁkarshRbCa- ]TahrN_ RKunekþAeGbULa CMgWsVay RKuneBaHevon
b¤CMgWrebg Edlmin)anBüa)alKWCa]TahrN_ xøH²énkardak;
Cati kMhitelIsiT§i .
¬52¦emIlsMNYrTI7 • karbegáInTMhMénkarviPaK nigvisalPaBénédKUenAkñúg
RbeTsTaMgLay .
19
EdlenAkñúgkal³eTs³mYycMnYn GacmanlkçN³caM)ac; dl;karRbmUlPsþútagedaycg¥úlbgðajBITinñn½yEdlcaM)ac;
sRmab;RbeyaCn_saFarN³ nigGacRtUv)ancat;Tukfa Rsb edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaRbQm d¾sμúRKsμaj EpñksuxPaB .
¬53¦ Gruskin S and c,ab;enAeRkamc,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCat¬53¦. pÞúyeTAvij rdæ ]TahrN_ karbMEbkTinñn½yhYsBIcMNucRbéBNIGacrk
Tarantola D in Ed. Retels
R, Mc Ewen J, Beaglehole
mYyEdldak;kMhitelIkareFVIskmμPaB b¤ EdlXMuXaMgGñkpÞúk eXIjnUvkarerIseGIgelImUldæanénCatisasn_ RbqaMgBYkCn
R, Tanaka H,
esovePAsikSaGMBIsuxPaB emeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ bdiesFminGnuBaØat[evC¢bNÐit GenþaRKam nigCnCatiPaKtic EdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaktþa
saFarN³saklviTüal½y Büa)almnusSEdleKmanCMenOfa CMTas;nwgrdæaPi)al b¤ kMNt;d¾sMxan;énsßanPaB suxPaBminl¥CaTUeTA . eTaHCa
Oxford/ e)aHBum<elIkTI4
TIRkug, kare)aHBum< xkxanmin)anpþl;karcak;fñaMbgáar RbqaMgCMgWqøgsMxan;²rbs; ya:gNak¾eday menaseBa©tnaEpñkneya)ayEdlsgát;F¶n;
pSayrbs;saklviTüal½y shKmn_ edayehtupldUcCa snþisuxCati b¤karrkSasNþab; elIsiT§imnusS kñúgkarbgðajBImeFüa)ayénkarRbRBwtþicMeBaH
Oxford. ¬kMBuge)aHBum<¦ . Fñab;saFarN³ manbnÞúkelIkareFVIyutþikmμnUvviFankar twgrwg RkumRbCaCnepSg²Kña nigmUlehturbs;vararaMgdl;visal
¬54¦ eyabl;TUeTA14/ TaMgenaH ¬54¦ . PaB énsiT§imnusSEdlRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;faCakmøaMgCMruj
kfax½NÐ28-29 . mYysRmab;karRbmUlTinñn½y .
GVIEdleKTTYlykd¾TUlMTUlayCagenHeTotenaHKW
sBaØaNEdlfa siT§imnusSBak;B½n§CamYyviFI EdlTinñn½y
suxPaBKYrRtUv)anRbmUl . viFIenHrYmman CeRmIsénviFI
sa®sþRbmUlTinñn½y Edlrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarBicarNaelIviFI
eFVIya:gNa edIm,IFanakareKarNsiT§imnusS dUcCaPaB
ÉkCn karcUlrYm nigkarminerIseGIg . TIBIr ]bkrN_
GnþrCatiGacmansar³RbeyaCn_ kñúgkarkMNt;RkumRbCaCn
epSg² . ]TahrN_ GnusBaØa ILO sþIBI RbCaCnGenþaRKam
nigCnCatiPaKtic¬56¦ pþl;nUvmUldæanGMNac sRmab;kar
kMNt; nigEjkRbCaCnGenþaRKam nigCnCatiPaKtic BIRkum
RbCaCnepSgeTot .
karRbmUlBt’manpÞal;xøÜnBIbuKÁlmñak;² GMBIsßanPaB
© WHO/PAHO suxPaBrbs;BYkeK ¬]TahrN_ karqøgem eraKeGds_
¬55¦ RkumkargarGnþrsm½y CMgWmharIk b¤vibløastamBUC¦ b¤karRbRBwtþi
RbCMuEdlminkMNt;sþIBIesckþI
RbkasRBagRtUv)anbegáIt
¬]TahrN_ kartRmg;TispøÚvePT b¤kareRbIeRKOg
eLIgenAkñúgqñaM1995 eday Rsvwg b¤sarFatuRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; déTeTot¦
GnuelamtamesckþIseRmc
rbs;KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusS
sMNYrTI14 etIsTi i§mnusSGacmankarbBa¢ak; manskþanuBl kñúgkareRbIxus edayrdæ minfaeday
1995¼32nigesckþIseRmcr
esckþIdUcemþcEdr sRmab;Bt’man pÞal; b¤BIeRBaH Bt’manenH minRtUv)anpSBVpSay
bs;RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nig
sgÁm1995¼32 . Rkum
dl;GñkdéTeTot edayBisþar nigebIkcMheLIy .
kargarmaneKalbMNgEtmYy
Kt;kñgú karBnül;lMGitnUv suxPaBEp¥kelIPsþtú ag?
esckþIRbkasRBagsþIBIsiT§i
rbs;RbVCaCnGenþaRKam
edayBicarNaelIesckþIRBag dMeNIrkarEdlpþl;kMeNIt[siT§imnusSEdlRtUv)an
EdlmanenAkñúg]bsm<½n§P¢ab; TTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCati manRbPBecjBItfPaBd¾sMxan; enA
CamYyesckþIseRmc1994¼45 elIEpndI . ]TahrN_ kartak;EtgesckþIRbkassþIBI siT§i
cuHéf¶TI26 ExsIhaqñaM1994
“esckþIRbkasrbs;GgÁkar rbs;CnGenþaRKam ¬55¦ ekItecjBIkarTTYlsÁal;fa enHKWCa
shRbVCaCatisþBI IsiT§irbs; RkumRbCaCnEdlgayrgeRKaH nigEdlminRtUv)an eKrab;rk
RbCaCnGenþaRKam” . esckþI
RBagenHkMBugRtUv)anerobcM EdlxVHxatnUvkareRbIR)as;siT§imnusS[)aneBjelj rab;
sRmab;karBicarNa nig
karGnum½trbs;mhasnñi)at bBa©ÚlTaMgsiT§iTTYl)ankarcUlrYmEpñkneya)ay suxPaB nig
kñúgkMLúgeBlTsvtSGnþr karGb;rM . müa:gvijeTot karbegáItRkitüRkm nigbTdæan
CatisRmab;RbCaCnGenþa siT§imnusSKWCaPsþútagEdlbgðajfaman bBaðaF¶n;F¶r nig
RKamrbs;BiPBelak .
¬56¦ GnusBaØaénGgÁkar bgðajBIkarTTYlsÁal;rbs;rdæaPi)al elIsar³sMxan;kñúgkar
BlkmμGnþrCatisIþBRI bCa
CnGenþaRKam nigkulsm<½n§
edaHRsaybBaðaenH . dUecñH GtßiPaBén RkitüRkm nigbTdæan
enAkñúgRbeTsÉkraCü siT§imnusSKYrEtelIkTwkcitþ
¬GnusBaØa169¦ Gnum½t
eday GgÁkar Blkmμ
GnþrCatienAéf¶TI27
Exmifuna qñaM1989 .
¬57¦ Gruskin S
and Tarantola D
¬sUmemIlelxeyag49¦ .
20
GMagDIkaT½r sMNYrTI15 etIsiT§imnusSGacCYyKaMRT
kargarénTIPñak;garGgÁkarshRbCaCatielI GMagDIkaT½r
suxPaB GMagDIkaT½rsiT§imnusS nigGMagDIkaT½rGPivDÆn_mnusS kargar edIm,IBRgwgRbB½n§
GacCYykñúg karbegáItrebobvar³rYm)an . eKcaM)ac;RtUv suxPaB dUcemþcEdr?
karnUvkarsRmb sRmYll¥RbesIr edIm,IFananUvRkbx½NÐ
rYmsRmab;kartak;Etg karbegáItkareRbIR)as; nigkarvaytémø siT§imnusSpþl;nUvbTdæanmYy edIm,IvaytémøelIeKal
GMagDIkaT½rTaMgenaH . Rkumkargarén UNDG elIGMagDIkaT½r neya)ay nigkmμviFIEpñksuxPaBEdlmanRsab; rab;bBa©Úl
énkarvaytémø RbeTs rYm ¬CCA¦ )anGnum½tniymn½yén TaMgkarKUsbBa¢ak;nUvkarRbRBwtþieTAelIRkummnusSepSg²Kña
¬58¦sUmemIl Mokhiber,
C. G .
GMagDIkaT½rfa CaGefr b¤ rgVas;mYy edaybgðajBt’man ]TahrN_ kñúgkarbgðajPaBjwjab; nigPaBF¶n;F¶rénCMgW
“eq<aHeTArkviFankarén EdlGacCaKuNPaB b¤brimaN b:uEnþ EdlGacvas;Evg)an nigkareqøIytbrbs; rdæaPi)aleTAnwgbBaðaenH . RkitüRkm
esckþIéføfñÚr ³ GMagDIkaT½r CaRbcaM . siT§imnusSRtUv)anbBa©Úl eTAkñúgRkbx½NÐ GaMgDI nigbTdæan siT§imnusS k¾begáIt)anCamUldæanRKwH sRmab;
sRmab;karGPivDÆn_Ep¥k kaT½r ¬CCA¦ EdlnaMeTArkeKaledA énkarbegáIttarag én RbB½n§suxPaBpgEdr edIm,IkMNt;GaTiPaBelItRmUvkar
elI siT§i” .
sm½yRbCMu I-PL 4, GMagDIkaT½r samBaØmYy EdlRtUv)antak;EtgeLIg edIm,I suxPaB rbs;RkumRbCaCnEdlgayrgeRKaH nigEdlminRtUv
Montreux, éf¶TI 4-8 kBaØa vas;Evg "GVICa" Ep¥kelIsiT§i tamsiT§i . enHminrab;bBa©Úl )an eKrab;rk . siT§imnusSeFVIskmμPaBhYsBIFmμta ehIy
qñaM2000 . kMriteKaledA b¤ eKaledA b¤eqøIyedayc,as; las;cMeBaH epþatkarykcitþTukdak;elI RkumRbCaCnTaMgenaHenAkñúg
¬59¦kmμviFIGPivDÆn_GgÁ
karshRbCaCati/ "KYrCaGVI" b¤ "RtwmeBlNa" eT BIeRBaHcMNuc TaMgenHRtUv
sgÁm EdlRtUv)ancat;TukfagayrgeRKaHbMput ¬dUcCaBYk
r)aykarN_sþI )anbegáIt eLIgtamdMeNIrkarCatikñúgRbeTs Cak;lak;tam CnGenþaRKam nigkulsm<½n§ CnePosxøÜn nigCnGenþaRbevsnþ_
BIkarGPivDÆn_mnusSqñaM EbbcUlrYm ¬58¦. RkumPaKticénGMbUr sasna CatinigBUCsasn_¦RBmTaMgdak;
2000 ¬TIRkugjÚvy:k nig CUnnUvsiT§imnusSCak;lak; EdlGacCYybgðajpøÚv dl;dMeNIr
GuksVWt ³ saklviTüal½y
GuksVWt/ qñaM 2000¦
karerobcMeKalneya)ay kmμviFI nigRbB½n§suxPaB ¬]> siT§i
TMB½rTI 10 . rbs;CnTaMgLay EdlnwgRtUv)anb:HBal;edayeKal
“Bt’man nigsßitiKWCa]bkrN_d¾man\T§iBlmYy sRmab;begáIt neya)ay yuT§sa®sþ nigbTdæansuxPaB edIm,IcUlrYmkñúg
¬60¦ r)aykarN_
suxPaB BiPBelak vb,Fm’KNenyüPaB nigkarseRmc)ansiTmi§ nusS ” dMeNIrkareFVIesckþI seRmccitþEdlb:HBal;dl;suxPaB
qñaM2000 RbB½n§ r)aykarN_sBIþ kI arGPivDÆn_mnusSqña2M 000 ¬59¦ rbs;BYkeK¦.
suxaPi)al ³ elIkkMBs;
karGnuvtþkargar .
r)aykarN_sþIBIsuxPaBBiPBelakqñaM2000³
Rkbx½NÐGgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak (WHO)
sþIBIRbB½n§suxPaB
karvaytémøkarGnuvtþn_kargar
kñúgkarbMeBjkargarQaneTArkKMrUsuxPaBmYy Edl
Ep¥kelIPsþútagGgÁkar WHO )anbegáItGMagDIkaT½r én
karGnuvtþn_kargarkñúgRbB½n§suxPaBenAkñúgr)aykarN_sþI
BIsuxPaBrbs;xøÜnenAqñaM2000. eKalkarN_CamUldæan
Edl sßiteRkamGMagDIkaT½rTaMgenHKW³ edIm,IbBa¢ak;BI
RBMEdnénRbB½n§suxPaBedIm,IvaytémøBIrebobEdlRbB½n§
suxPaBnigRbB½n§epSgeTotrYmshkarKña edIm,IseRmc
)an nUveKaledAsgÁmCaKnøwH edIm,IkMNt; nigvas;Evg
suxPaB eqøIytbnigPaBRtwmRtUv kñúgkarrYmcMENk
EpñkhirBaØvtßúnigedIm,IbgðajBIrebobEdleKalneya)ay
epSg² rYmcMENkcMeBaHkarEklMGkarGnuvtþn_kargar
kñúgRbB½n§suxPaB¬60¦ . CaBiess Tak;TgnwgPaBeqøIy
tbénRbB½n§suxPaB RkitüRkmnigbTdæansiT§imnusS RtUv
)andak;bBa©ÚledaybegáItnUvniymn½yéncMNucepSg²
EdlkMBugRtUv)anvas;Evg .
© WHO/PAHO
21
smtßPaBenHrab; bBa©ÚlTaMgsmtßPaBbegáIt]bkrN_ edIm,IBinitü
eLIgvij nUvc,ab; nigeKalneya)ayEdlBak;B½n§nwgsuxPaB edIm,I
kMNt;enAelIsMbkeRkA b¤enAelIkarGnuvtþn_fa etIc,ab; nigeKal
neya)ayTaMgenaHrMelaPelIsiT§imnusS Edrb¤eT nigkarpþl;nUv
meFüa)ay edIm,IrkdMeNaHRsay cMeBaHkarrMelaPNamYy
EdlekIteLIg .
sMNYrTI17 etIsiT§imnusSGnuvtþdUcemþc
cMeBaHkar viPaKsßanPaBsuxPaB
enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgLay?
karbegáInkarykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsiT§imnusS TI1 GacBRgIk nUvTMhM
énkarviPaKsßanPaBsuxPaBenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgLay nigTI2 Ca
lT§plGnuBaØat[eKrkeXIjédKUfμI²eTot . cMNucénkarykcitþ
Tukdak;fμI rYmmankar BicarNaelIsmas PaBsuxPaBénEpnkar
skmμPaBsiT§imnusSCati nigpÞúymkvij karbBa©ÚlsiT§imnusS
eTAkñúgyuT§sa®sþ nigEpnkar skmμPaBsuxPaBCati. edaykatBV
kic©siT§imnusS EdlBak;B½n§nwgsuxPaBsßitelIrdæaPi)al TaMgmUl
© WHO/PAHO enaH eKaledAsuxPaB nigsiT§imnusS RtUvkarbegáIteLIgenA
kñúgeKalneya)ay nigEpnkar EdlGacRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenA
sMNYrTI16 etInItikmμEpñksuxPaB eRkAEpñksuxPaBxøÜnÉgb:uEnþEdl manlkçN³rwgmaM elIsuxPaB
dUcCa eKalneya)ay nig Epnkares,óg nigGaharUbtßmÖ
nigc,ab;siT§imnusS manTMnak; CatiCaedIm . karepþatelIRkumRbCaCnEdl gayrgeRKaHTajnUv
TMngKñadUcemþc? karykcitþTukdak; cMeBaHrebobEdlnItikmμ nigeKalneya)ay
GPivDÆn_Catib:HBal;elI sßanPaB rbs;RkumTaMgenaH Edlsßab½n
nItikmμEpñksuxPaBGacCayanmYyd¾sMxan; QaneTArkkarFananUv epSg² eFVIkaredIm,IkarBarRbeyaCn_d¾l¥bMput rbs;BYkeK nig
karelIkkMBs; nigkarkarBarsiT§ikñúgkarTTYl )ansuxPaB . kñúgkar rebobEdlclnasgÁmsIuvileFVICatMNag BYkeK . CacugeRkay
tak;Etg b¤karBinitüeLIgvijelI nItikmμEpñksuxPaB siT§imnusSpþl; r)aykarN_eTA nigmtieyabl;BI sßab½ntamdan sn§isBaØasiT§i
nUv]bkrN_d¾man RbeyaCn_mYykñúgkarkMNt;RbsiT§PaB nigPaBsm mnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati ehIyTsSn³ rbs;GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil
Rsb rbs;vaRsbtameKaledAsiT§imnusSpg eKaledAsuxPaB KWCabBaðamYyeTot sRmab; BicarNa .
saFarN³pg . enAkñúgbribTenH emeraKeGds_ ¼CMgWeGds_)an
bNþal[RbeTsCaeRcIn BinitüemIleLIgvijelIc,ab;sþIBIsuxPaB
saFarN³rbs;BYkeK rab;bBa©Úl TaMgc,ab;EdlBak;B½n§nigkardak;
mnusS[enAedayELk nig Éekakmμ pg ¬61¦ .
c,ab; nigeKalneya)ayEbbdak;kMhit Edlmanectna epþatelI karbBa¢ak;n½yCak;EsþgGacRtUveFVIeLIgenAfñak;Cati Edlman
RkumRbCaCnNamYy edayKμanTinñn½yRKb;RKan; dUcCaTinñn½yeGBI RksYgCaeRcIn eRkABIRksYgsuxaPi)al ]TahrN_ RksYgyutþiFm’
edmIsa®sþ b¤Tinñn½yepSgeTotedIm,IKaMRTviFIsa®sþrbs;vaeTenaH nigRksYgEdlTTYlxusRtUvEpñksiT§i mnusS ¬rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgsßab½n
Gacbgá[mankgVl;EpñksiT§imnusSeRcIn . ]TahrN_BIrTak;Tinnwg siT§imnusSÉkraCü¦ kic©karnarI kic©karkumar Gb;rM sgÁmkic©
¬61¦ Gostin L, Burris
erOgenHKW ¬1¦ eKalneya)aysuxPaB EdlBak;B½n§nwgkar hirBaØvtßú .l. TIPñak;garGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigGgÁkarGnþr
S, and Lazzarini Z, bBaÄb;kMeNIteday minsμ½RKcitþén®sþIenAkñúgRkumRbCaCnmYycMnYn rdæaPi)al epSgeTotEdlbMerIkarEpñksiT§imnusS GgÁkareRkArdæaPi-
“c,ab; nig suxPaBrbs;
saFarN³Cn ³ karsikSaGMBI EdlRtUv)an eFVIyutþikmμfacaM)ac;sRmab;suxPaB nigsuxumalPaB )al siT§imnusSCati nigGnþrCati sßab½nsiT§imnusSCati GñkTTYl
c,ab;sþBI ICMgqW øgenAshrdæ rbs;BYkeK nig¬2¦ lkçnþik³sþIBIkarrYmePTtamKUf EdleFVI[ BakübNþwgRbqaMgGaCJaFrsaFarN³ KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSCati
Gaemrik”/ karBinitüeLIgvij
elIc,ab;kULúmb‘Í/ PaKTI99/
karRbRBwtþipøÚvePTdUcKñakøayCaGMeBI]Rkidæ EdlRtUv)aneFVI yutþikmμfa sßab½nCatiGñkCMnajEpñksiT§imnusS nigviTüasßanRsavRCavk¾begáIt
elx1 ¬1999¦. caM)ac; edIm,IbgáarkarrIkraldalénemeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ ¬62¦ . )anCaédKUd¾l¥sRmab;elIk kMBs;kmμviFIsuxPaBCasklelak
¬62¦ Gruskin S pgEdr .
and Tarantola D, sUm smtßPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgkarbegáIteKalneya)ay nignItikmμ
emIlelxeyag48 . suxPaBCati EdlGnuelamtam katBVkic©siT§imnusS RtUvkarBRgwg.
22
EpñkTI3 ³ suxPaB nigsiT§imnusSenAkñúgbribTTUlMTUlay
sMNYrTI18 etIRkmsIlFm’manTMnak;
TMngdUcemþc eTAnwgsiT§imnusS?
RkmsIlFm’KWCaRkitüRkménkarRbRBwtþisRmab;buKÁlmñak;² nig kargarEpñkRkmsIlFm’RtUvkarBicarNaelIRkitüRkm nigbTdæan
sRmab;sgÁm . RkitüRkmTaMgenHekItecj BIRbPBCaeRcIn siT§imnusS minRtwmEtelIxøwmsarb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ EfmTaMgelITMnak;
rYmmansasna RbéBNIénvb,Fm’ nigkarqøúHbBa©aMg EdlBnül;mYy TMngeTAnwgdMeNIrkarénkarGFib,ay nigkarbkRsayRkmsIlFm’
EpñkBIPaBsuaMjúaM enAkñúgckçúvis½yénRkmsIlFm’nImYy² . RkmsIl pg . ]TahrN_ enAkEnøg NaEdlmanbBaðakgVl;dl;RkumRbCaCn
Fm’ kñúgnamCaRbB½n§ énRkitüRkmmYy eRbITsSn³Tan smasPaB Cak;lak;NamYy buKÁlEdltMNag[RkumenH KyrEtCaGñkcUlrYm
CaeRcInEdlmanCaGaT×katBVkic© nigkrNIykic© KuNFm’énGtþcrit kñúgkarkMNt;elIGnþraKmn_RkmsIlFm’énbBaðaEdlb:HBal; dl;BYk
bTdæanéntémø nigesckþIl¥enAkñúg lT§pl nigplvi)akénGMeBI eK . RkmsIlFm’mansar³RbeyaCn_CaBiess enAkñúgcMNuc
bTdæanénPaBRtwmRtUv nigyutþiFm’ kñúgkardak;edayELknUvFnFan énkarGnuvtþn_TaMgLayNa EdlsiT§imnusSmin)anpþl;nUvcemøIy
nigkñúgkarpþl; rgVan; nigkardak;TNÐkmμ . Cak;lak; ]TahrN_enAkñúgcMNucfμI nigEdlkMBugelceLIg Edl
c,ab;siT§imnusSminRtUv)anGnuvtþ b¤min)andak;RkitüRkm dUcCa
karcmøgsBa’gÁkay mnusSCaedIm .
sMNYrTI19 etIeKalkarN_siT§i
mnusS manTMnak;TMng
dUcemþc eTAnwgsmFm’?
smFm’mann½yfa tRmUvkarrbs;mnusS minEmnbuBVsiT§isgÁm rbs;

BYkeKeT cg¥úlbgðajnUvkarEbgEck»kas sRmab;suxumal
PaB¬63¦ . enHsMedAdl;karlubbM)at; nUvvismPaBTaMgLay
enAkñúgEpñksuxPaB nigenAkñúgktþakMNt;FM² EdlBak;B½n§KñaCaRbB½n§
3 CamYyvibtþisgÁm CamUldæanenAkñúgsgÁm . enAkñúgkarGFib,ay
GMBIsiT§imnusS eKalkarN_smFm’kMBugkøayeTACaBakü eKal
neya)ayTUeTA EdlminEmnCac,ab;d¾sMxan;mYy EdlmaneKal
bMNgFananUvPaBRtwmRtUv . eK)aneRbIBaküenH edIm,IrkesabnUv
bBaðaTaMgLay EdlTak;Tinnwg eKalneya)ay dUcCaPaBcUl
eTAdl;)an PaBRKb;RKan; nigPaBGacTTYlyk)anénesva
EfTaMsuxPaBEdlman. karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIRkum
EdlgayrgeRKaH nigEdl)at;bg;»kas enAkñúgsgÁm enAkñúg
]bkrN_siT§imnusS GnþrCati CYyBRgwgeKalkarN_smFm’ .
© WHO/PAHO
siT§imnusSsMedAdl;kRmgeKalkarN_ nigRkitüRkm EdlRtUv)an elIsBIenHeTot enAkMritGnþrCati ]bkrN_siT§imnusSelIkeLIgGMBI
RBmeRBogCaGnþrCati EdlmandMkl;enAkñúg]bkrN_c,ab;GnþrCati . smFm’ edaykarelIkTwkcitþdl;kic©shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati
edIm,IseRmc)ansiT§i RBmTaMgedaHRsayTMnak;TMngkñúgrdæ Edl
eKalkarN_ nigRkitüRkm siT§imnusSGnþrCatiTaMgenH KWCalT§plén elceFøabMputenAkñúgesckþIRbkassþIBIsiT§i TTYl)ankarGPivDÆn_
¬63¦ smFm’kñúgsuxPaB
nigkarEfTaMsuxPaB ³
karcrca d¾sIuCeRmA nigmanry³eBlyUr kñúgcMeNamrdæCasmaCik rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬64¦ .
karepþImKMnti rbs; WHO/SIDA,
TIRkug hSWENv/ 1996
GMBIvisalPaBénbBaða CamUldæannana . müa:gvijeTot siT§imnusS
WHO,
RtUv)anbegáIt eLIgedayrdæaPi)alTaMgLay tamry³dMeNIkar
¬64¦esckþIRbkassþIBIsiT§i ksag kic©RBmeRBogrYm ¬kugsg;s‘us¦.
TTYlkarGPivDÆn_/ éf¶TI4 Ex
FñÚ qñaM1986(A/RES/41/128).
23
sMNYrTI20 etIsuxPaB
nigeKalkarN_ siT§imnusSGnuvtþ
cMeBaHkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRk
dUcemþc?
siT§iTTYl)anCIvPaBrs;enARKb;RKan;sRmab;suxPaB nigsuxumal KNenyüPaB tmøaPaB lT§iRbCaFibetyü nig GPi)alkic©l¥
PaB rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgesvasgÁmcaM)ac; nigsiT§iTTYl)ansnþisux KWCaFatupSMd¾sMxan;bMput sRmab;karedaHRsay bBaðaPaBRkIRk
enAeBlmanCMgW GsmtßPaB cas;Cra b¤kgVHxatmeFüa)ay nigsuxPaBminl¥ . siT§i nigkatBVkic©pøÚvc,ab; enAkMritkñúgRbeTs
ciBa©wmCIvitepSgeTot RtUv)antmál;enAkñúg esckþIRbkasCaskl nigGnþrCati TamTarnUv KNenyüPaB KWdMeNaHRsaypøÚvc,ab;
sþIBIsiT§imnusS¬65¦. KN³kmμaFikar TTYlbnÞúksiT§iesdækic© sgÁm RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB ynþkarKNenyüPaBrdæ)al nigneya)ay
nigvb,Fm’ )ankMNt;Bakü RkIRkfaCa “lkçxNÐrbs;mnusSEdl enAkMritkñúgRbeTs RBmTaMgkartamdansiT§imnusSenA kMritGnþrCati
bgðajedaykgVHxat FnFan smtßPaB CeRmIs snþisux nig GMNac ¬68¦ . CaTUeTA siT§imnusSpþl;nUvRkbx½NÐrYmmYy sRmab;
yUrGEgVg b¤ruaMér: EdlcaM)ac;sRmab; karTTYl)anCIvPaBrs;enA karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk edayTamTarnUv karBicarNaeTAelI
RKb;RKan; nigsiT§iBlrdæ vb,Fm’ esdækic© neya)ay nig visalKmn_énviFIsa®sþTaMgLay rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgnItikmμ eKal
siT§isgÁmepSg²eTot ” ¬66¦ . neya)ay nigkmμviFInanapg .
“bBaðaRbQmmuxsRmab;GñkmanGaCIBEpñkGPivDÆn_ PaBBikarGackøayCabuBVehtuénPaBRkIRk ehIyPaB

nig sRmab;eKalneya)ay nigkarGnuvtþn_ KWRtUvrkmeFüa RkIRkk¾GacCaktþaeRKaHfñak;sRmab;PaBBikar pgEdr .
)ay eFVI[sMNaj;énPaBKμanGMNac cuHexSay nigelIk siT§imnusSpþl;nUvRkbx½NÐc,ab;mYy edIm,IFana karminerIs
kMBs;smtßPaBrbs;®sþI nigbursRkIRk edIm,I[BYkeKGac eGIg nig»kasesμIKña sRmab;CnBikar ehIyvapþl;nUvmaKa’
RKb;RKgCIvitrbs;xøÜn)anl¥RbesIr ¬67¦” . d¾manskþanuBlmYy edIm,IedIr “bRBa©as;”edIm,IkarBarkMu[
CnBikar køayCaCnRkIRk.
siT§imnusSpþl;GMNac[buKÁlmñak;²nigshKmn_TaMgLay edaykar r)aykarN_mYyBIGgÁkarskmμPaB sRmab;CnBikar
pþl;[BYkeKnUvsiT§iEdlbegáInkatBVkic©pøÚvc,ab; eTAelIGñkdéT . nigkarGPivDÆn_ BinitüemIlelIrgVg;mYyEdl bgðajBITMnak;
siT§imnusSGacCYyeFVI[mansmPaB rvagkarEbgEck nigkar TMngrvagPaBRkIRk nigPaBBikar . r)aykarN_enH
eRbIR)as;GMNac TaMgenAkñúg TaMgenAcenøaHsgÁmTaMgLay edayCYy )anGHGagfa buBVehtucm,génPaBRkIRkrbs;CnBikar Kw
bn§ÚrbnßynUvPaBKμanGMNacrbs;CnRkIRk . edaysiT§iesdækic© karpat;ecjBIsgÁm esdækic© nigneya)ay . TMhMénkar
nigsgÁm dUcCa siT§iTTYl)ansuxPaBkMBugEtekInTm¶n;kan;EtxøaMg pat;ecjenH KYr[kt; smÁal;bMput ³
eLIg tamry³karbegáInkarbMPøW nigkarGnuvtþtambTdæanenaH siT§i • 98°énkumarBikarenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_
¬65¦maRta25/ UDHR
¬1948¦ TaMgenH nwgpþl;nUv]bkrN_d¾sMxan;mYy sRmab;karkat;bnßyPaB min)anTTYlTRmg;NamYyénkarGb;rM
¬66¦ “PaBRkIRk nig
ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§ies RkIRk . viFIsa®sþsiT§imnusSk¾TamTarnUvkarcUlrYmd¾skmμ nigEdl ehIyRtUv)anpat;ecjBITMnak;TMngRbcaMéf¶ CaeRcIn
dækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’”/
esckþIEføg karN_Gnum½t
yl;dwgc,as;las;rbs;GñkRkIRkkñúgkarerobcMkarGnuvtþn_ nigkar EdlkumarminBikarmin[témø .
edayKN³kmμaFikarsiT§i tamdanyuT§sa®sþTaMgLay EdlGacmanplb:HBal;dl;BYkeK • RbCaCn100 lannak; TUTaMgBiPBelakTTYlrgnUv
esdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’
enAéf¶TI4 Ex]sPa qñaM2001 pgEdr . karxUcxatEdlGackarBar)an bNþalmkBI kgVH
(E/C.12/2001/10), kfax½NÐ 8 .
¬67¦semøgrbs;CnRkIRk ³ GaharUbtßmÖ nig Gnam½yminl¥ .

semøgGMBavnavsMukarpøas;bþÚr/
CMBUkTI7/ ’ CMgWsgÁm ³ • 70° CMgWxVak;man; nig 50°énkarxUcRkdas
karpat;ecj nig karKabsgát;/
FnaKarBiPBelak qña2M 000/
TMB½r235 .
Rtecok enAGaRhVik nig GasIu Gacbgáar nigBüa)al
¬68¦siT§imnusS nig )an .
yuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaB RkIRk ³
ÉksarsRmab; karBiPakSa/
erobcMeday sa®sþacarü Paul
dUecñH karxUcxatTaMgenHnaM[mankarerIseGIgkarpat;
Hunt / sa®sþacarü Manfred Nowak,
sa®sþacarü Siddiq Osmani
ecj nigPaBRkIRkbEnßmeTot . viFanCa bTdæansþIBI
sRmab;kariyal½yén]tþm
sñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCati
smPavUbnIykmμ»kas sRmab;CnBikar RtUv)anGnum½t
TTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS ¬ExkumÖ³
qñaM2000¦ .
edayrdæCasmaCikGgÁkarshRbCaCati . eTaHbICa
¬69¦BikarPaB/ PaBRkIRk nig viFanTaMgenHminGacGnuvtþ)an tampøÚvc,ab;k¾eday k¾va
karGPivDÆn_/ RksYg )anelIkTwkcitþ[rdæaPi)al CaeRcIncab;epþImeFVI nItikmμ
karGPivDÆn_GnþrCati (DFID),
ID21,cMNucsMxan;²/ Exmkra
qñaM2002 . sRmab;CnBikarEdr .
24
sMNrY TI21 etIsklPavUbnIykmμb:HBal;
dl;karelIkkMBs; nigkarkarBarsiT§i
mnusS dUcemþcEdr?
GKÁelxaGgÁkarshRbCaCati kUhVI GaNan; )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa
“ karEsVgrkkarGPivDÆn_ karts‘UCamYysklPavUbnIykmμ
nigkarRKb;RKgkarpøas;bþÚrRtUvbnÞn;eTAtamlkçxNÐcaM)ac;én
siT§imnusSCaCagkarbdiesF . kareKarBsiTmi§ nusSdUc)an
RbkasenAkñúg]bkrN_GnþrCati KWCacMNuckNþalénGaNtþi
rbs;eyIg . RbsinebIeyIgmineXIjesckþIBitCamUldæanenH
eTenaH GVI²epSgeTotTaMgGs;nwgbraC½yminxan ¬72¦ . "
sklPavUbnIykmμKWCaBakümYy EdlRtUv)aneRbI edIm,IRKbdNþb;

nUv)atuPUtepSg²Kña EdlPaKeRcInBak;B½n§nwg lMhUrsac;R)ak; TMnij
esvakmμ mnusS nigTsSn³EdlkMBugEtekIneLIg qøgkat;RBMEdn
Cati . dMeNIrkarenH )annaMmknUvGtßRbeyaCn_dl;RbCaCn nig
RbeTsCaeRcIn edayTajmnusSTaMgenaHecjBIPaBRkIRk nigeFVI[
mnusSkan;EteRcIneLIg )anyl;dwgGMBIbuBVsiT§ikñúgkarTTYlsiT§i
mnusSCamUldæan . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn
dMeNIrkarsklPavUbnIykmμ)anrYmcMENkya:g eRcIncMeBaHkarmin[
témødl;mnusS nigRbeTsTaMgLay EdlBMumanlT§PaBcUldl; © WHO/PAHO
TIpSar TTYlBt’man nigTMnij caM)ac; dUcCa»sfseRgÁaHCIvitfμI .

enAkñúgshKmn_siT§imnusS ninñakarmYycMnYnBak;B½n§nwg sklPavUb-
nIykmμ)anbgá[mankgVl;Tak;Tgnwgplrbs;va eTAelIsmtßPaB
rbs;rdæTaMgLaykñúgkarFananUvkarkar BarsiT§imnusS CaBiess ninñakarTaMgenHdak;kMNt;elIsmtßPaBrbs;rdæ kñúgkarkarBarRkum
sRmab;smaCiksgÁmEdlgayrgeRKaH . edaymanRbPBcm,g EdlgayrgeRKaHBIplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶rén sklPavUbnIymμ ehIy
enAkñúgvis½yesdækic neya)ayénsklPavUbnIykmμ ninñakar dak;karbgçitbgçMelIsiT§mnusS .
TaMgenHrYmman³ karBwgEp¥kelITIpSaresrI kMeNInd¾KYr[kt;smÁal;én
\T§iBlTIpSar nigsßab½nhirBaØvtßúGnþrCatikñúgkarkMNt;eKalneya enAkñúgbribTenH KN³kmμaFikarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúk siT§i
¬70¦esckþIEføgkarN_
edayKN³kmμaFikarsiT§i )ayCati karkat;bnßycMNay elIEpñksaFarN³ ÉkCn esdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’)ansgát;F¶n;elIkarTTYlxusRtUvd¾rwgmaM
esdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ PavUbnIykmμékmuxgarEdlBImunRtUv)ancat;TukCavis½ypþac;mux nigCabnþrbs;GgÁkarGnþrCati nigrdæaPi)alEdl)anbegáIt nigRKb;
sRmab;snñisITfñak;rdæm®nþI rbs;rdæ karmindak;bTbBa¢aelIskmμd¾eRcIn kñúgbMNg edIm,IsRmb RKgGgÁkarTaMgenHedIm,Icat; viFankar[Gs;BIlT§PaBenAkñúgbribT
elIkTI3énGgÁkarBNiC¢k énsklPavUbnIykmμ edIm,ICYyeRCamERCgrdæaPi)al kñúgkar
mμ BiPBelak/ qñaM1999 . sRmYldl;vinieyaKTun nigpþl;rgVan;dl; KMnitpþÜcepþIménshRKin
¬71¦esckþIEføgkarN_ ¬70¦ . ninñakarTaMgenH)ankat;bnßy tYnaTIrbs;rdækñúgkic©kar eFVIskmμPaB tamviFIepSg²EdlRsbeTAtamkatBVkic©siT§imnusS
edayKN³kmμaFikarsiT§i esdækic© ehIyRsbeBlCamYyKñaenaH begáIntYnaTI nigkarTTYlxus rbs;BYkeK nigkñúgkarBüayambegáIteKalneya)ay nig kmμviFI
esdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’/ EdlelIkkMBs;kareKarBsiT§iTaMgenaH ¬71¦.
Ex]sPa RtUvrbs;GñkedIrtY EpñkÉkCn ¬minEmnrdæ¦ CaBiessGñkman
1998/kfax½NÐ5. GaCIvkmμrYm nigGñkenAkñúgsgÁmsIuvilpgEdr . GñkviPaKEpñksiT§i
¬72¦r)aykarN_rbs; mnusSmankgVl;fa . “eTaHCaeyIgehABiPBelakrbs;eyIgfaCasklPUmk i e¾ day
GKÁelxaFikarsþIBIkargar
rbs;GgÁkar/ qñaM1999/ k¾vaenAEtCaBiPBmYyEdlminmanPaBsñitsñalcMeBaHGñkCit
mhasnñi)at/ xag nigshKmn_ EdlBaküfaPUmibBa¢ak;n½ydEdl .
kMNt;RtapøÚvkar enAkñúgtMbn;nImYy² nigenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgGs; manbBaðaCa
sm½yRbCMuTI54/
ÉksarbEnßm (A/54/1). eRcInEdlekItecjBIkgVHkareKarB b¤kgVHkarTTYlykesckþI
éføfñÚr nigsmPaBBIkMeNItrbs;mnusS .”
U]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS
ma:rIrb‘Ínsun ¬Mary Robinson¦
25
sMNYrTI22 etIc,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCatiman\T§iBl
elIc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatidUcemþc?
naeBlfμI²enH RbB½n§siT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati )ancab;
epþImykcitþTukdak; cMeBaHc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati nigkar
GnuvtþEdlTak;TgnwgsiT§imnusS ehIyCafñÚrmkvij GgÁkar
BaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ nigGgÁkardéTeTotEdl
Tak;TgCamYyBaNiC¢kmμ )ancab;epþImBicarNaelIGnþraKmn_
siT§imnusSénkargarrbs;BYkeK .
]TahrN_ bBaðaénkarTTYl)an»sf RtUv)anykcitþTukdak;
kan;EtxøaMgeLIg² enAkñúgbribTsiT§imnusS . enAkñúgskmμPaB
mYyEdlminFøab;manBImunmk kalBIqñaMknøgeTA KN³kmμkarsiT§i
mnusS)anGnum½tnUvesckþIseRmcmYysþIBI lT§PaBTTYlfñaM
Büa)alenAkñúgbribTénCMgWqøgraldal dUcCaemeraKeGds_
¼CMgWeGds_ ¬73¦ EdlGHGageLIgvijfa lT§PaBTTYl)an
fñaMBüa)alenAkñúgbribTenH KWCaFatud¾sMxan;mYysRmab;kar
yl;dwg EdlekIneLIgCalMdab;GMBIsiT§iTTYl)ansuxPaB .
rdæTaMgLayRtUv)anesñIsMu[Gnuvtþ eKalneya)ay EdlGacelI
kMBs;PaBgayRsYleRbI PaBgayRsYlcUleTAdl; nigPaBman
© WHO
témøsmrmüsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña edayminmankarerIseGIg elI

bec©kviC¢a»sf b¤ evC¢sa®sþEdlsmRsb nigmanKuNPaB
l¥tamviTüasa®sþ EdlRtUv)aneRbI edIm,IBüa)alCMgWqøg dUcCa maRtaTI15 énktikasBaØaGnþrCati sþIBIsiT§i
emeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_eLIy . rdæTaMgLayk¾RtUv)anesñIsMu esdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ TTYlsÁal;nUv "siT§i
[Gnum½tnUv nItikmμ b¤viFankarepSg²eTot edIm,IkarBarlT§PaB rbs;buKÁlRKb;rUb kñúgkarTTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_
TTYl)an bec©kviC¢aEpñk»sf nigevC¢sa®sþEbbenaHBIkardak; énkareCOnelOnEpñkviTüasa®sþ nigkarGnuvtþ
kMritedayPaKITIbIpgEdr . rbs;va". siT§ienHdak;katBVkic©elIrdæaPi)al kñúg
¬73¦ esckþIseRmcrbs; karcat;viFankarcaM)ac; edIm,IrkSaGPivDÆn_ nig
KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusS
elIsBIenHeTot Bak;B½n§nwgbBaðaénlT§PaBTTYl)an EckcayviTüasa®sþ nigkarRsavRCavEpñkviTüa-
2001¼33 ³ lT§PaBTTYl
)anfñaBM üa)alkñúgbribTénCMgW sa®sþ RbmTaMgFananUvesrIPaB énkarsYrBt’man
qøgdUcCaemeraKeGds_¼CMgW »sf TMnak;TMngrvagkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIRbkar EpñkviTüasa®sþ . GnþraKmn_énsiT§ienHsRmab;
eGds_ Gnum½tenAéf¶TI20
Exemsa qñaM2001 EdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmμénsiT§ikmμsiT§ibBaØa¬TRIPS¦ bBaðasuxPaB eTIbEt)ancab;epþImrkeXIjenAeBl
(E/CN.4.RES.2001.33).
¬74¦r)aykarN_rbs;]tþm nigsiT§i mnusSRtUv)anBicarNaenAkñúgr)aykarN_mYyCUn fμI²enH ]TahrN_Tak;TgnwglT§PaBTTYl)an
sñgkarTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS
GnuKN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSkalBIqñaMknøgeTAeday]tþm »sfenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_nana .
nig GnuKN³kmμkarelIk
kMBs; nigkarBarsiT§imnusS
elIsiT§ikmμsiT§ibBaØa sñgkarsiT§imnusS¬74¦.r)aykarN_enHkt;sMKal;fakñúg
nigsiT§imnusS ³ plb:HBal;
énkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμ cMeNamsmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelakTaMg141
Tak;TinnwgTidæPaBénsiT§i
kmμsiT§ibBaØaelIsiT§imnusS/ RbeTscMnYn111 )an[sc©ab½nelIktikasBaØaGnþrCati
sm½yRbCMuelIkTI52 Ex
mifuna qñaM2001/ sþIBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ ¬ ICESCR ¦ .
¬E/CN.4/Sub.2/2001/13
kfax½NÐ 61-69¦ .
dUecñH smaCikTaMgGs;KYrEtGnuvtþnUvniyamGb,brmaén
¬75¦esckþIRbkas nig kic©RBmeRBog TRIPS edayykcitþTukdak;elIkatBVkic©siT§i
kmμviFIskmμPaBTIRkugvIEy:n/
maRta1 . mnusS RBmTaMgPaBGacbt;Ebn)anEdlmanEcgenAkñúg
kic©RBmeRBog TRIPS nigTTYlsÁal;fa “siT§imnusSKW
CakarTTYlxusRtUvTI1rbs;rdæaPi)al ¬75¦. ”
26
sMNTY 2I 3 etIviFIsa®sþGPivDÆn_Ep¥kelIsiT§imann½ydUcemþc?
enAkñúg nigeRkARbB½n§GgÁkarshRbCaCati mankarTTYlsÁal; “viFIsa®sþGPivDÆn_Ep¥kelIsiT§I minEmnRKan;EtGFib,ay
kan;EteRcIneLIgfa karGPivDÆn_minEmnRKan;EtCa siT§imnusS GMBIsßanPaBéntRmUvkarrbs;mnusS b¤tRmUvkarGPivDÆn_
mYyEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;enAkñúgesckþIRbkas rbs;GgÁkar b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgGMBIkatBVkic©rbs;sgÁm kñúgkar
shRbCaCatisþIBIsiT§iTTYl)ankarGPivDÆn_ ¬1986¦ b:ueNÑaHeT eqøIytbcMeBaHsiT§ipþac;muxrbs;buKÁlRKb;rUbeTotpg nig
b:uEnþEfmTaMgfa dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_RtUv EtsIusgVak;KñaCamYysiT§i pþl;siT§iGMNac[RbCaCn h‘anTamTarnUvyutþiFm’ CasiT§i
mYy vaminEmnCaGMeNaysb,úrsFm’eT RBmTaMgpþl;[
mnusSpgEdr . kñúgn½yenH OHCHR )aneFVIkarts‘Umti shKmn_nUvmUldæansIlFm’mYysRmab;GHGagsMuCMnYy
sRmab;viFIsa®sþ sRmab;karGPivDÆn_Ep¥kelIsiT§i CaRkbx½NÐ GnþrCati enAeBlcaM)ac; .”
TsSnaTanmYy sRmab;dMeNIrkarénkarGPivDÆn_mnusS EdlEp¥k
elIsiT§i mnusSGnþrCatiCaRkitüRkm . viFIsa®sþenHbBa©Úl GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati
kitüRkm bTdæan nigeKalkarN_énRbB½n§siT§imnusS GnþrCati kUhVI GaNan;
eTAkñúgEpnkareKalneya)ay nigdMeNIrkarén karGPivDÆn_ .
kitüRkm nigbTdæan enaHKWCa kitüRkm nigbTdæan EdlmanenA
RTBüsm,tþiénsn§isBaØa nigesckþIRbkasGnþrCati . eKal
karN_TaMgenaHrYmman eKalkarN_énkarcUlrYm eKalkarN_
KNenyüPaB karminerIseGIg nigkarykcitþ Tukdak;cMeBaH
PaBgayrgeRKaH karpþl;siT§iGMNac nigbgðajBITMnak;TMng
eTAnwg]bkrN_siT§imnusSGnþrCati .
WHO/Stills
“viFsI a®sþGPivDÆn_Ep¥kelIsTi ki§ N

M t;karseRmc)annUvsiTi§
mnusSCaTisedAénkarGPivDÆn_ . vaeRbIR)as;karKitKUr GMBI
siT§imnusSCabnÞarmYyéneKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_ . vaelIk
eLIgGMBbI riFanKNenyüPaBsiTmi§ nusSGnþrCati CakarKaMRT
dl;skmμPaBGPivDÆn_ . enAkñgú krNITaMgGs;enH vaminRtwm
¬76¦sßab½nGPivDÆn_eRkA
RbeTs/ “etIeyIgGaceFVIGVI
EtBak;B½nC§ amYysiTBi§ lrdæ nigsiTni§ eya)ayb:ueNÑaHeT b:Eu nþ
)anCamYyviFIsa®sþGPivDÆn_ EfmTaMgsiT§iesdækic© sgÁm nigneya)ayeTotpg . elIsBI
Ep¥kelIsiT§?i ” . Éksar enHeTot karGnuvtþviFIsa®sþEp¥kelIsiT§ibBa¢ak;fa bTdæan
segçb1999¬3¦ExkBaØa . énkarbMeBjkargarRtUvEtkMNt; ¬76¦. ”
27
sMNrY TI24 etIc,ab;sþIBIsiT§imnusS c,ab;sþIBI

CnePosxønÜ nigc,ab;mnusSFm’man
TMnak;TMngKñadUcemþcCamYybTbBaØtþi
énCMnsY xu PaB?
cMnYnd¾eRcIn niglkçN³ERbRbYlénPaBGasnñ nigCemøaH
rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarpÞúHeLIgénPaBclaclkñúgcMeNam
sasna nigCnCatienACMuvijBiPBelak )anCMruj[man
tRmUvkarsRmab;KMnit nigviFIsa®sþfμI² enAxagkñúg nig
xageRkARbB½n§GgÁkarshRbCaCati . karykcitþTukdak;
CafμIkMBugRtUv)aneFVIeLIgeTAelIRkbx½NÐc,ab;GnþrCati
sRmab;edaHRsayPaBGasnñTaMgenH CaBiess TMnak;
TMngrvagc,ab;mnusSFm’ nigc,ab;sþIBICnePosxøÜn nig
PaBGacGnuvtþ)anrbs;c,ab;TaMgenHenAkñúgbrisßanvibtþi
EdlkMBugERbRbYl ¬77¦.
c,ab;sþIBICnePosxøÜnkarBarCnePosxøÜn eday
karBnül;c,as;las;nUvbTbBaØtþic,ab;Cak;lak;
Edlpþl;karBarsiT§imnusSrbs;CnePosxøÜn
PaKeRcIntamry³GnusBaØaGgÁkarshRbCaCati © Helena Nygren-Krug
sþIBIsßanPaBénCnePosxøÜn ¬1950¦ nigBiFIsar

rbs;va ¬1966¦ .
c,ab;mnusSFm’KWCac,ab;sRmab;CemøaHRbdab;
siT§imnusS c,ab;mnusSFm’ nigc,ab;sþIBICnePosxøÜn KWCa GavuF b¤c,ab;sgÁm ³ CatYGgÁvin½yEdlkñúgRKaman
EpñkepSg²Kña b:uEnþEdlTak;TgKñaya:gCitdit énRbB½n§ s®gÁam karBarbuKÁlTaMgLay EdlminkMBugcUl
c,ab;GnþrCati . siT§imnusS nigc,ab;CnePosxøÜnRtUvbegáIt rYm b¤EdlQb;cUlrYmkñúgkarRbTusþr:ay nigEdl
eLIgenAkñúgRkbx½NÐGgÁkarshRbCaCati ehIymankar
cg¥úlPsþútagRsedogKña . pÞúyeTAvij c,ab;mnusSFm’ kMNt;RBMEdn nUvviFIsa®sþ nigmeFüa)ayén
manRbPBepSg²CaeRcIn ehIyeRbIR)as;ynþkarepSg²Kña cm,aMg . ]bkrN_sMxan;énc,ab;mnusSFm’ KW
sRmab;karGnuvtþva . b:uEnþ saxac,ab;TaMgGs; manTisedA GnusBaØaRkughSWENvqñaM1949TaMg4 nigBiFIsar
rYmCamUldæanmYy KWkareKarBesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusSeday bEnßmTaMgBIr qñaM1977rbs;va .
minmankarerIseGIgelIBUCsasn_ BN’sm,úr sasna ePT
kMeNIt b¤RTBüFn b¤lkçN³vinicä½yRsedogKñaNamYy kic©RbwgERbgRtUv)aneFVIeLIg edIm,IFanafa siT§imnusS GnþrCati
eLIy . elIsBIenHeTot saxac,ab;TaMgenHmanTisedA nigeKalkarN_c,ab;mnusSFm’ pþl;nUvbTdæan nigkarcg¥úlbgðaj
¬77¦sUmemIlÉksar nigPaBRsedogKñaEpñkTsSnaTanBisþarmYycMnYnFMdUcKña . sRmab;skmμPaBmnusSFm’rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigTIPñak;gar
eday Uwe Kracht, TI
RbwkSaEpñkGPivDÆn_ nig TaMgLayrbs;xøÜn RBmTaMgGñkedIrtYepSg²eTot . karGnuvtþEpñk
shGñksRmbsRmYlén suxPaB kñúgkarerobcMvaytémøGnuvtþ nigvaytémøelIplb:HBal;
sm<½n§PaBBiPBelak
edIm,IGaharUbtßmÖ
énCMnYysuxPaBenAkñúgbribTénCemøaHRbdab;GavuF RtUvmanmUl-
nigsiT§i mnusS dæanenAkñúgRkbx½NÐénc,ab;GnþrCati . GñkmanCMgW nigGñkrbYs
(WANAHR) nig c,ab; buKÁliksuxaPi)al ]bkrN_eBTü mnÞIreBTü nig GgÁPaBeBTü
nigeKalkarN_
mnusSFm’enAkñúgRKa
epSg² ¬rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnEpñkevC¢sa®sþ¦ suT§Et
Gasnñ segçbTsSnaTan RtUv)ankarBar enAeRkameKalkarN_c,ab;GnþrCatiTaMgGs; .
nig bBaða erobcMsRmab; minEtb:ueNÑaH karbdiesFcMeBaHlT§PaBcUleTArkkarEfTaM suxPaB
UNICEF. enAkñúgkal³eTs³mYycMnYnGacbegáItCa]Rkidækmμ s®gÁam .
28
sMNYrTI25 etIsiT§imnusSmanTMnak;TMng
dUcemþc eTAnwgkargarGPivDÆn_
suxPaB enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgLay?
siT§imnusS RtUv)anelIkMBs;CabBaðaBak;B½n§KñamYyenAkñúg
kargarGPivDÆn_rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkMritRbeTs
¬80¦ . karvaytémøRbcaMRbeTsrYm(CCA) nigRkbx½NÐ
CMnYyGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati pþl;nUveKalkarN_
sMxan;² EdlmUldæanénkarbegáItviFIsa®sþGPivDÆn_ Ep¥k
elIsiT§i . eKalkarN_ENnaMrbs; CCA nig UNDAF
eyagdl;karGnuvtþn_GnusBaØa nigesckþIRbkas rbs;
GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigsgát;F¶n;elIsar³ sMxan;én
karBicarNaeBjeljelIsiT§imnusS enAkñúgdMeNIrkar
TaMgBIrenH . dUecñH CCA CYyeFVI[gayRsYl dl;kic©
RbwgERbgsRmab;karKaMRTEdlTak;TgKña EdlRc)ac;
bBa©ÚlKña nigEdlRtUv)ansRmbsRmYl rbs;GgÁkar
shRbCaCati cMeBaHkarGnuvtþn_bnþrbs;rdæaPi)al elI
snñisIT nigkarGnuvtþn_ GnusBaØaTaMgenaH enAfñak;
mUldæan .
enHRsbKñaCamYyeKalkarN_TaMgLay Edl)anGFi-
© WHO/PAHO
CarYm skmμPaBmnusSFm’enAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)altMNag b,ayenAkñúgRkbx½NÐGPivDÆn_RKb;RCugeRCayrbs;Fna

KarBiPBelak(CDF), KMnitpþÜcepþIm ÉksaryuT§sa®sþ
[skmμPaBeq<aHeTArkkarseRmc)annUv siT§iTTYl)ansux kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrYmKña World Bank/IMF Edlkar
PaB enAkñúgsßanPaBEdlmankarKMramkMEhgF¶n;F¶rbMput erobcMKeRmagpøÚvkarrbs;xøÜnqøúHbBa©aMgnUvTsSnaTan nig
cMeBaHsuxPaB . minEtb:ueNÑaH kñúgkarpþl;karEfTaM bTdæansiT§imnusS . KeRmag OHCHR edIm,Iplit eKal
suxPaBenAkñúgsßanPaBGasnñ karBicarNaelITidæPaBsiT§i karN_ENnaMsRmab;karbBa©ÚlsiT§imnusS eTAkñúgyuT§
mnusSGacCYyFanafa yuT§sa®sþTaMgLayykcitþTukdak; sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgÉksaryuT§
CaBiessdl;RkumEdlgayrgeRKaH . PaBgayrgeRKaH sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬eKalkarN_ENnaM HRPRS¦
CaBiessénCnePosxøÜn CnePosswkkñúgRbeTs nigCn )anKUsbBa¢ak;nUvTMnak;TMngCitditrvag "tfPaBénRbCa
¬78¦eKalkarN_ENnaMsþIBI GenþaRbevsnþ_ TamTarnUvkarsgát;F¶n;elICaBiesselIsiT§i CnRkIRk" dUcEdl)anrkeXIjedaykarsikSa sþIBIsemøg
karePosxøÜnkñúgRbeTs
¬1998¦ . mnusS . enAkñúgRkumTaMgenH ®sþIkñúgnamCaemRKYsar énCnRkIRk ¬81¦ nigkarsikSaBIPaBRkRkIdéTeTot nig
¬79¦enAkñúgExmIna qñaM2000/ GnItiCnEdleTACamYy CnBikar nigCncas;Cra RtUvkarnUv Rkbx½NÐbTdæansiT§imnusSGnþrCati . dUecñHkarykcitþ
ACC )anecjeKalkarN_EN
naMsþIBIsiT§i nigBt’mansRmab; karykcitþTukdak;CaBiess . eKalkarN_siT§imnusS Tukdak;cMeBaHsiT§imnusSnwgCYyFanafa kgVl;Cacm,g
RbB½n§GñksRmbsRmYlRbcaM Cak;lak;ekIteLIg edIm,Ipþl;karENnaMkñúgkarFananUv rbs;RbCaCnRkIRk KWCa nigenAEtCakgVl;Cacm,g én
RbeTs EdlCaÉksareyag
d¾sMxan;mYysRmab;kic©Rbwg karkarBarenAkñúgRKaGasnñRbqaMgnwgkarRbQmmuxrbs; yuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . ]TahrN_ karbBa©Úl
ERbgrYm edIm,IbBa©ÚlsiTi§mnusS siT§ImnusSeTAkñúgyuT§sa®sþRbqaMgPaBRkIRknwg CYyFana
eTAkñúgRbB½n§GgÁkarshRbCa RkumgayrgeRKaHcMeBaHktþaeRKaHfñak;énCMgW nigsuxPaB fa buKÁl nigRkumEdlgayrgeRKaH minRtUv)an e)aHbg;
Cati Gnum½tCMnYsmux[
ACCeday CCPOQ enAkñúg
minl¥ ¬78¦ . ecaleLIy FanafakarcUlrYmd¾skmμ nigEdlmankar
sm½yRbCMuelIkTI16rbs;xøÜn
enATIRkughSWENv ExmIna
yl;dwgeRcInRtUv)anpþl;[ FanafabBaðatamEpñk sMxan;²
qñaM2000 eyagtameKalkarN_ENnaMrbs;GgÁkarshRb ¬]> Gb;rM karpþl;lMenAdæan suxPaB niges,óg Gahar¦
http://accsubs.unsystem.
org/ccpoq/documents
CaCati buKÁlikGgÁkarshRbCaCati enAmUldæan TTYl)ankarykcitþTukdak;smRsb Fanafa eKaledA
/manual/human-rights-
kfax½NÐ 59 .
gui.pdf,
"CaTUeTA minKYrbdiesFBakübNþwg GMBIkarrMelaP bnÞan; nigbeNþaHGasnñ ¬nigry³eBlyUr¦ RtUv)ankMNt;
¬80¦ Idem.
¬81¦sUmemIlelxeyag68 siT§imnusS . enAeBl)anTTYlehIyBakübNþwg Fanafa viFIsa®sþtamdanRbkbeday RbsiT§PaB ¬]>
¬82¦siT§imnusS nig yuT§ TaMgenHKYrbBa¢ÚneTAkariyal½y]tþmsñgkarTTYl GMagDIkaT½r nigkMriteKal¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIg nigFanafa
sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ³ ynþkarKNenyüPaB EdlgayRsYl eRbI EdlTak;Tg
ÉksarsRmab;karBiPakSa/
elxeyag57 .
bnÞúksiT§imnusS ¬OHCHR¦ CabnÞan; nigeday nwgRKb;PaKITaMgGs; RtUv)anbegáIteLIg . elIsBI
sMgat; edIm,IeFVIkarbnþ " ¬79¦ . enHeTot siT§imnusSpþl;[yuT§sa®sþkat; bnßyPaBRkIRk
nUvRkitüRkm bTdæan nigtémø Edlman kMritx<s;én
nItüanukUlPaBCaskl ¬82¦ .
29
]bsm<½n§ 1 ³
]bkrN_c,ab;
d¾RtwmRtUv
© WHO/PAHO
sn§isBaØa nig GnusBaØaGnþrCati

EdlBak;B½n§nwg suxPaB & siT§imnusS
(tamlMdab;kalb,vtþi )
GnusBaØa ¬elx 29¦ sþIBIBlkmμedaybgçM ¬1930¦/
FmμnuBaØGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬1945¦
GnusBaØasþIBIkarbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTas cMeBaH]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ ¬1948¦/ GnusBaØasþIBI
karb®gáabkareFVIcracrN_mnusS nigkareFVIGaCIvkmμelIeBsüakmμrbs;GñkdéT ¬1949¦
GnusBaØaRkughSWENvsþIBIsuvuDÆikmμdl;sßanPaBrbs;GñkrbYs nigGñkCMgWenAkgRbdab;GavuFenAsmrPUmi¬1949¦
GnusBaØaRkughSWENvsþIBIsuvuDÆikmμdl;sßanPaBrbs;smaCikkgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuFEdlrbYs manCMgW nigEbk)ak;k)a:l;enAkñúgsmuRT ¬1949¦
GnusBaØaRkughSWENvsþIBIkarRKb;RKgCneQøIyswk ¬1949¦
GnusBaØaRkughSWENvsþIBIkarkarBarCnsIuvilenAkñúgeBlmans®gÁam ¬1949¦ nigBiFIsarbEnßm
elIGnusBaØaRkughSWENvsþIBIkarkarBarCnrgeRKaHénCemøaHRbdab;GavuFGnþrCati ¬BiFIsar1¦ ¬1977¦
nigBiFIsarsþIBIkarkarBarCnrgeRKaHénCemøaHRbdab;GavuFminEmnGnþrCati ¬BiFIsar II¦ ¬1977¦
GnusBaØasþIBIsßanPaBénCnePosxøÜn ¬1950¦ nig BiFIsarrbs;va ¬1967¦
GnusBaØa ¬elx105¦ sþIBIkarlubbM)at;BlkmμedaybgçM ¬1957¦
GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIkarlubbM)at;ecalral;TRmg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgBUCsasn_ ¬1963¦
ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ ¬1966¦
ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigneya)ay ¬1966¦ nigBiFIsarTaMgBIrrbs;va ¬1966 nig1989¦
GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TRmg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMg®sþIePT ¬1979¦ nigBiFIsarrbs;va ¬1999¦
GnusBaØaRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ nigkarRKb;RKg b¤kardak;TNÐkmμeXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤EbbRbmafemIlgay
déTeTot ¬1984¦
GnusBaØasþIBIsiT§ikumar ¬1989¦
GnusBaØa ¬elx 169¦ sþIBICnGenþaRKam nigkulsm<½n§enAkñúgRbeTsÉkraCü ¬1989¦
GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIkarkarBarsiT§ikmμkrGenþaRbevsnþ_ nigsmaCikRKYsarrbs;BYkeK ¬1990¦
GnusBaØa ¬elx 182¦ sþIBIkarhamXat; nigskmμPaBbnÞan; edIm,IlubbM)at;TRmg;GaRkk;bMputénBlkmμkumar ¬1999¦
GnusBaØasþIBIkarkarBarmatuPaB ¬elx 183/ qñaM2000¦
30
esckþRI bkas RkitüRkm nigbTdæan GnþrCati
EdlBak;Bn½ n§ gw suxPaB & siT§imnusS
(tamlMdab;kalb,vtþi)
esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬1948¦
esckþIRbkassþIBIkareRbIR)as;vDÆnPaBénviTüasa®sþ nigbec©kvC¢a CaRbeyaCn_snþiPaB nig edIm,IGtßRbeyaCn_ énmnusSCati
¬1975¦
esckþIRbkassþIBIsiT§iénCnBikar ¬1975¦
eKalkarN_énRkmsIlFm’RKUeBTüBak;B½n§nwgtYnaTIrbs;buKÁliksuxaPi)al CaBiessRKUeBTü kñúgkarkarBardl; GñkeTas
nigGñkCab;mnÞIrXMuXaMgRbqaMgnwgkareFVITaruNkmμ nigkarRKb;RKg b¤kardak;TNÐkmμeXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤EbbRbmafemIlgaydéTeTot
¬1982¦
esckþIRbkassþIBIsiT§iTTYlkarGPivDÆn_ ¬1986¦
eKalkarN_sRmab;karBarCnEdlmanCMgWpøÚvcitþ nigelIkkMBs;karEfTaMsuxPaBpøÚvcitþ ¬1991¦
eKalkarN_GgÁkarshRbCaCatisRmab;Cncas;Cra ¬1991¦
esckþIRbkassþIBIsiT§irbs;CnCasmaCikRkumPaKticxagCatisasn_ b¤ Bn§ sasna nigPasa ¬1992¦
viFanCaniyamrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIsmPavUbnIykmμnUv»kassRmab;CnBikar ¬1993¦
esckþIRbkassþIBIkarlubbM)at;GMeBIhigSaRbqaMg®sþIePT ¬1993¦
esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIGMbUrmnusS nigsiT§imnusS ¬1997¦
esckþIRbkassþIBIsiT§i nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;buKÁlmñak;² Rkum nig GgÁkarénsgÁm edIm,IelIkkMBs; nigkarBar siT§imnusS
EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;Caskl nigesrIPaBCamUldæan ¬1998¦
eKalkarN_ENnaMsþIBIkarePosswkkñúgRbeTs ¬1998¦
]bkrN_sMxan; fñak;tbM n; cMeBa³suxPaB & siTi§mnusS

(tamlMdab;kalb,vtþi)
esckþIRbkasrbs;GaemrikGMBIsiT§i nigkrNIykic©rbs;mnusS ¬1948¦
GnusBaØaGWr:ubsRmab;karBarsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan ¬1950¦ nigBiFIsarTaMg11 rbs;va ¬1952-1994¦ FmμnuBaØsgÁmGWr:ub ¬1961¦
¬EkERb 1996¦
GnusBaØasþIBIsiT§imnusSrbs;Gaemrik ¬1969¦
FmμnuBaØGaRhViksþIBIsiT§imnusS nigsiT§iRbCaCn ¬1981¦
GnusBaØaGnþrGaemrik edIm,Ibgáar nig pþnÞaeTasdl;kareFVITaruNkmμ ¬1985¦
BiFIsarbEnßmsRmab;GnusBaØaGaemriksþIBIsiT§imnusSenAkñúgvis½yénsiT§iesdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ - “BiFIsar san salva:dr ¬San
Salvador¦” ¬1988¦
BiFIsarsRmab;GnusBaØaGaemriksþIBIsiT§i eFVInirakrN_elIeTasRbharCIvit ¬1990¦
FmμnuBaØGaRhViksþIBIsiT§i nigsuxumalPaBkumar ¬1990¦
GnusBaØasþIBIkarbgáar karpþnÞaeTas nigkarlubbM)at; GMeBIhigSaRbqaMg®sþIePT “GnusBaØa ebLwm dU )ara” ¬1994¦
FmμnuBaØGara:b;sþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬1994¦
GnusBaØaGWr:ubsþIBIsiT§imnusS nigesckþIéføfÚrñ rbs;mnusSTak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþCIvsa®sþ nigfñaMeBTü ³ GnusBaØasþIBIsiT§imnusS nigCIv»sf ¬1997¦/
GnusBaØaGnþrGaemriksþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TRmg;énkarerIseGIg RbqaMgCnBikar ¬1999¦
31
Éksarsnñs i TI GnþrCati nigRBwtkiþ arN_ CabnþbnÞab;

Bak;Bn½ n§ gw suxPaB & siTmi§ nusS
¬tamlMdab;kalb,vtþi¦
snñisITkMBUlBiPBelak edIm,Ikumar/ RkugjÚvy:k ¬1990¦ ³ esckþIRbkasrbs;BiPBelaksþIBIkarrs;ran karkarBar
nigkarGPivDÆn_rbskumar nigEpnkarskmμPaBsRmab;karGnuvtþesckþIRbkasrbs;BiPBelakenH nig kic©RbCMutamdanrbs;va/
sm½yRbCMuBiessrbs;mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬UNGASS¦ sþIBIkumar ¬2002¦ ³
BiPBelakmYyEdlsmrmsRmab;kumar
snñisITGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIbrisßan nigkarGPivDÆn_/ TIRkugrIGU dW eCeNr:U ¬1992¦ ³ esckþIRbkasTIRkugrIGUsþIBIbrisßan
nigkarGPivDÆn_ nigrebobvar³ 21
snñisITBiPBelaksþIBIsiT§imnusS/ TIRkugvIEy:n ¬1993¦ ³ esckþIRbkas nig kmμviFIskmμPaBRkugvIEy:n
snñisITGnþrCatisþIBIRbCaCn nigkarGPivDÆn_/ TIRkugEK½r 1994 ³ kmμviFIskmμPaB/ snñisITkMBUlBiPBelak
sRmab;karGPivDÆn_sgÁm/ TIRkugkUpinhaháin ¬1995¦ ³ esckþIRbkasTIRkugkUpinhaháinsþIBIkarGPivDÆn_sgÁm nig
kmμviFIskmμPaBénsnñisITkMBUlBiPBelaksRmab;karGPivDÆn_sgÁm nigkic©RbCMutamdanrbs;va/ kUpinhaháinbUk5 ¬2000¦
snñisITBiPBelakelIkTI4 sþIBI®sþI/ TIRkugebkaMg ¬1995¦ ³ esckþIRbkas nig kmμviFsI kmμPaBRkugebkaMg
nigkic©RbCMutamdanrbs;va/ ebkaMgbUk5 ¬2000¦
snñisITGgÁkarshRbCaCatielIkTI2sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenArbs;mnusS ¬CRmk II¦/ TIRkugGiusþan;b‘ul ¬1996¦ ³
esckþIRbkasTIRkugGiusþan;b‘ulsþIBIkartaMgTIlMenArbs;mnusS
snñisITkMBUlBiPBelaksþIBIes,ógGahar/ TIRkugr:Um ¬1996¦ ³ esckþIRbkasTIRkugr:UmsþIBIsnþisuxes,ógBiPBelak nig
EpnkarskmμPaBrbs;snñisITkMBUles,ógGaharBiPBelak nigkic©RbCMutamdanrbs;va/ esckþIRbkasrbs;snñisIT
kMBUles,ógGaharBiPBelak ³ R)aMqñaMeRkay sm<½n§PaBGnþrCatiRbqaMgnwgkarGt;Xøan ¬2002¦
sm½yRbCMuBiessénmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬UNGASS¦ sþIBICMgWeGds_ ¬2001¦ ³
esckþIRbkasénkarebþCJacitþcMeBaHemeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ “vibtþiskl - skmμPaBskl”
snñisITBiPBelakRbqaMgnwgBUCsasn_niym kars¥b;CnbreTserIseGIgBUCsasn_ nigkarminGt;»nEdlBak;B½n§ TIRkug dWebn
¬2002¦ ³ esckþIRbkas nig kmμviFIskmμPaBTIRkugdWebn
snñi)atBiPBelakelIkTI2 sþIBIv½ycas;Cra ¬2002¦ ³ esckþIRbkasEpñkneya)ay
nigkmμviFIskμPaBGnþrCatiRkugma:RDItsþIBImnusScas;Cra .
32
2 5 sMNYr nig cemøIy sþIBIsiT§imnusS
]bsm<½n§2 ³
rcnasm<½n§
énGgÁkarsiT§imnusS
GgÁkarshRbCaCati
tarag EdlmineBjeljenHGFib,ayBImuxgar
énRbB½n§GgÁkarshRbCaCatikgúñ vis½ysiTmi§ nusS .
karsgátF; n¶ ;RtUv)anepþatelIsaß b½n nigkmμvFi I
TaMgLayEdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvEpñksiTmi§ nusS
Cacm,g . cMNucBN’saV ybgðajBIsrIragÁén
eKalkarN_TaMg6rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati
cMENkcMNucBN’ébtgbgðajBIsaß b½n b¤kmμvFi I
EdlRtUv)anpþl;esva edaykariyal½yén]tþm
sñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS © WHO/PAHO
¬83¦ .
GKÁelxaFikar mhasnñi)at
RkumRbwkSasnþisux
RkumRbwkSasnþisux RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁm
RkumRbwkSaRKb;RKg RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁm KN³kmμaFikarsiT§iesdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ (CESCR)
elxaFikardæan
RkumRbwkSasnþisux sßab½neRkambgÁab;déTeTot KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS (HRC)

tulakaryutþiFm’ KN³kmμkarkarBar]Rkidkæ mμ nig KN³kmμaFikarRbqaMgkareFVITaruNkmμ (CAT)
GnþrCati yutþiFm’]Rkidækmμ KN³kmμaFikarsþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TRmg;énkarerIseGIg (CERD)
KN³kmμkarsßanPaB®sIþ KN³kmμaFikarsþIkarlubbM)at;ral;TRmg;énkarerIseGIg RbqaMg®sþIePT (CEDAW)
RbB½nG§ gÁkar
shRbCaCati ]tþmsñgkarsiT§imnus KN³kmμaFikarsþIBIsiT§ikumar (CRC)
salakþI]Rkidækmμ mUlniFisRmab;mnusSFm’ KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusS GñkraykarN_BiessRbcaMRbeTs nigtamRbFanbT… ¬ynþkarGnusBaØabEnßm¦
Gnþr CatisRmab;
GtItyUkUsøavI shRbtibtþikarbec©keTs
Rkumkargar
salakþI]Rkidækmμ GnuKN³kmμkarelIkMBs; nig
GnþrCatisRmab; vtþmansiT§imnusStamRbeTs karBarsiT§imnusS
RbeTsr:Uva:n;da Rkumkargar
kariiyal½y]tþmsñgkarshRbCaCat
¬83¦taragGgÁkarelxenH iTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS TIRkughSWENv KN³kmμaFikarBiesssþIBIkarGnuvtþrbs;GIRu saEGlenAkñúgEdndIeRkamkarkan;kab;
RtUv)aneRbedayPaBKYrsm RbeTssVIs
rbs;kariyal½yén]tþmsñg
karTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS .
http://www.unhchr.ch/
hrostr.htm
33
karTTYl)anbTdæanx<s;bMputénsuxPaBEdlGacseRmc
)anCasiT§iCamUldæanénmnusSRKb;rUb RtUv)andMkl;enAkñúg
FmμnuBaØrbs;GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelakCghasibqñaMknøg
eTAenH . GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelakts‘UBüayameFVI[
siT§ienHkøayCakarBitsRmab;buKÁlRKb;rUb edayykcitþ
Tukdak; CaBiesscMeBaHCnRkIRkbMput nigCnEdlgayrg
eRKaHbMput .
enAkñúgbribTenH GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak)anpSBVpSay
nUvkare)aHBum<pSayCaPaKsþIBIsuxPaB nigsiT§imnusS
edIm,I EsVgyl;BITMnak;TMngd¾sμúRKsμaj rvagsuxPaB nig
siT§imnusSBak;B½n§nwgbBaðaRbQmmuxépñksuxPaBepSg².
PaKTI1énesovePAPaKTaMgenH EdlmancMNgeCIgfa
25 sMNYr nigcemøIysþIBIsuxPaB nigsiT§imnusS Büayam
eqøIysMNYrCaKnøwHsMxan;² EdlykcitþTukdak;elIkar
EsVgyl; BITMnak;TMngrvagsuxPaB nigsiT§imnusS .
esovePAenHmanbMNgeFVICamKÁúeTÞsk_sRmab;karGnuvtþn_
mYy edIm,IbegáItnUvkarbMPøW nigkaryl;dwgkñúgcMeNam
buKÁlikGgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak nigGñkGnuvtþEpñk
suxPi)al GPivDÆn_ nigsiT§imnusSepSg²eTot GMBITMnak;
TMngd¾sMxan; rvagsuxPaB nigsiT§imnusS .

kare)aHBum<ecjpSayelx1
sRmab;Bt’manbEnßm sUmTak;Tg ³
ehELnNa nIeRkn-RKug ¬Helena Nygren-Krug¦
EpñkyuT§sa®sþ
kariyal½yGKÁnayk
GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak
20, avenue Appia – 1211 Geneva 27 – Switzerland
Tel. (41) 22 7912523 – Fax: (41) 22 7914726
www.who.int/hhr
34

25 Smnyr Nig Cemøiy Sþibi: Suxpab Nig Sit Imnuss

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25

karGFib,ay nig karbgðajsMPar³enAkñúgkare)aHBum<pSayenH minbgðajnUvkarbeBa©jmtiNamYy eTaHCaGVIk¾eday rbs;GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak

Gro Harlem Brundtland

sMNYrTI6 etI]bkrN_ siT§imnusSGnþrCatiNaxøHEdlEcg GMBIkarsnüarbs;rdæaPi)al? 12

EpñkTI3 ³ suxPaB nig siT§imnusSenAkñúgbribTTUlMTUlay 22

]bsm<½n§ II³ rcnasm<½n§énGgÁkarsiT§imnusSshRbCaCati 32

CERD GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgBUCsasn_ ¬1963¦

ICCPR ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigneya)ay ¬1966¦ nigBiFIsarBIrrbs;va ¬1966¦nig ¬1989¦

ICESCR ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ ¬1966¦

PAHO GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak kariyal½yRbcMaenAtMbn;Gaemrik

UDHR esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬1948¦

UNICEF mUlniFiGgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,Ikumar

WANAHR sm<½n§PaBBiPBelak edIm,IGaharUbßmÖ nigsiT§imnusS

Ekkáda qñaM2000¦. snñisITBiPBelaksþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬5¦ . bTdæaneRcIn EdlmandMkl;enAkñúgesckþIRbkasTaMgenaH qøúH

8/ 13/ nig14 én CEDAW /

• Bt’man ³ “esrIPaBkñúgkarEsVgrk TTYl nigEckrMElkBt’man siT§iTTYl)annbdæand¾x<s;bMputénsuxPaB ¬ehAfa{siT§iTTYl

¬14¦ maRta13/ . siT§i ICESCR

nig16én / nigmaRta 19/ 24/ 28/

ICESCR CnTaMgLayEdlTTYlrgPaBBikarpøÚvcitþgayrgeRKaHCaBiesscMeBaH bMPWøBIsPaBnigxøwmsarénsiT§ibuKÁlnigkatBVrbs;PaKICardæ ¬rdæTaMgLayEdl

elIsmtßPaB rbs;BYkeKkñúgkarTTYl)ankarBüa)al nigkarEfTaM

¬19¦éf¶T1I 8 Exkum³Ö qñaM 1992/ esckþsI eRmc

¬20¦ÉksarCamUldæan énCIvitrbs;BYkeK eday eFVI[b:HBal;dl;siT§iTTYl)an kargar )anGtßRbeyaCn_epSg²BIkarrIkcMerInxagviTüasaRsþ nigkareRbIR)as;rbs;vaCIvit

manCMgWpøÚUvcitþ hamR)amkarerIseGIgEp¥kelICMgWpøÚvcitþ ¬19¦.

¬26¦ brikaç r/ TMnij nigesva

¬28¦ brikçar/ TMnij nig

Fanadl;karcuHexSayénCatisMN. tamBit karerIs

1966) nigGnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay

Cak;lak;epSg²dUcCa kareFVTI aruNkmμCaedIm. enAkñgú kar

GgÁkarEdlmansmaCikcMnYn15RbeTs - shKmn_GWru:b - )an

shRbCaCatirYmman KN³kmμkarsþIBIsiT§imnusS nigGnuKN³

sMNrY etIeKGaceGayRbeTsRkIRkEdl RbugRby½tñbMput nigRtUvEtmanehtuplRtwmRtUv edayeyageTA

RKb;meFüa)aysmRsbTaMgGs; rYmTaMgkar eRbIR)as;nUvviFankar

kmμviFICMnYyGnþrCati nigshRbtibtþikard¾skmμ edayEp¥kelI

bEnßmBIelIenH ICESCR tMrUveGayrdænImYy² EdlCaPaKIén

CakatBVkci ©myY edIm,IeFVdI eM nIreTAmuxeGay)anelOn nig manRbsiT§

esdækic© nigbec©keTs edayBicarNaGMBI FnFanGb,brma katBVkic©rbs;rdæ edIm,IkarBarsiT§imnusS mann½yfa rdæa

¬44¦ ICESCR/ maRta2 . sMNYrTI10 etIkatBVkic siT§imnusS enAkñúgbribTRkumh‘unnigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al mankarrIk

niyambec©keTssRmab; NGO Ep¥kkan;EteRcIneLIgeTAelIGñkedIrtYnaTI EdlminEmnCardæ

sMNYrTI11 etIyuT§sa®sþEp¥kelI FanaeFVIya:gNaeGayRbB½n§suxaPi)al GaceRbIR)as;)an

eK)anbgðajfa “kareKarBsiT§imnusSenAkñúgbribT én begáIn tmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB enAkñúg nigsRmab;

• yuT§sa®sþ “pþl;PaBkøahan” mYysRmab;suxPaB Edl

rdæaPi)alenAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al • kardak;kMhitRtUveFVIeLIg edIm,ITisedARsbc,ab;

smFm’mann½yfa tRmUvkarrbs;mnusS minEmnbuBVsiT§isgÁm rbs;

“bBaðaRbQmmuxsRmab;GñkmanGaCIBEpñkGPivDÆn_ PaBBikarGackøayCabuBVehtuénPaBRkIRk ehIyPaB

¬67¦semøgrbs;CnRkIRk ³ GaharUbtßmÖ nig Gnam½yminl¥ .

sklPavUbnIykmμKWCaBakümYy EdlRtUv)aneRbI edIm,IRKbdNþb;

TIpSar TTYlBt’man nigTMnij caM)ac; dUcCa»sfseRgÁaHCIvitfμI .

témøsmrmüsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña edayminmankarerIseGIg elI

“viFsI a®sþGPivDÆn_Ep¥kelIsTi ki§ N

sMNrY TI24 etIc,ab;sþIBIsiT§imnusS c,ab;sþIBI

sþIBIsßanPaBénCnePosxøÜn ¬1950¦ nigBiFIsar

CarYm skmμPaBmnusSFm’enAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)altMNag b,ayenAkñúgRkbx½NÐGPivDÆn_RKb;RCugeRCayrbs;Fna

sn§isBaØa nig GnusBaØaGnþrCati

]bkrN_sMxan; fñak;tbM n; cMeBa³suxPaB & siTi§mnusS

Éksarsnñs i TI GnþrCati nigRBwtkiþ arN_ CabnþbnÞab;

RkumRbwkSasnþisux sßab½neRkambgÁab;déTeTot KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS (HRC)

suxPaB nig siT§imnusS

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