Engineering Mathematics 1

Differential Calculus-Notes 8
Partial Differentiation

 Composite Functions:
If u is a function of the variables x and y where x and y themselves are functions of a variable ‘t’,
then u is said to be a Composite Function of the variable t.
Thus if u= f(x, y), where x= (t) and y= (t), then u is a composite function of t.

Similarly, if z=f(x, y), where x= (u, v) and y= (u, v), then z is a composite function of the variables
u and v.
o Total Derivative
If u= f(x, y), where x= (t) and y = (t), then we can express u as a function of t alone by substituting
du
the values of x and y in terms of t in f(x, y). Thus we can find the ordinary derivative which is
dt
called the total derivative of u.

 If u= f(x, y), where x= (t) and y = (t), then the total derivative is,
du u dx u dy
   
dt x dt y dt
Proof:
u  f (x, y)
u  u  f (x  x, y  y)
u  f (x  x, y  y)  f (x, y)
 f (x  x, y  y)  f (x, y  y)  f (x, y  y)  f (x, y)
Subtracting and adding f (x, y  y)
u f (x  x, y  y)  f (x, y  y)  f (x, y  y)  f (x, y)
 
t t
f (x  x, y  y)  f (x, y  y) f (x, y  y)  f (x, y)
 
t t
f (x  x, y  y)  f (x, y  y) x f (x, y  y)  f (x, y) y
   
t x t y
f (x  x, y  y)  f (x, y  y) x f (x, y  y)  f (x, y) y
   
x t y t

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 du u
  lim
dt t  0 t
  f (x  x, y  y)  f (x, y  y)   dx  f (x, y  y)  f (x, y)  dy
 lim  lim      lim    dt

y  0 x 0
 x   dt y 0  y 
as t  0, x  0 and y  0 
 
 x dx y dy 
 lim  and lim 
t 0 t dt t 0 t dt 

  dx  dy
 lim  f (x, y  y)    f (x, y) 
y  0 x
  dt y dt
 dx  dy
 f (x, y)   f (x, y) 
x dt y dt
u dx u dy
   
x dt y dt

Note:
(i) If u= f(x, y, z), where x, y and z are all functions of t, then
du u dx u dy u dz
     
dt x dt y dt z dt
du u u dy
(ii) If u= f(x, y), where y= (x),   
dx x y dx

 Eg.1 Find the Total Derivative of u w.r.t. t, when u= ex sin y, where x = log t and y = t2. Also
verify by direct substitution.
du u dx u dy
We have,            (i)
dt x dt y dt
u  e x sin y
u u
  e x sin y and  e x cos y
x y
dx 1 dy
x  log t   , y  t2   2t
dt t dt
Substituting in (i),
du 1
 e x sin y   e x cos y  2t
dt t

  1
 
 elog t sin t 2   elog t cos t 2  2t
t
 x  log t and y  t 2 
  1
 t sin t 2   t cos t 2  2t
t
   e log t  t 
 sin  t   2t
2 2
cos  t 
2

(OR)
u= ex sin y, where x = log t and y = t2
Substituting the values of x and y in u, we get

u=elogt sin(t2)=t sin(t2)

Differentiating w. r. t, we get,

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 du
dt
 
 t cos t 2  2t  sin t 2  1 
 2t 2 cos  t   sin  t 
2 2

Hence verified.

Change of variables
If z=f(x, y), where x= (u, v) and y=(u, v), then
z z x z y
    and
u x u y u
z z x z y
   
v x v y v

Derivatives of Implicit Functions :

 f 
 
If f(x, y) = c, an implicit function of x and y then
dy
  x 
dx  f 
 y 

dy 2
 Eg.2 Using Partial differentiation find if x + x y + y2 = 1. Also verify by direct method.
dx
x 2  xy  y 2  1
 f  x 2  xy  y 2
f f
 2x  y and  x  2y
x y
 f 
   2x  y 
dy
  x   
We have
f 
dx    x  2y 
 y 
 
(OR)
x 2  xy  y 2  1
Differentiating w.r.t. x,
dy dy
2x  x  y  2y 0
dx dx
dy
  x  2y     2x  y 
dx
dy   2x  y   2x  y 
    
dx x  2y  x  2y 

Hence verified
du
1. Find if,
dt
(a) u  x3  y3 ; where x  acos t, y  bsint

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 Ans:
u  x 3  y 3 ; where x  acos t, y  bsint
du u dx u dy
We have              (i)
dt x dt y dt
u  x3  y3      (ii)
Differentiating (ii) partially w.r.t. x
u
 3x 2
x
Differentiating (ii) partially w.r.t. y
u
 3y 2
y
dx dy
x  acos t   asint also y  bsint   bcos t
dt dt
Substituting all the values in (ii we get,
du
 3x 2   asint   3y 2  bcos t
dt
 3a  acos t  sint  3b bsint  cos t  3a3 cos2 t sint  3b 3 sin2 t cos t
2 2

 3sint cos t b3 sint  a3 cos t 

y
(b) u  cosh   ; where x  t2 , y  e t
x
Ans:
y
u  cosh   ; where x  t2 , y  e t
x
du u dx u dy
We have              (i)
dt x dt y dt
y
u  cosh        (ii)
x
Differentiating (ii) partially w.r.t. x
u  y  y
 sinh    2
x x x
Differentiating (ii) partially w.r.t. y
u y 1
 sinh   
y x x
dx dy
x  t2   2t Also y  e t   e t
dt dt
Substituting all in (ii) we get,
du  y  y y 1 1 y
 sinh    2  2t  sinh     e t  2 sinh   xe t  2yt 
dt x x x x x x
du 1
2. If sin1  x  y  where x=3t and y= 4t3, show that 
dt 1  t2

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du u dx u dy
       (i)
dt x dt y dt
u  sin1  x  y 
u 1 u 1 1
 and   1 
x 1  x  y
2 y 1  x  y 
2
1  x  y 
2

dx dy
x  3t  3 y  4t3   12t2
dt dt
Substituting in (i)

du

1
3 
1
 12t2 
3  12t2

3 1  4t  2

dt 1  x  y 1  x  y  1  x  y   
2 2 2 2
1  3t  4t3



3 1  4t2  

3 1  4t2  
3 1  4t  2

1  9t2  24t4  16 t6 1  t 1  8t  16t  1  t 1  4t 

2 2 4 2 2
2



3 1  4t2  
3
1  4t 2
1  t2 1  t2

du
3. Find , if u  xlog  xy  , where x 3  y 3  3xy  1
dx

Ans:
u  x log  xy  , where x 3  y 3  3xy  1
du u u dy
We have              (i)
dx x y dx
u  x log  xy 
 x log x  x log y      (ii)
Differentiating (ii) partially w.r.t. x
u 1
 x  log x  log y  1  log x  log y  1  log  xy       (iii)
x x
Differentiating (ii) partially w.r.t. y
u 1 x
 0  x        (iiii)
y y y

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x 3  y 3  3xy  1, which is an implicit function
 f  x 3  y 3  3xy
f
 3x 2  0  3y  3  x 2  y 
x
f
 0  3y 2  3x  3  y 2  x 
y
f
3  x2  y   x2  y 
  x  
dy
 
dx f 3  y2  x   y2  x 
y
Substituting all in (i)
x  x  y x  x2  y 
2
du
 1  log  xy    2  1  log  xy  
dx y y  x y  y2  x 

4. Find the total derivative of x2y w.r.t. x where x2 + xy + y2 = 1

Ans:
Let u  x 2 y where x 2  xy  y 2  1
du u u dy
We have              (i)
dx x y dx
u  x 2 y      (ii)
Differentiating (ii) partially w.r.t. x
u
 2xy      (iii)
x
Differentiating (ii) partially w.r.t. y
u 2
 x      (iiii)
y
x 2  xy  y 2  1, which is an implicit function
f f
 f  x 2  xy  y 2  2x  y  x  2y
x y
f
2x  y
  x  
dy
dx f x  2y
y
Substituting in (i)
du   2x  y  2xy  x  2y   x  2x  y  x 2y  x  2y   x  2x  y  
2

 2xy  x 2   
dx  x  2y   x  2y   x  2y 
x  2xy  4y 2  2x 2  xy  x  xy  4y 2  2x 2 
 
 x  2y   x  2y 

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 f  dz f 
5. If f(x, y)  0 and (y,z)  0, show that    
y x dx x y

Ans:
f(x, y)  0 and (y,z)  0
 f(x, y) and (y,z) are implicit functions
Since f(x, y)  0 is an implicit function,
f
  x
dy
dx f
y
Since (y,z)  0 is an implicit function,

dz y

dy 
z
dz dz dy
We knowthat              (i)
dx dy dx
    f   f

dz  y   x  y x
       
dx     f   f

 z   y  z y
dz  f  f
    
dx z y y x
1  1  1 
6. If   f (2 x  3 y,3 y  4 z , 4 z  2 x) then prove that   0
2 x 3 y 4 z
Ans:
Let 2 x  3 y  u ,3 y  4 z  v and 4 z  2 x  w
   f (u , v, w) , where u  2 x  3 y, v  3 y  4 z and w  4 z  2 x
 is a composite function of x, y , z.
  u  v  w   
    (2) 
(0)  (2)
x u x v x w x u v w
  u  v  w   
    (3)  (3)  (0)
y u y v y w y u v w
  u  v  w   
    (0)  (4)  (4)
z u z v z w z u v w
1  1  1 
  
2 x 3 y 4 z
1      1      1     
 (2)  (0)  (2)    (3)  (3)  (0)    (0)  (4)  (4)   0
2  u v w  3  u v w  4  u v w 

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