CHAPTER 3 CELL STRUCTURES & THEIR FUNCTIONS

Cell o Centriole- facilitate chromosome

 Basic living unit of all organisms movement during cell division
 Determine form & structure of
human body o Cilia- moves substances over
surface of cells
FUNCTIONS OF A CELL o Flagella- propels sperm cells
o Microvilli- increase surface area for
1. Cell metabolism & energy use absorption & secretion
2. Synthesis of molecules
3. Communication o Vesicles- transports/stores
4. Reproduction & inheritance materials within the cell

Organelles (little organs) Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

 Organized or specialized structures  Outermost component of a cell
within the cell  Forms boundary between material
Cytoplasm inside (intracellular) & the material
 Living material surrounding the outside (extracellular) of it
nucleus  Primarily made up of phospholipids
& proteins (also cholesterol &
ORGANELLES & THEIR FUNCTIONS carbohydrates)
 Selectively permeable (only allows
o Nucleus- control center of the cell. certain molecules to enter/exit the
Contains DNA. Site of RNA cell)
synthesis Phospholipid bilayer
 Makes up the cell membrane (fluid
o Ribosome- site of protein synthesis mosaic model)
 Composed of a polar hydrophilic
o Rough ER- synthesizes proteins & head (water loving) & a nonpolar
transports them to golgi apparatus hydrophobic tail (water fearing)
made up of fatty acids
o Smooth ER- lipid & carbohydrate
synthesis. Cell detox. Calcium  Higher concentrations intracellularly-
storage Enzymes, glycogen, K+ ions
 Higher concentrations
o Golgi Apparatus- modifies, extracellularly- Na+, Ca2+, Cl-
packages, & distributes proteins via
secretory vesicles Membrane Proteins
 Common proteins that are part of
o Lysosome- contains digestive biological membranes (cell
enzymes membrane)
1. Integral Proteins
o Peroxisome- breaks down fatty (transmembrane)
acids, amino acids, & hydrogen penetrate bilayer
peroxide 2. Peripheral proteins
attach to either the
o Mitochondrion- site of aerobic inner or the outer
respiration. ATP synthesis layer of the bilayer

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 MOVEMENT THROUGH CELL ii. Exocytosis- releases
MEMBRANE materials from the
cells via vesicles
1. Passive membrane transport- does
not require the cell to expend energy. ORGANELLES
Goes down concentration gradient
a. Diffusion- movement of Cytoskeleton
solutes from an area of - Supports cell and holds organelles in
higher concentration to an place.
area of lower concentration. - Responsible for cell shape &
b. Osmosis- diffusion of water movement
across a selectively - Consists of three groups of protein
permeable membrane o Microtubules- hollow tubes
c. Facilitated Diffusion- is a composed of protein units
carrier- mediated/channel called tubulins. Form spindle
mediated passive membrane fibers. Components of
transport process that moves centrioles, cilia, flagella
cells from a higher to a lower o Actin Filaments
concentration gradient (microfilaments)- small
protein fibrils that provide
Tonicity- sate of solution in respect to structure to the cytoplasm or
osmotic pressure. cause cell movement
Cells will: o Intermediate Filaments-
 Neither shrink/swell in an protein fibers that provide
isotonic solution structural strength to cells.
 Shrink/crenate in a
hypertonic solution Nucleus
 Swell/lyse in a hypotonic - Consists of nucleoplasm enclosed
solution by a double membraned nuclear
envelope that has pore like
2. Active membrane transport- structures called nuclear pores
requires cell to expend energy in the - DNA is found here
form of ATP Nucleolus
a. Active transport- ATP - Dense region within the nucleus that
powered pumps combine lacks a surrounding membrane
with substances & move
them across cell membrane Ribosomes
b. Secondary active - Sites of protein synthesis
transport- ions move across - Ribosomal subunits consist rRNA
CM which creates an ion
concentration gradient. Endoplasmic Reticulum (network inside
c. Vesicular transport- the cytoplasm)
movement of larger volumes - Continuous outer layer of the
of substances via vesicles nuclear membrane with a series of
i. Endocytosis- uptake membranes distributed throughout
of material through the cytoplasm
CM by formation of a - Rough ER has ribosomes attached
vesicle to it and is the site of protein
- Phagocytosis synthesis.
- Pinocytosis - Smooth ER manufactures lipids
such as phospholipids, cholesterol,

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 steroid hormones, as well as - Forms spindle fibers
carbohydrates. Participates in cell
detox & stores calcium ions Cilia
- Structures that project from cell
Golgi apparatus surface and are capable of
- Modifies, packages, & distributes movement
proteins & lipids manufactured by - Each cilium contains 2 centrally
RER & SER located microtubules & 9 peripheral
- Highly developed in cells that pairs of fused microtubules that
secrete large amounts if protein or extends from the base to the tip of
glycoprotein such as cells in the the cilium
salivary glands and the pancreas - Dynein arms, proteins connecting
adjacent pairs of microtubules, push
Lysosomes microtubules past each other
- Form at the GA - A basal body (modified centriole) is
- Contain hydrolytic enzymes that located in the cytoplasm at the base
function as intracellular digestive of the cilium
systems - Numerous in respiratory tract &
- Certain WBC’s contain large no. of female reproductive tract
lysosomes that contain enzymes to - Power stroke & recovery stroke
digest phagocytized bacteria
- Also digest nonfunctional organelles, Flagella
a process called autophagy - Similar to cilia but are longer
- Moves entire cell (sperm cell)
Peroxisomes - Moves in a wavelike fashion
- Break down amino acids & fatty
acids Microvilli
- Contain catalase, enzyme that - Smaller than cilia
breaks down hydrogen peroxide to - Do not move
water & oxygen - Supported by actin filaments not
- Liver and kidney cells have many microtubules
peroxisomes - Found in cells of intestine, kidney,
and other absorption areas
Mitochondria
- Provide energy for the cell
- Site of ATP production
o Cristae- partitions in the
mitochondrion formed by the
infolding of the inner
membrane
o Matrix- space within inner
membrane. Where citric acid
(Krebs) cycle takes place
- Cells with greater energy
requirement have more mitochondria

Centrosome
- Center of microtubule formation
- Consists of 2 centrosomes
o Oriented perpendicularly
o Nine triplets

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 GENE EXPRESSION - 2 stages: Interphase & Cell division
(mitosis & cytokinesis)
Gene
- functional units of heredity Interphase
- each gene is a segment of a DNA o G1- normal metabolic activities
molecule that specifies a structure of o S- DNA replication (new DNA).
an RNA molecule o G2- cell prepares for cell division
o G0- resting cells remain unless
Heredity- transmission of genetic traits from stimulated to divide
parent to offspring

Gene Expression
- production of RNA/proteins from the Cell Division
info stored in DNA - Produces new cells for growth &
- involves transcription: making a copy tissue repair
of a small part of the stored info in - Includes nuclear division and
the DNA) & transcription (converting cytoplasmic division
copied info into protein) Mitosis
- Division of cell’s chromosomes into
Transcription two new nuclei which has the same
1. DNA unwinds and, through DNA as original nucleus
nucleotide pairing, produces pre- - Chromatin densely coil to produce
mRNA (transcription). mitotic chromosomes
2. Introns are removed and exons are
spliced together during post
transcriptional processing.
3. Modifications to the ends of mRNA PHASES OF MITOSIS
also occur during post transcriptional
processing. 1. Prophase
- Chromatin condenses to become
Translation visible as chromosomes.
1. mRNA moves through the nuclear - Each chromosome consists of two
pores to ribosomes. chromatids joined at the centromere.
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA), which carries - Centrioles move to opposite poles of
amino acids, interacts at the the cell, astral fibres and spindle
ribosome with mRNA. The fibres form.
anticodons of tRNA bind to the - Nucleoli & nuclear envelope
codons of mRNA, and the amino disappear
acids join to form a protein -
(translation). 2. Metaphase
3. . During posttranslational - Chromosomes align at the centre of
processing, proproteins, some of the cell.
which are proenzymes, are modified
into proteins, some of which are 3. Anaphase
enzymes. - Chromatids of each chromosome
separate at the centromere.
Cell Cycle - Each chromatid is then called a
- Includes the changes a cell chromosome.
undergoes from the time it is formed - Chromosomes migrate to opposite
until it divides to produce 2 new cells poles.

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4. Telophase
- Chromosomes unravel to become
chromatin.
- The nuclear envelope and nucleoli
reappear.

Differentiation
- Process by which cells develop with
specialized structures & functions
- Results from the selective activation
& inactivation of cell segments

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

- Normal process by which cell
numbers within various tissues are
adjusted & controlled

THEORIES OF AGING
- Cellular clock
- Death genes
- DNA damage
- Free radicals
- Mitochondrial damage

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