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    1.2 Initial-Value Problems - 20182019

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    Izzati Kamal
    1) The document discusses initial value problems (IVPs) for differential equations. It provides examples of solving IVPs where the differential equation defines a family of solutions containing a parameter and the initial condition is used to determine a unique solution. 2) The examples show finding unique solutions on given intervals by matching initial conditions for parameters in families of solutions to common differential equations. Theorems about existence and uniqueness of solutions are referenced. 3) Verification is shown that a candidate function satisfies a given differential equation. Regions where uniqueness is guaranteed are determined based on continuity criteria.

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    1.2 Initial-Value Problems - 20182019

    Uploaded by

    Izzati Kamal
    17 views11 pages
    1) The document discusses initial value problems (IVPs) for differential equations. It provides examples of solving IVPs where the differential equation defines a family of solutions containing a parameter and the initial condition is used to determine a unique solution. 2) The examples show finding unique solutions on given intervals by matching initial conditions for parameters in families of solutions to common differential equations. Theorems about existence and uniqueness of solutions are referenced. 3) Verification is shown that a candidate function satisfies a given differential equation. Regions where uniqueness is guaranteed are determined based on continuity criteria.

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    IVP

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    1.2 Initial-Value Problems_20182019 (1)

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    1) The document discusses initial value problems (IVPs) for differential equations. It provides examples of solving IVPs where the differential equation defines a family of solutions containing a parameter and the initial condition is used to determine a unique solution. 2) The examples show finding unique solutions on given intervals by matching initial conditions for parameters in families of solutions to common differential equations. Theorems about existence and uniqueness of solutions are referenced. 3) Verification is shown that a candidate function satisfies a given differential equation. Regions where uniqueness is guaranteed are determined based on continuity criteria.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    17 views11 pages

    1.2 Initial-Value Problems - 20182019

    Uploaded by

    Izzati Kamal
    1) The document discusses initial value problems (IVPs) for differential equations. It provides examples of solving IVPs where the differential equation defines a family of solutions containing a parameter and the initial condition is used to determine a unique solution. 2) The examples show finding unique solutions on given intervals by matching initial conditions for parameters in families of solutions to common differential equations. Theorems about existence and uniqueness of solutions are referenced. 3) Verification is shown that a candidate function satisfies a given differential equation. Regions where uniqueness is guaranteed are determined based on continuity criteria.

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    1.

    2 INITIAL-VALUE PROBLEMS
    Example 1:
    1
    y 2 is a one-parameter family of solutions of
    x c
    y  2 xy 2  0. Find a solution of the IVP consisting of

    this differential equation and the initial condition


    1
    y  2  .
    3

    Give the largest interval over which the solution is


    defined.
    Solution:

    1 1
    y y  2 
    x2  c 3

    1 1 1
      2 
    3 2 c 4c

    c  1
    1
    A solution is y 
    x2 1

    This solution is defined on the interval 1,   .


    Example 2:

    x  c1 cos t  c2 sin t is a two-parameter family of


    solutions of the second order DE x  x  0. Find a
    solution of the second order IVP consisting of this
    DE and the initial conditions
       1   
    x    , x    0.
    6 2 6
    Solution:

    x  c1 cos t  c2 sin t
     x  c1 sin t  c2 cos t
      1 1  
    x   ;  c1 cos  c2 sin
    6 2 2 6 6
    3 1
     c1  c2
    2 2
      1 3
    x    0; 0   c1  c2
    6 2 2
    3 1
    Solving, we find c1  and 2c  .
    4 4
     A solution of the IVP is x  3 cos t  1 sin t
    4 4
    Example 3:

    Determine a region of the xy-plane for which the


    differential eqn.
     4  y  y  x
    2 2

    would have a unique solution whose graph passes


    through a point  x0 , y0  in the region.
    Solution:

     4  y  y  x
    2 2

    x2
     y 
    4  y2
    x2
    Let f  x, y  
    4  y2
    f 2x2 y
     
    y  4  y 2 2

    f
     f and are not continuous when y  2 or y  2.
    y

    The differential eqn. would have a unique solution


    through the point  x0 , y0  in any region where y  2,
    or  2  y  2, or y  2.
    [See Theorem 1.1]
    Example 4:

    Determine whether Theorem 1.1 guarantees that


    the differential eqn.
    y  y2  9

    possesses a unique solution through the point  2, 3 .


    Solution:

    y  y2  9

    Let f  x, y   y 2  9  f  y
    y y2  9

    We see that f and f are both continuous in the


    y
    regions of the plane determined by y  3 and y  3
    with no restriction of x.

    Since  2, 3 is not in either of the regions defined by


    y  3 or y  3, there is no guarantee of a unique
    solution through  2, 3 .
    Example 5: (page 20 no. 31)
    1
    a) Verify that y   is a one-parameter family
    xc
    of solutions of the DE y  y .
    2

    f
    b) Since f  x, y   y and  2 y are continuous
    2
    y
    everywhere, the region R in Theorem 1.1 can be
    taken to be entire xy-plane.
    Find a solution from the family that satisfies y  0  1.
    Then, find a solution from the family that satisfies
    y  0  1.
    Determine the largest interval I of definition for the
    solution of each IVP.
    Solution:

    1
    a) It can be verified that y is a one-parameter
    xc
    family of solutions of the differential eqn.
    1
    Since f  x, y    y 2

    ( x  c) 2
    1
    we see that y is a solution of the differential
    xc
    equation.
    Solution:
    1
    b) y
    xc
    1
    y  0   1; 1    c  1
    c
    1
    y 
    1 x
    1
    y  0   1; 1   c  1
    c 1
    y 
    1 x

    is  ,1 ,
    1
    The interval of existence of y 
    1 x
    1
    while the interval of existence of y   is
    1 x
     1,   .

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