SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Chemistry 1
First Quarter – Module 1
Properties of Matter

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Chemistry 1
First Quarter – Module 1
Self – Learning Kit 3
Properties of Matter

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 Supplementary Learning Module for
Senior High School Learners

Properties of Matter

What I Need to Know

In daily life, we often find fluid mixed with solid particles. We see
that dust and other impurities cannot pass through the pores of
the mask.

A mixture is composed of two or more types of matter that can

be present in varying amounts and can be physically separated
by using methods that use physical properties to separate the
components of the mixture, such as evaporation, distillation,
filtration and chromatography.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the section, you should be able to:

⮚ Describe various simple separation techniques such as distillation,
chromatography STEM_GC11MPIa-b-12
● Magnetic attraction
● filtration
● decantation
● evaporation
● distillation
● chromatography

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 What I Know

I. Match the mixture in Column A with the separation method in Column B.

Column A Column B
a. Evaporation
1. Salt solution b. Filtration
2. Iron filings and sulfur c. Decantation
3. Ink d. Use of magnet
4. Muddy water e. Distillation
5. Sweetened camote and f. Chromatography
banana g. Hand picking/Scooping
h. None of these

II. Enumerate ways to separate the components of a mixture.

III. Multiple-Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following methods is most suitable for separating a mixture of

dissolved solid and water?
(A) Crystallization (B) Filtration (C) Sublimation (D) Simple Distillation

2. To separate mud from muddy water we can use filtration. The mud collected in the
filter paper is known as _______.
(A) Crystals (B) Filtrate (C) Mixture (D) Residue

3. Which of the following statements is true, during distillation?

(A) the thermometer is not necessary.
(B) in the condenser, water evaporates.
(C) water evaporates and changes into steam.
D) hot water is used to run along the condenser.

4. A pupil accidentally poured a blue liquid into a beaker of water in the laboratory.
The blue liquid is immiscible in water and is denser than water. What must he use to
separate the 2 liquids?
(A) Filter funnel (C) Displacement can
(B) Distilling flask (D) Separating funnel

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 What’s In

1. Differentiate physical and chemical property? extensive and intensive

property?

2. Give of extensive and intensive property?

What’s New!

Independent Activity 1
Filtration

1. Why does the human nose also act as a filter?

2.Why can filter separate between fluid and solid?

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Decantation
How to clean muddy water?

Evaporation

How salt is obtained from seawater?

What will happen during evaporation
when the vapors come into contact
with cooler objects? Why?

Distillation
How drinking water is obtained from
seawater?
Why?

Chromatography

How can paper chromatography be used to analyze a sample, such as food? Why?

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 What is It

Separation techniques

➢ The physical combination of two or more pure substances forms a mixture.

⮚ Substances constituting a mixture can be separated by applying different
separation techniques.
⮚ These techniques are termed “physical methods”.
⮚ With these methods, the substances in the mixture are just separated; they
do not change into other substances
⮚ Magnetic attraction, filtration, decantation, evaporation, distillation and
chromatography are methods used for the separation of substances within the
mixtures.

Magnetic attraction

⮚ The method of magnetic attraction uses the basic principle of magnetism to

separate a mixture of magnetic and non-magnetic substances.
⮚ Bringing a magnet near such a mixture allows the magnetic substances to be
attracted to the magnet.
⮚ For instance, a magnet can be used to separate iron from a mixture of iron
and non-magnetic substances.
A mixture of sulphur and iron filings can be separated using a strong magnet.
⮚ Commercially, iron is separated from scrap metal with the help of an
electromagnet.
● The electromagnet moves over the scrap metal, which contains a mixture of
metals such as iron, copper and aluminum.
● The pieces of iron from the pile of scrap metal cling to the electromagnet.
● This is extremely useful in scrap yards where iron is removed from scrap
materials such as cars.

Why is magnetic attraction also used in sewage treatment?

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Filtration

⮚ Filtration can be applied to separate insoluble solids from liquids as well as

solids from solids.
⮚ to separate a solid from a fluid in a heterogeneous mixture using a filtering
membrane, like paper or cloth. Fluid is a substance that can flow and exists in
liquid or gas state.
⮚ A liquid containing solid particles is called a suspension.
⮚ When a suspension is filtered, the solid that remains on the filter paper is
called the residue.
⮚ The liquid that passes through the filter paper is known as the filtrate.
⮚ Solid particles are too big to pass through the fine holes of the filter paper.
⮚ On the other hand, the liquid particles are much smaller than the holes in
the filter paper, so they can pass through it easily and be collected in the beaker.
⮚ A mixture of two solids can also be separated by filtration only if one of
one is soluble in a particular solvent while the other is not.
● An example of such a mixture would be a salt-sand mixture, in which
salt is soluble in distilled water while sand is not.

⮚ Filtration using a filter paper is time-consuming.

⮚ An electronic instrument called a centrifuge can carry out filtration quickly
for commercial purposes.
⮚ Filtration is employed in vehicles in the form of air filters and oil filters.
● An air filter traps dirt particles entering the engine, thus protecting engine
cylinders, walls, pistons and piston rings from damage.
● Each moving part in an engine requires clean oil for proper lubrication and
lasting life.
● An oil filter cleans the oil as it passes through the filter element.
● This prevents abrasive contaminants in the engine lubrication system from
damaging the engine parts.
⮚ The human nose also acts as a filter.
● The small hair strands in the nose trap dust and other small solid particles
in the air to prevent them from entering the lungs.

What are common household items that you perform filtration? How do you
apply filtration at home?

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 ⮚ Decantation is a process to separate mixtures by removing a liquid layer that
is free of a precipitate, or the solids deposited from a solution. The purpose
may be to obtain a decant (liquid free from particulates) or to recover the
precipitate.

What are the benefits of decantation?

Evaporation

⮚ Evaporation refers to the process in which there is a gradual change of state

from liquid to gas that occurs at the liquid’s surface.
⮚ Some examples of evaporation are rainwater evaporating from a warm
pavement after a thunderstorm
⮚ Wet paint drying as solvents in the paint evaporate.
⮚ The method of evaporation is used to separate dissolved solids from a
solution.
⮚ When the solution containing dissolved solids is heated, the liquid (solvent)
evaporates gradually, with the solid (solute) remaining in the evaporating dish.
This is called the residue.
⮚ In some countries, salt is obtained by evaporating seawater trapped in large
open areas called “salt pans”.

How is salt obtained from salt pans?

Distillation

⮚ Distillation involves separating a liquid (solvent) from a solution.

⮚ Two processes are involved in distillation: boiling and condensation.
⮚ The solution is heated in the distillation flask so that the solvent evaporates
and becomes vapor.
⮚ The vapor then rises, and is directed to the condenser and where it is being
cooled.
⮚ When the vapors come into contact with a cooler object, the vapors
become liquid.

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 ⮚ The vapor then condenses into a liquid called the distillate.
⮚ Distillation can also be used to separate miscible liquids with different
boiling points (that is, liquids that dissolve in each other).
⮚ When separating two miscible liquids, the liquid with the lower boiling point
will vaporize and is collected first.
⮚ While this happens, the temperature remains constant at the boiling point
of the liquid.
⮚ The conical flask will be removed once the temperature starts increasing
again. This is to prevent the other liquid from contaminating the first liquid that
has been collected.
⮚ Liquids that do not mix are said to be immiscible.
⮚ Liquids that mix completely are said to be miscible.

Simple Distillation

⮚ consists of bunsen burner , boiler , condenser and receiving flask(distillate)

⮚ Cooling water out at the top and cooling water at the bottom, the two of
them circulate cooling water in the condenser so the temperature of
the condenser is kept lower than the water vapor.

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 ⮚ Simple Distillation used to obtain pure water from seawater. Seawater is
evaporated and the water vapor that escapes condenses into pure water. This
is however a very expensive process, and it requires a lot of fuel as a huge
amount of water has to be heated.

Fractional Distillation

⮚ Two miscible liquids with different boiling points can be separated by a

method called fractional distillation.
⮚ An additional apparatus called a fractionating column, is required for
fractional distillation as compared to simple distillation. It is attached to the
distillation flask and the condenser.

⮚ The fractionating column contains glass beads.

⮚ This is to provide a large surface area for vapor condensation.
⮚ During fractional distillation, only the vapor that has the lowest boiling point
will distil over the condenser first.
⮚ As boiling proceeds, the mixture of vapors rises up the fractionating column.
⮚ In the fractionating column, both condensation and evaporation take place.
⮚ As the vapors rise the column, liquid vapor condenses and drops
back into the distillation flask.
● Eventually, the liquid vapor with the lower boiling point reaches the upper
part of the column and distils over the condenser first.
● Inside the condenser, the hot vapor is cooled by running water, allowing
it to condense slowly.

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 ● The liquid formed flows down the inner tube of the condenser and into the
receiver (conical flask).

What are industrial applications in fractional distillation?

Chromatography

⮚ Chromatography is an analytical method of isolating the colored components

of a mixture.
⮚ Chromatography comes in many forms: paper chromatography, liquid
chromatography, gas chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography.
⮚ Paper chromatography is used to separate the components of a mixture by
treating the mixture with a solvent.
⮚ When a spot of ink is applied to the chromatography paper, the dyes in the
ink is adsorbed onto the paper surface.
● As the solvent is soaked up by the paper, it dissolves the dyes.
● A dye that is not very soluble and is strongly adsorbed onto the paper
travels the slowest, while a dye that is highly soluble and weakly
adsorbed is carried the furthest through the paper.
● A chromatography paper with the separated components of a mixture is
known as a chromatogram.

What are applications of paper chromatography in daily life?

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 What’s More!

Teacher Tip
Low-cost (or zero-cost materials) can be used in place of the materials
described in the experiment sheet:
a. A vial can be used instead of the evaporating dish, and the watch glass can
be omitted. A moistened filter paper can be used to cover the vial.
b. A vial or a small bottle can be used in place of a beaker.
c. A plastic funnel used at home can be a substitute for the glass funnel.

Filtration

Materials Needed: filter paper/cloth, funnel and glass container, sand and salt
mixture
Procedure:

1. Follow this set up.

2. Filter paper is folded into half, quarter and spread out the paper. Place the paper
on the funnel.

Questions:
1. What do you observe? Why?

2. What do you call substance (solid) remaining on the filter paper?

3. What do you call a substance (liquid) that flows through the filter?

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Decantation

Materials Needed: beaker 2pcs, sand or muddy water, water, glass rod
1. Put some sand into water, then stir the mixture.
2. Allow the mixture to stand for some time.
3. Decant the liquid from the beaker into another beaker.

Questions:
1. What do you observe? Why?

Watch this video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBCLafMPVt8

Evaporation

Materials Needed: salt, spoon, water, casserole, glass

Procedure:
1. Put a tablespoon of salt in a glass of water. Stir. 2. Put the mixture of salt and
water in a casserole.
3. Heat the casserole. Caution: Be Careful!
4. While heating, observe what happens to the solution

Questions:
a. Describe what happens to the salt.

b. What happens when the salt solution is heated?

c. Do you know what the white residue is?

d. What does this imply? Why?

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Distillation

Materials Needed: salt solution inside the kettle, frying pan, glass

House Materials:

Laboratory apparatus:

Question:
How can evaporation and condensation phenomena be applied in a distillation
method?

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Chromatography

Materials Needed:
● Porous household papers like paper towels or coffee filters or filter paper
make an inexpensive substitute for chromatography paper.
● Pencil, ruler and water
● Instead of beaker use cup
● marker or dye or ink or ball pen or food coloring

Procedure:
First experiment = use water as solvent
1. Make a line at one end of the paper strip.

2. Drop a substance (marker or ball pen)

you want to analyze on the center of the line.
This line is regarded as a starting line.
3. Watch the solvent rising the paper strip.

4. Measure the distance from the starting

line to the top of the spot.

5. This ratio is abbreviated as Rf standing

for retardation factor or known as retention factor.

6. The value of Rf is not physical constant.

This value depends on some factors, type
of paper, width of paper, type of solvent,
temperature and number of drops.

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Question:
a. What do you observe? Why?
b. If two different coloring substances are mixed, can each value of Rf of the
coloring substances still be read?

Second Experiment= use two different colors of ink or food coloring (two different
substances are mixed)

1. Drop the mixture on a paper strip.

2. Immerse the paper strip into solvent.

Question:
a. What do you observe? Why?

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 3. Sample computation

What to do:
b. Compute Rf based in your own
experiment.

4. Sample result.

What to do:
c. Picture your result.

You may watch this video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOhefwQBAbI

What’s More!

Independent Activity 1
Take a picture of the result of the experiment and upload as your experiment report.

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 What’s More!

Independent Assessment 1
Test I. Answer the following.

Filtration

1. Why does the human nose also act as a filter?

2. Why can filter separate between fluid and solid?

Decantation

1. How to clean muddy water?

Evaporation

1. How salt is obtained from seawater?

2. What will happen during evaporation when the vapors come into contact with
cooler objects? Why?

Distillation

1. How drinking water is obtained from seawater? Why?

Chromatography

How can paper chromatography be used to analyze a sample, such as food? Why?

Filtration

Materials Needed: filter paper/cloth, funnel and glass container, sand and salt
mixture

Procedure:
1. Follow this set up.
2. Filter paper is folded into half, quarter and spread out the paper. Place the paper
on the funnel.

Questions:
1. What do you observe? Why?
2. What do you call substance (solid) remaining on the filter paper?
3. What do you call a substance (liquid) that flows through the filter?

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Decantation

Materials Needed: beaker 2pcs, sand or muddy water, water, glass rod

1. Put some sand into water, then stir the mixture.

2. Allow the mixture to stand for some time.
3. Decant the liquid from the beaker into another beaker.

Questions:
1. What do you observe? Why?

Watch this video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBCLafMPVt8

Evaporation

Materials Needed: salt, spoon, water, casserole, glass

Procedure:

1. Put a tablespoon of salt in a glass of water. Stir. 2. Put the mixture of salt and
water in a casserole.
3. Heat the casserole. Caution: Be Careful!
4. While heating, observe what happens to the solution

Questions:

a. Describe what happens to the salt.

b. What happens when the salt solution is heated?

c. Do you know what the white residue is?

d. What does this imply? Why?

Distillation

Materials Needed: salt solution inside the kettle, frying pan, glass

Question:

How can evaporation and condensation phenomena be applied in distillation

method?

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Chromatography

Materials Needed:

● Porous household papers like paper towels or coffee filters or filter paper
make an inexpensive substitute for chromatography paper.
● Pencil , ruler and water
● Instead of beaker use cup
● marker or dye or ink or ball pen or food coloring

Procedure:

First experiment = use water as solvent

1. Make a line at one end of the paper
strip.
2. Drop a substance (marker or ball pen) you want to analyze on the center of
the line. This line is regarded as a starting line.
3. Watch the solvent rising the paper strip
4. Measure the distance from the starting line to the top of spot.
5. This ratio is abbreviated as Rf standing for retardation factor or known as
retention factor.
6. The value of Rf is not physical constant. This value depends on some factors,
type of paper, width of paper, type of solvent, temperature, and number of
drops.

Question:
a. What do you observe? Why?
b. If two different coloring substances are mixed, can each value of Rf of the
coloring substances still be read?

Second Experiment= use two different colors of ink or food coloring (two different
substances are mixed)

1. Drop the mixture on a paper strip.

2. Immerse the paper strip into solvent.
3.What do you observe? Why
4.Sample computation
5.Compute Rf based in your own experiment

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 What’s More!

Independent Activity 2
Study and understand the concept map.
Concept Map

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 What’s More!

Individual Assessment 2
1. Make your own concept map.
2. Define each separation technique in your own idea.
3. Give real life situation in each separation technique, without referring to
(Independent Activity 2)

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 What’s More!

Individual Activity 3
Make water filter. Take a picture of your output and upload.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOaQDdJZPhs

What’s More!

Individual Assessment 3
1. How to make a water filter using disposable materials?
2. Water filter criteria:
Creativity (using disposable materials) = 50%
Effectivity = 50%

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 What I Have Learned

Simple separation procedures:

⮚ Magnetic attraction = uses the basic principle of magnetism to separate a
mixture of magnetic and non-magnetic substances.
⮚ Filtration= can be applied to separate insoluble solids from liquids as well as
solids from solids.
⮚ Decantation= is the process of separating liquids, a possible benefit of
decantation is to separate liquid from a precipitate.
⮚ Evaporation= refers to the process in which there is a gradual change of
state from liquid to gas that occurs at the liquid’s surface.
⮚ Distillation= involves separating a liquid (solvent) from a solution.
Two processes are involved in distillation: boiling and condensation.
Simple Distillation used to obtain pure water from seawater.
⮚ Two miscible liquids with different boiling points can be separated by a
method called fractional distillation.
⮚ Chromatography is an analytical method of isolating the colored components
of a mixture.

What I can do

I. What separation techniques of the following.

1. Clean up drainage
2. Washing dishes
3. Cooking vegetables using coconut milk

II. Enumerate 5 household chores activities doing separation techniques

III. Search in the internet

a. What are the uses of chromatography in hospitals?

b. How can fuel and other products be produced from oil?

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 Assessment

1. What are the different techniques in separating mixtures and compounds into
their component substances? What are the properties of each component that
made the separation possible?
a. Salt from a mixture of iron and salt
b. Gold nuggets in water.
c. A solution of alcohol (liquid) and water.

2. State three precautions that should be taken when carrying out distillation.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. What is the limitation of separating mixtures of liquids with different boiling points
by simple distillation?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. How can paper chromatography be used to analyze a sample, such as food?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. The figure below shows the chromatogram produced by three dyes and a food
coloring. What color would you expect the food coloring to be?

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 GLOSSARY

Chromatography= is an analytical method of isolating the colored

components of a mixture.

Distillation= involves separating a liquid (solvent) from a solution.

Evaporation= refers to the process in which there is a gradual change

of state from liquid to gas that occurs at the liquid’s surface.

Filtration= can be applied to separate insoluble solids from liquids as

well as solids from solids.

Filtrate= The liquid that passes through the filter paper.

Fluid is a substance that can flow and exists in liquid or gas state.

Fractional distillation =Two miscible liquids with different boiling

points can be separated.

Immiscible =Liquids that do not mix.

Magnetic attraction = uses the basic principle of magnetism to

separate a mixture of magnetic and non-magnetic substances.

Miscible = Liquids that mix completely.

Paper chromatography= is used to separate the components of a

mixture by treating the mixture with a solvent.

Residue =When a suspension is filtered, the solid that remains on the

filter paper

Simple Distillation= used to obtain pure water from seawater.

Suspension= A liquid containing solid particles.

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 REFERENCES
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=sBCLafMPVt8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOaQDdJZPhs
CHROMATOGRAPHY

https://www.yellowreef.com/yellowreef/catalog/bookcovers/978-0-7978-0166
0.3_sample.pdf

All images in this module were taken from Google images on the following dates
June 30, 2020 – July 16, 2020

DISCLAIMER

I do not own or license any copyright rights in the texts, images, photographs,
graphics and other content provided in this module. I created this module solely
for non-commercial, informational and educational purposes. There is no
intention on my part to claim ownership as to the contents or make profit out of
this module.

Prepared by: CHRISTINE C. SEBUA

SHS Faculty
Mandaue City Comprehensive National High School
July 16, 2020

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