General Chemistry I

General Chemistry I
Tutorial 4: Periodic properties of elements

1. Which of these spheres represents F, which represents Br, and which represents Br-?
2. Consider the A2X4 molecule depicted here, where A and X are elements. The A¬A bond length
in this molecule is d1, and the four A¬X bond lengths are each d2.
(a) In terms of d1 and d2, how could you define the bonding atomic radii of atoms A and X?
(b) In terms of d1 and d2, what would you predict for the X¬X bond length of an X2 molecule?
3. An element X reacts with F2(g) to form the molecular product shown here.
(a) Write a balanced equation for this reaction (do not worry about the phases for X and the
product).
(b) Do you think that X is a metal or nonmetal? Explain.
4. Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal in the periodic table: 3422 °C. The
distance between W atoms in tungsten metal is 2.74 Å.
(a) What is the atomic radius of a tungsten atom in this environment? (This radius is called the
metallic radius.)
1
(b) If you put tungsten metal under high pressure, predict what would happen to the distance
between W atoms.
5. Explain the following variations in atomic or ionic radii:
6. Arrange each of the following sets of atoms and ions, in order of increasing size:
(a) Se2-, Te2-, Se;
(b) Co3+, Fe2+, Fe3+;
(c) Ca, Ti4+, Sc3+;
(d) Be2+, Na+, Ne.
7. Provide a brief explanation for each of the following:
(a) O2- is larger than O.
(b) S2- is larger than O2-.
(c) S2- is larger than K+.
(d) K+ is larger than Ca2+.
8. Write the electron configurations for the following ions, and determine which have noble-gas
configurations: (a) Co2 +, (b) Sn2 +, (c) Zr4+, (d) Ag+, (e) S2-.
9. Compare the elements bromine and chlorine with respect to the following properties: (a)
electron configuration, (b) most common ionic charge, (c) first ionization energy, (d) reactivity
toward water, (e) electron affinity, (f) atomic radius. Account for the differences between the two
elements.
10. Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs in each of the following cases:
(a) Ozone decomposes to dioxygen.
(b) Xenon reacts with fluorine. (Write three different equations.)
(c) Sulfur reacts with hydrogen gas.
(d) Fluorine reacts with water.
11. Explain the variation in the ionization energies of carbon, as displayed in this graph:
2
12. In the chemical process called electron transfer, an electron is transferred from one atom or
molecule to another. A simple electron transfer reaction is:
In terms of the ionization energy and electron affinity of atom A, what is the energy change for
this reaction? For a representative nonmetal such as chlorine, is this process exothermic?
For a representative metal such as sodium, is this process exothermic?
13. (a) Use orbital diagrams to illustrate what happens when an oxygen atom gains two
electrons.
(b) Why does O3- not exist?
14. Hydrogen is an unusual element because it behaves in some ways like the alkali metal
elements and in other ways like nonmetals. Its properties can be explained in part by its electron
configuration and by the values for its ionization energy and electron affinity.
(a) Explain why the electron affinity of hydrogen is much closer to the values for the alkali
elements than for the halogens.
(b) Is the following statement true? “Hydrogen has the smallest bonding atomic radius of any
element that forms chemical compounds.” If not, correct it. If it is, explain in terms of electron
configurations.
(c) Explain why the ionization energy of hydrogen is closer to the values for the halogens
than for the alkali metals.
3
(d) The hydride ion is H-. Write out the process corresponding to the first ionization energy of
the hydride ion.
(e) How does the process in part (d) compare to the process for the electron affinity of a neutral
hydrogen atom?
15. Moseley established the concept of atomic number by studying X rays emitted by the
elements. The X rays emitted by some of the elements have the following wavelengths:
(a) Calculate the frequency, n, of the X rays emitted by each of the elements, in Hz.
(b) Plot the square root of n versus the atomic number of the element. What do you observe
about the plot?
(c) Explain how the plot in part (b) allowed Moseley to predict the existence of undiscovered
elements.
(d) Use the result from part (b) to predict the X-ray wavelength emitted by iron.
(e) A particular element emits X rays with a wavelength of 0.980 Å. What element do you think
it is?
16. When magnesium metal is burned in air, two products are produced. One is magnesium
oxide, MgO. The other is the product of the reaction of Mg with molecular nitrogen, magnesium
nitride. When water is added to magnesium nitride, it reacts to form magnesium oxide and
ammonia gas.
(a) Based on the charge of the nitride ion (Table 2.5, text book), predict the formula of
magnesium nitride.
(b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of magnesium nitride with water. What is the
driving force for this reaction?
(c) In an experiment, a piece of magnesium ribbon is burned in air in a crucible. The mass of the
mixture of MgO and magnesium nitride after burning is 0.470 g. Water is added to the crucible,
further reaction occurs, and the crucible is heated to dryness until the final product is 0.486 g of
4
MgO. What was the mass percentage of magnesium nitride in the mixture obtained after the
initial burning?
(d) Magnesium nitride can also be formed by reaction of the metal with ammonia at high
temperature. Write a balanced equation for this reaction. If a 6.3-g Mg ribbon reacts with 2.57 g
NH3(g) and the reaction goes to completion, which component is the limiting reactant? What
mass of H2(g) is formed in the reaction?
(e) The standard enthalpy of formation of solid magnesium nitride is -461.08 kJ>mol. Calculate
the standard enthalpy change for the reaction between magnesium metal and ammonia gas.
17. (a) The measured Bi¬Br bond length in bismuth tribromide, BiBr 3, is 2.63 Å. Based on this
value and the data in Figure 7.8 (text book), predict the atomic radius of Bi.
(b) Bismuth tribromide is soluble in acidic solution. It is formed by treating solid bismuth(III)
oxide with aqueous hydrobromic acid. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(c) While bismuth(III) oxide is soluble in acidic solutions, it is insoluble in basic solutions
such as NaOH(aq). Based on these properties, is bismuth characterized as a metallic, metalloid,
or nonmetallic element?
(d) Treating bismuth with fluorine gas forms BiF 5. Use the electron configuration of Bi to
explain the formation of a compound with this formulation.
(e) While it is possible to form BiF 5 in the manner just described, pentahalides of bismuth are not
known for the other halogens. Explain why the pentahalide might form with fluorine but not with
the other halogens. How does the behavior of bismuth relate to the fact that xenon reacts with
fluorine to form compounds but not with the other halogens?
18. Potassium superoxide, KO2, is often used in oxygen masks (such as those used by
firefighters) because KO2 reacts with CO2 to release molecular oxygen. Experiments indicate that
2 mol of KO2(s) react with each mole of CO2(g).
(a) The products of the reaction are K 2CO3(s) and O2(g). Write a balanced equation for the
reaction between KO2(s) and CO2(g).
(b) Indicate the oxidation number for each atom involved in the reaction in part (a). What
elements are being oxidized and reduced?
(c) What mass of KO2(s) is needed to consume 18.0 g CO 2(g)? What mass of O2(g) is produced
during this reaction?
5
………………………………..………..End of document………………………………………..

General Chemistry I - Tutorial 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

General Chemistry I - Tutorial 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

General Chemistry I - Tutorial 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tutorial 4: Periodic properties of elements

You might also like