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    High Chemical Energy: Sugar Oxygen Organic Compounds (From Light) Light

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    Kenneth Rodriguez Herminado
    ATP is the energy currency molecule in cells. It stores and transports chemical energy obtained from breaking down food molecules via redox reactions in the electron transport chain. Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions without being used up. The plasma membrane regulates the passage of substances into and out of cells using passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Passive transport moves substances down a concentration gradient without energy use, while active transport moves substances against a gradient using carrier proteins and ATP hydrolysis.

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    High Chemical Energy: Sugar Oxygen Organic Compounds (From Light) Light

    Uploaded by

    Kenneth Rodriguez Herminado
    27 views3 pages
    ATP is the energy currency molecule in cells. It stores and transports chemical energy obtained from breaking down food molecules via redox reactions in the electron transport chain. Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions without being used up. The plasma membrane regulates the passage of substances into and out of cells using passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Passive transport moves substances down a concentration gradient without energy use, while active transport moves substances against a gradient using carrier proteins and ATP hydrolysis.

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    BIO_NOTES3

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    ATP is the energy currency molecule in cells. It stores and transports chemical energy obtained from breaking down food molecules via redox reactions in the electron transport chain. Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions without being used up. The plasma membrane regulates the passage of substances into and out of cells using passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Passive transport moves substances down a concentration gradient without energy use, while active transport moves substances against a gradient using carrier proteins and ATP hydrolysis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views3 pages

    High Chemical Energy: Sugar Oxygen Organic Compounds (From Light) Light

    Uploaded by

    Kenneth Rodriguez Herminado
    ATP is the energy currency molecule in cells. It stores and transports chemical energy obtained from breaking down food molecules via redox reactions in the electron transport chain. Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions without being used up. The plasma membrane regulates the passage of substances into and out of cells using passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Passive transport moves substances down a concentration gradient without energy use, while active transport moves substances against a gradient using carrier proteins and ATP hydrolysis.

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    of 3

    THE ENERGY OF LIFE Chemical structure of ATP

    ENERGY – the power to do work that produces light,


    heat, or motion or the due or electricity used for
    power.

    Two main forms of energy


    1. Kinetic energy – in motion
    2. Potential energy – rest/stored

    Main sources of energy


    Animals (Heterotrophs): food
    Energy is stored in the chemical bonds between
    Plants (Autotrophs): sun
    phosphate groups.
    Sugar
    Oxygen ENZYMES
    HIGH CHEMICAL ENERGY - Protein in nature
    Organic Compounds - Catalyst in living organisms
    light - Regulating the rate at which chemical
    (from light)
    reactions proceed without itself being
    altered in the process
    Mechanical A. Active Site – part of the molecule that has
    just the right shape and functional groups
    Plants Animals bind to one of the reacting molecule
    Heat B. Substance-reacting molecule or substrate

    Water
    Carbon dioxide
    LOW CHEMICAL ENERGY
    Inorganic Compounds
    (some energy are used)

    *plants convert energy into various forms as they


    produce food during photosynthesis
    Types of enzymes
    NETWORKS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
    METABOLISM
    - Catabolism and anabolism
    - Whole range of biochemical processes that
    occur in living organisms
    - Converting food into energy
    OXIDATION-REDUCTION
    - Involves transfer of electrons between two
    species
    - Redox reaction
    - Electron transport Chain (ETC)
    OXIDATION REDUCTION
    Losing electrons Gaining electrons
    OXIDIZED REDUCED  Lipase – breaks down lipids into fatty acids
    Becoming more Becoming more and glycerol
    positive negative  Protease - breaks down proteins into amino
    acids
    Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – product of ETC
    through Redox TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
    - Energy-carrying molecule - Accommodate the needs of the cell in the
    - Captures chemical energy obtained from form of ions, nutrients, and other molecules
    breakdown of food molecules and releasing - May occur with or without the use of ATP
    it to fuel other cellular processes
    Structure and components of the plasma - Water should pass in a semi-permeable
    membrane membrane
    - Greater to lower concentration
    - Shown in 3 types of solution

    COMPONENT FUNCTION
    Phospholipid Main fabric
    Cholesterol Dampens
    effects of Cytolysis Plasmolysis
    temperature
    Integral proteins -Embedded Transport
    in the 4. Plasmolysis
    substances
    membrane - Contraction of cell protoplasm due to loss of
    -for large water during osmosis
    molecules
    Peripheral proteins *found in the Cell recognition
    surface
    Carbohydrates -cell
    recognition
    -for effective
    interaction in
    the aqueous
    environment
    Factors affecting Diffusion
    *Phospholipid bilayer – structure of the plasma
    membrane Extent of the
    concentration gradient
    Types of cellular transportation Mass of the molecules
    1. Passive transport diffusing
    - Greater to lower concentration Temperature
    2. Active transport
    - Uses channel proteins Solvent density
    - Lower to greater concentration
    Solubility
    PASSIVE TRANSPORT
    - Energy-independent mechanism Surface Area of the
    - Basis of movement: CONCENTRATION plasma membrane
    GRADIENT (high to low) Thickness of the plasma
    Types membrane
    1. Simple diffusion Distance travelled
    - Only the cell membrane id required
    - DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM: end of diffusion
    2. Facilitated diffusion ACTIVE TRANSPORT
    - Transmembrane protein/ integral/ - Moves against the concentration gradient
    channel protein is required as carriers of - Carrier-protein assists the transport
    some molecules and ions
    - Molecules are quite big Vesicular or Bulk Transport
    3. Osmosis - Used for transport of huge quantities of
    - This transport is used for water molecules molecules
    only. A. Endocytosis
    - Into the cell
    1. Phagocytosis (food eating)
    - Engulfing and ingestion by a phagocyte to
    form a phagosome (food vacuole)
    -

    2. Pinocytosis (cell drinking)


    - Taking in fluid together with its contents into
    the cell
    3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
    - Relies upon the interaction of the
    substances that tries to enter the cell with
    the cell receptors
    - Usual mechanism that is used by hormones,
    viruses, etc. that tries to enter the body

    B. Exocytosis
    - Moving out of the cell

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