8 XII December 2020

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.32533
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 8 Issue XII Dec 2020- Available at www.ijraset.com

Water Quality Analysis of Mula-Mutha River

Shubham P. Hore1, Dr. G. K. Patil2, Dr. V. M. Prabhakar3
1
Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, GECA Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, GECA Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India
3
Scientist B, Central Water & Power Research Station Khadakwasla Pune.

Abstract: Urbanization is one of the great prospects for development of a developing country like India. With this increasing
rate of urbanization, various problems arise and one of the major problems that India faces in the current scenario is the
provision of clean drinking water due to the flow of migrants to the cities. The control of water pollution of rivers requires large
efforts, and water quality is an important issue in the field of water resources planning and management and requires data
collection, laboratory analysis, and data interpretation. Consistent monitoring of river water quality and establishment of long-
term management helps for protection of valuable water resource. In general, for a comprehensive surface and groundwater
quality assessment, physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters are required. The spatial changes in different
water quality parameters for Feb 2020 along the river reach have been studied; both onsite result and laboratory results have
been compared.
Keywords: Mula-Mutha River, Water quality, Analysis, Comparison.

I. INTRODUCTION
The Mula-Mutha is a river in India, in the city of Pune molded by the union of the Mula and Mutha rivers, which later convenes the
Bhima River, greeting the Krishna River further and finally evacuates into the Bay of Bengal. Parts of the river are among the 351
most highly polluted stretches listed by the Central Pollution Control Board and thus one of the most contaminated rivers in India.
The study has been incorporated for a reach of about 27 Km of the Mutha River starting from the Khadakwasla Dam at the upstream
with the total reservoir capacity of 341 million cubic meters which later joins the river Mula. The Mundhwa weir is the end point of
our study area. The control of water pollution of rivers requires large efforts, and water quality is an important issue in the field of
water resources planning and management and requires data collection, laboratory analysis, and data interpretation. Consistent
monitoring of river water quality and establishment of long term management helps for protection of valuable water resource.[1]

II. MATERIALS AND METHOD

The cross sections of the river geometry (provided by CWPRS) were taken at every 30 meters of distance for a reach of 27 Km of
river Mutha. The upstream end noted at Khadakwasla Dam with river station no 27000 meters to the downstream end at Mundhwa
weir with river station no 0 meters. The flow was presumed to be steady throughout the reach length.
The cross sections data and the discharge data with its corresponding water levels were provided by Central water and Power
Research Station, Pune. The water samples for its quality test were taken at seven different locations using the portable Water
Quality meter which displayed the Water Temperature, DO, pH, TDS, Conductivity, Salinity, Turbidity and Depth.[1]

A. Guidelines for Sample Collection

1) Samples are collected at the downstream of the point source pollution
2) Sampling in stagnant water or at a place where reverse flow occurs is avoided.
3) The samples are collected just below the water surface avoiding the influence of surface boundary effects also avoiding going
too close to the channel bed.
Site visits across Mula-Mutha river was organized during 25 Feb to 29 Feb by CWPRS team. Gorhe, Khadakwasla, Vitthalwadi,
Dattawadi, Bund Garden, Kharadi, Mundhwa, Khamgaon, Pargaon and Daund were various locations for sample collection.
Samples were collected following the guidelines given by CWPRS officials. Instrument Sonde was used onsite which gave data like
latitude, longitude, salinity, DO, alkalinity, TDS and temperature. 5 liter can and glass bottles were used for sample collection for
determination of various physico-chemical parameter like DO, BOD, pH, electrical conductivity, cation (Ca+2 and Mg+2), anions
(Co3-2, HCO3-, SO3-2, Cl-) and silica. [2]Biological samples are collected in 1liter plastic cans and microbiological samples were
collected in sterilized bottles.

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III. TEST ON SAMPLE

A. Tests for Dissolved Oxygen
Water samples for each site were taken in three borosil bottles of 300ml each. One of the bottles were fixed at the site by adding
Alkali Iodide Azide Solution and Magnus Sulphate which traps all the oxygen present in the water sample in the form of precipitate.
The 2nd bottle is covered with aluminum foil and the 3rd bottle is kept in normal conditions for 24 hours after which they are fixed.
Then titration is done with Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) in the burette and 200ml of water sample in the conical flask along with
few drops of Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for dissolving the precipitate and starch as indicator.[2]

B. Tests for Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Water samples for each site were taken in two BOD bottles of 300ml each for initial and final tests. Nutrients namely Calcium
Chloride (CaCl2), Iron (III) Chloride (FeCl3), Phosphate Buffer and Magnesium Sulphate (MgSo4.7H2O) were added in both the
bottles after which the initial bottles were fixed while the final bottles were kept in the BOD incubator for 5 days. The BOD bottles
were taken out from the incubator after 5 days and then DO was fixed by adding Alkali Iodide Azide Solution and Magnus
Sulphate. Later titration was carried out same as for DO.

C. pH
pH is a scale used to indicate the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution. The pH scale is logarithmic and is inversely
associated to the concentration of hydrogen ions in any solution. pH value ranges from 1 to 14 and a value below 7 shows an acidic
character while 7 and above show a basic character at 25℃. It can be measured through a glass electrode, a pH meter or a colour
changing indicator like methyl orange\phenolphthalein. The range 6.5 to 8 is preferred for the existence of the freshwater aquatic
organisms.pH of the water samples was further tested in the laboratory using four methods namely, pH paper, by a universal
indicator, by digital meter and by a portable meter. [3]

D. Turbidity
Turbidity in fluid is due to the occurrence of a large number of particles invisible to naked eye but comparable to smoke in air. It is a
visual characteristic of any fluid, here specifically water. More the number of suspended solids in the water sample higher the
turbidity. Higher turbidity in water also raises the temperature of water, lowers the DO, prevents light from entering into the water
body and reaching the aquatic life reducing the photosynthesis in plants and harming the fishes.
It is generally measured in terms of NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity units).Standards of 20, 40, 100 and 400 NTU are prepared from
a previous sample of 4000 NTU.
Turbidity was measured using digital as well as portable meters in the laboratory. In the digital meter, the distilled water was set to
zero and calibrated by setting 100 NTU to 100 by the calibrating knob which was further used to record values for the 20, 40, 100
and 400 NTU standard samples. Then the water samples are tested in the digital meter.

E. Conductivity
Conductivity is the measure of proficiency of water to conduct electrical flow though it which is in direct relation with the ion
concentration present in the water. Dissolved salts and inorganic materials such as alkalis, sulfides, chlorides and other carbonate
compounds are the main sources for these conductive ions in the water. Conductivity of water rises with the increase of ion
concentration, still keeping it electrically neutral as the positive and negative ions remain equal. Conductivity is usually expressed as
micro or milli Siemens per centimeter (µS/cm or mS/cm). For freshwater the SI unit is micro Siemens per centimeter. The samples
are tested using digital as well as portable meters giving the electrical conductivity in µs/cm.[3]

F. Salinity
Salinity is a degree of the aggregate of dissolved salts existing in the water sample. It is the result of a natural process of weathering
of rocks or deposition of salt for years by wind and rain in the area. Water used from the rivers in the industrial work with a high
amount of salinity may cause corrosion in the machineries, poor health of the aquatic life, and less production of crops when used
for irrigation purposes.
Salinity is mostly measured based on application and reporting procedure. As for the standard unit parts per thousand or
grams/kilograms (ppt or g/kg) is used. For the freshwater sources it is measured in mg/l.

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G. Total Dissolved Solids

Total dissolved solid is the combination of all the ions smaller than 2 microns (0.0002 cm) including the salinity concentrations.
TDS is the same as salinity for the freshwater but includes organic solutes like urea and hydrocarbon along with the salt ions in the
polluted areas or the wastewater. It affects the taste of water indicating hardness or high alkalinity present in the water. It is usually
put across in terms of mg/l. A high concentration of TDS can cause the cells of aquatic animals to shrink causing them to float or
sink beyond their ranges. Same happens with a low concentration of TDS except that the cells swell up which is also harmful.[7]

H. Calcium and Magnesium

The hardness of water sample was tested by determining the amount of calcium and magnesium present in it. First the total hardness
was tested using 50 ml of sample and 2ml of (NH4OH+NH4Cl) along with eriochrome black T (a complexometric indicator) and
titrated with standard solution of EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid) till a change of colour from wine red to blue is noticed
and the reading was noted. Then the hardness due to calcium was recorded by taking 50 ml of the sample along with 2 ml of 10%
KOH and Murexide indicator which was again titrated with the standard EDTA solution until the colour changes from pink to
purple and noted. Calcium hardness was then detracted from the total hardness giving the results for magnesium hardness in the
sample.[3]

I. Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3-N)

Nitrate gets into the water and is easily mixed as a result surface runoff from the nitrate containing fertilizers. It also gets formed
due to the oxidation of other configurations of nitrogen like nitrite ammonia and organic nitrogen such as amino acids. It is
conveyed in terms of mg\l or parts per million. Water with a less amount of dissolved oxygen in it reduces the rate of conversion of
ammonium to nitrite and nitrate which is more harmful for aquatic life. 50ml of the sample was taken and evaporated to aridness on
hot plate after which 1ml of 1-2-4 phenol disulphonic acid and 10ml of 10% KOH solution was added giving the amount of NO3-N
present.[6]

J. Silica
In wells and surface water, silica content ranges from about 1-100 parts per million.it is present in the form of Quartz which is
present in almost all of the earth’s minerals. 50 ml of the filtered sample was taken into which 1ml 1:1 of HCL and 2ml of
ammonium molybdate was added and kept for 5 minutes. Then 2 ml of oxalic acid was added and absorbance was documented at
410 nm. It is expressed in terms of mg/l.
IV. STUDY AREA

Figure .1.shows the study area

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Khadakwasla Vitthalwadi Dattawadi Bund Garden Kharadi Mundhwa(US) Mundhwa(DS)

Air Temp 26.4 28.2 30 25.9 26.2 29.3 29.2

Water Quality Parameter

Water Temp 24.5 26.98 25.93 24.4 25.76 25.9 25.5

(◦C)
Conductivity 54.1 564 328 595 606 627 622

DO 7.9 0.11 1.95 0.08 1.69 0.8 4.71

pH 7.76 7.13 7.16 7.09 7.16 7.14 7.25

Turbidity 19.5 377.98 200-600 172 188.94 160.94 149.65

Salinity 0.02 0.26 0.15 0.29 0.29 0.3 0.3

(ppm)

TSS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TDS 35.4 352.7 212.7 390.95 388.16 400.68 399.5

Depth (m) 0.05 0.4 0.04 0.108 0.085 0.058 0.057

Table.1. Onsite Data Collected Using SONDE instrument

Table.2. Results of Laboratory test

Sampling Khadk Vittalwadi Dattawadi Bundgarden Kharadi Mundhwa Mundhwa
Station wasla (u/s) (d/s)

Physical pH 7.64 7.05 7.39 7.18 6.91 7.15 7.67

E.C. 58 578 465 621 630 582 632
N.T.U. 2.6 10.6 0.87 12.5 12.4 11.6 4.2
Physico- D.O. 7.52 0.078 2.27 0.15 1.72 0.94 2.9
Chemical B.O.D. 8.94 21.18 64.92 52.14 49.62 70.02 55.14
Nutrients NO3- 0.123 6.975 6.245 8.99 9.41 8.57 7.195
PO43- 0.333 15.47 13.77 24.46 26.47 25.34 27.86
Cations Ca+2 22.092 115.24 112.383 117.145 125.717 116.193 117.145
Mg+2 4.154 32.894 15.581 23.661 28.885 37.511 47.825
Na+ 20.1 25.1 10.8 12.1 36.3 35.5 18.2
K+ 4.6 5.2 3.8 12.1 10.8

Anions CO32- NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

HCO3- 97.01 450.42 346.48 346.48 485.07 485.07 415.77
SO32- 5.52 30.6 20.9 36.2 34.1 37.3 37.1
Cl- 27.99 67.97 51.98 75.97 75.97 81.97 79.97
Others Silica - 1.255 4.66 0.63 1.91 1.91 4.05

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700 Conductivity
600
500
Conductivity

400
300
200
100
0
Mundhwa(u/ Mundhwa(d/
Khadakwasla Vitthalwadi dattawadi Bundgarden Kharadi
s) s)
C1 54.1 564 328 595 606 627 622
C2 58 578 465 621 630 582 632
Graph.1. Conductivity

1) C1 represent Onsite data and C2 represent Laboratory data.

DO content
20
15
DO content

10
5
0
Khadakwas Bundgarde Mundhwa Mundhwa
vitthalwadi Dattawadi kharadi
la n (u/s) (d/s)
DO2 7.52 0.078 2.27 0.15 1.72 0.94 2.9
DO1 7.9 0.11 1.95 0.08 1.69 0.8 4.71

Graph.2. DO content

2) DO1 represent Onsite data and DO2 represent Laboratory data.

pH Level
8
7.8
7.6
pH level

7.4
7.2
7
6.8
6.6
6.4
Khadakwa Vitthalwad Bundgarde Mundhwa( Mundhwa(
Dattaadi Khadaki
sla i n u/s) d/s)
pH1 7.76 7.13 7.16 7.09 7.16 7.09 7.16
pH2 7.64 7.05 7.39 7.18 6.91 7.15 7.67

Graph.3. pH level

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3) pH1 represent Onsite and pH2 represent Laboratory data.

Turbidity
400

350

300

250
NTU

200

150

100

50

0
Khadakwas Vitthalwad Bundgarde Mundhwa( Mundhwa(
Dattawadi Khadaki
la i n u/s) d/s)
T1 19.5 377.98 250 172 188.94 160.94 149.65
T2 2.6 1.06 0.87 12.5 12.4 11.6 4.2

Graph.4. Turbidity

4) T1 represent Onsite and T2 represent Laboratory data.

10
Calcium and Magnesium
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

1
0
Khadakwasla Vittalwadi Dattawadi BundGarden Kharadi Mundhwa Mundhwa
(us) (ds)

Calcium Magnesium

Graph.5. Calcium and Magnesium of Different Sampling Location

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Silica (mg/l), Silica (mg/l),

Silica
Dattawadi, 4.66 (mg/l) Mundhwa (ds),
4.05

Silica (mg/l),
Silica (mg/l), Mundhwa (us),
Kharadi, 1.91 1.91
Silica (mg/l),
Vittalwadi, 1.255
Silica (mg/l),
BundGarden, 0.63
Silica (mg/l),
Khadakwasla, 0

Graph.6. Graphical Representation of Silica for Different Sampling Stations

V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The result of the present study is depicted in Table 1&2 and Graph 1-6.Temperature is the important factor for determining rate of
chemical process in the aquatic ecosystem. It also influences population fluctuation in the water body. Temperature observed is in
range of 24◦C to 27◦C. The electrical conductivity is a measure of mineral contents present in water. Rang varies from 50NTU -
650NTU. Both tests show little variation in the values. Dissolved oxygen plays a very crucial role for the survival of aquatic
organism. Shows 0.5mg/l to 8mg/l range and seems to be low for the aquatic life for survival.
Potential of hydrogen (pH) is negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration and shows the intensity of acidity or alkalinity
of water. Here observation shows that the water is more basic as all values are above 7.
The turbidity reflects the transparency in water and it is caused by presence of substances in water. Large difference in lab and
onsite value is observed. Hardness of water is determined by knowing the amount of calcium of magnesium. Graph 5 shows the
presence of Ca and Mg in the sample. Sodium silicate adds silicate anions, together with sodium and hydroxyl ions to water and is
found in all natural water here presence range is 0-5 and is harmless.

VI. FUTURE SCOPE

Seasonal variation study can be carried out using same approach of above study.
Software can be used for model development for water quality analysis.
Water quality of different location for different season can be studied.

VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to CWPRS Khadakwasla, Pune for providing the Laboratory facility for conducting this research.

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