Chapter 7

Quantitative Composition of
These black
Compounds
pearls are made
of layers of
calcium
carbonate. They
can be
measured by
counting or
weighing. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry 10e
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Morris Hein, Scott Pattison, and Susan Arena
 Chapter Outline

7.1 The Mole 7.5 Calculating Empirical

7.2 Molar Mass of Compounds Formulas

7.3 Percent Composition of 7.6 Calculating the Molecular

Compounds Formula from the Empirical
Formula
7.4 Empirical Formula versus
Molecular Formula

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Convenient Ways of Counting Items

• 1 dozen eggs = 12 eggs

• 1 ream paper = 500 sheets
• 1 gross pencils = 144 pencils

1×10 -10 m
How do chemists count really
small things, like atoms?
1 mole atoms = 6.022×1023 atoms
This number is known as
Avogadro’s number.

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 The Mole

1 mole of anything contains Avogadro’s number

(6.022×1023 ) of particles.
• 1 mol atoms = 6.022×1023 atoms
• 1 mol molecules = 6.022×1023 molecules
• 1 mol ions = 6.022×1023 ions
Avogadro’s number can be used as a conversion factor:

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 The Mole

Calculate the number of atoms in 2.4 mol Na.

Plan 2.5 mol Na Na atoms

Calculate

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 Your Turn!

How many moles of HCl are present in 4.3×1023

molecules?
a. 2.6×1047 mol
b. 0.71 mol
c. 2.6 mol
d. 7.1×1045 mol

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Convenient Ways of Counting

It is often convenient to count using mass.

For example, a canning recipe calls for 150 apples to be
peeled and cored.
The average mass of an individual apple is 235 g. How
many kg are needed to complete this recipe?

The canner should buy 35 kg of apple.

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Counting Atoms with Mass

• Chemists count atoms by using mass since individual

atoms are too small to count.
• Average mass of an atom = atomic mass in amu
• Average mass of 1 mole of atoms = atomic mass
expressed in grams (molar mass).
1 mol atoms = atomic mass in grams
1 mol atoms = 6.022×1023 atoms
atomic mass in grams = 6.022×1023 atoms

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 The Mole

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 Your Turn!

Which of these is not correct? 6

a. The mass of 1 atom of C is 12.01 amu. C
b. The mass of 1 mole of C atoms is 12.01 g. 12.01
c. Avogadro’s number of atoms has a mass of 12.01
amu.
d. Avogadro’s number of atoms has a mass of 12.01 g.

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 The Mole

Calculate the mass of 2.4 mol C.

atomic mass
Plan 2.4 mol C g C 12.01

Molar mass is a conversion factor:

Calculate

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 Your Turn!

What is the correct set up to calculate number of moles

of atoms contained in 3.52 g Al? atomic mass
a. Al 26.98

b.

c.

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 The Mole

Calculate the number of atoms in 36.0 g C.

atomic mass
Plan 36.0 g C moles C atoms C C 12.01

Calculate

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 Your Turn!

What is the mass of 3.01 ×1023 atoms of lead?

a. 104 g atomic mass
b. 414 g Pb 207.2

c. 0.500 g
d. 1.04×1048 g

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Your Turn!

1 gram of which of the following elements would

contain the largest number of atoms? atomic mass
a. nitrogen N 14.01

b. hydrogen H 1.01
P 30.97
c. phosphorus
O 16.00
d. oxygen

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Molar Mass of Compounds

1 mol compound = 6.022×1023 formula units compound

Molar mass of compound = mass of 1 mol compound
The molar mass of a compound is the sum of the atomic
masses of each atom in the compound.

What is the molar mass of CO2?

atomic mass
1C 1(12.01g)
C 12.01
2O2(16.00g) O 16.00
CO2 44.01g/mol

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Molar Mass of Compounds

What is the molar mass of Al2(CO3)3?

2Al 2(26.98g) atomic mass
3C 3(12.01g) Al 26.98
C 12.01
9O9(16.00g)
O 16.00
Al2(CO3)3 233.99g/mol

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Your Turn!

What is the molar mass of (NH4)3PO4?

a. 141.04g/mol atomic mass
b. 144.07g/mol N 14.01
H 1.01
c. 146.09g/mol
P 30.97
d. 149.12g/mol O 16.00

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Your Turn!

What is the molar mass of Mg(ClO4)2?

a. 301.01g/mol atomic mass
b. 191.21g/mol Mg 24.31
Cl 35.45
c. 223.21g/mol
O 16.00
d. 123.76g/mol

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Using Molar Masses of Compounds

Molar mass = 1 mol = 6.022×1023 formula units

Calculate the mass of 0.150 mol Mg(ClO4)2
Plan 0.150 mol Mg(ClO4)2 g Mg(ClO4)2

Calculate

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 Using Molar Masses of Compounds

Molar mass = 1 mol = 6.022×1023 formula units

Calculate the number of moles in 35 g H2O.
Plan 35 g H2O moles H2O atomic mass
H 1.01
O 16.00

Calculate

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Using Molar Masses of Compounds

Molar mass = 1 mol = 6.022×1023 formula units

Calculate the number of molecules in 35 g H2O.
Plan 35 g H2O mol H2O molecules H2O

Calculate

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 Your Turn!

How many moles of molecules are present in 146 g of

glucose (C6H12O6)? atomic mass
a. 180. mol C 12.01

b. 0.810 mol H 1.01

O 16.00
c. 26300 mol
d. 4.88×1023 mol

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Your Turn!

What is the mass of 1.20 ×1023 molecules of CH3OH?

a. 161g atomic mass
b. 38.5g C 12.01
H 1.01
c. 32.1g
O 16.00
d. 6.39g

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Your Turn!

How many molecules are present in 4.21 moles of HBr?

a. 2.53×1023 molecules atomic mass
b. 2.53×1024 molecules H 1.01
-24 Br 79.90
c. 6.99×10 molecules
d. 3.97×102 molecules
e. 6.99×1024 molecules

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Percent Composition of Compounds

Percent composition is a list of the mass percent of each

element in a compound.
Na2CO3 is
▪ 43.38% Na
▪ 11.33% C
▪ 45.29% O
How do we calculate the mass percent of Na2CO3?

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Calculating Percent Composition

First determine the molar mass of Na2CO3

2(22.99gNa) + 1(12.01gC) + 3(16.00 gO) = 105.99g/mol Na2CO3

Then find ratio of the mass of each element to the mass of

the compound.
 Calculating Percent Composition

A compound is found to consist of 2.74g of iron and

5.24g of chlorine. What is the percent composition of
the compound?
1. Calculate the mass of the product formed:
2.74g Fe + 5.24g Cl = 7.98g product
2. Calculate the percent for each element.

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 Your Turn!

What is the percent carbon in acetic acid, HC2H3O2?

a. 40.01% C atomic mass
b. 20.00% C C 12.01
H 1.01
c. 6.73% C
O 16.00
d. 39.99% C

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Your Turn!

A 6.00g sample of calcium sulfide is found to contain

3.33g of calcium. What is the percent by mass of
sulfur in the compound?
a. 80.2% S
b. 55.5% S
c. 44.5% S
d. 28.6% S

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Empirical Formula versus
Molecular Formula
The molecular formula for a substance is the
C6H12O6
actual number of atoms of each element.
The empirical formula is the lowest whole
CH2O
number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Note that the molecular formula is a whole (CH2O)6
number multiple of the empirical formula.

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Empirical Formula versus
Molecular Formula
It is possible for several different molecules to have the
same empirical formula.

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Your Turn!

What is the empirical formula for the compound P4O10?

a. P4O10
b. P2O5
c. PO2.5
d. PO3

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Calculating Empirical Formulas

Steps for calculating an empirical formula:

1. Assume 100g of compound and express the mass of
each element in grams.
2. Convert the grams of each element to moles.
3. Find the mole ratio of each element. Round to
nearest whole number if it is close to the whole
number.
4. If necessary, multiply the ratios by the smallest
whole number that will convert them to a whole
number.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc
 Calculating Empirical Formulas

Calculate the empirical formula of a compound that is

63.19% Mn and 36.81% O. atomic mass
1. Assume 100 g of material. Mn 54.94

63.19 g Mn 0 16.00

36.81 g O
2. Convert grams of each element to moles:

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Calculating Empirical Formulas

3. Change the numbers of atoms to whole numbers by

dividing by the smallest number.

The simplest ratio of Mn:O is 1:2.

Empirical formula = MnO2

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Calculating Empirical Formulas

Calculate the empirical formula of a compound that is

72.2% Mg and 27.8% N. atomic mass
1. Assume 100 g of material. Mg 24.31

72.2 g Mg N 14.01

27.8 g O
2. Convert grams of each element to moles:

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Calculating Empirical Formulas

3. Change the numbers of atoms to whole numbers by

dividing by the smallest number.

4. Multiply by a number that will give whole numbers.

Mg: (1.500)2 = 3.00 N: (1.000)2 = 2.00

Empirical formula = Mg3N2

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Your Turn!

What is the empirical formula of an alcohol that is

52.13% C, 13.15% H and 34.72% O. atomic mass
a. CH2O C 12.01

b. C4HO3 H 1.01
O 16.00
c. C2H6O
d. C2H3O2

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Calculating the Molecular Formula
from the Empirical Formula
The molecular formula will be either equal to the empirical
formula or some integer multiple of it.

The ratio of the molecular mass to the mass predicted by

the empirical formula tells us how many times larger the
molecular formula is.

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Calculating the Molecular Formula
from the Empirical Formula
Determine the molecular formula for glyceraldehyde
which has a molar mass of 90.08 g/mol and an empirical
formula of CH2O.

(CH2O)3 = C3H6O3

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Calculating the Molecular Formula
from the Empirical Formula
Determine the molecular formula of a nitrogen oxide
compound (NxOy) with a molar mass of 92.011 g/mol
and a empirical formula of NO2.

(NO2)2 = N2O4

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Your Turn!

What is the molecular formula of a compound with the

empirical formula CH2Cl and molar mass of
197.92 g/mol?
atomic mass
a. CH2Cl
C 12.01
b. C2H4Cl2 H 1.01
c. C3H6Cl3 Cl 35.45
d. C4H8Cl4

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Calculating the Molecular Formula

A disinfectant is known to be 76.57% C , 6.43% H, and

17.00% O. It has a molar mass of 188.24 g/mol
Determine its molecular formula.
Determine the mass and moles of C, H and O.
C: 76.57%(188.24g) = 144.1 g C/(12.01g/mol) = 12
H: 6.43% (188.24g) = 12.1 g H/(1.01g/mol) = 12
O: 17.00%(188.24g) = 32.00 g O/(16.00 g/mol) = 2
Molecular formula: C12H12O2

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Your Turn!

What is the molecular formula of a substance that

consists of 85.60% C and 14.40% H and has a molar
mass of 28.08 g/mol?
atomic mass
a. CH2
C 12.01
b. C2H2 H 1.01
c. CH3
d. C2H4
e. C2H6

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc