Assignment 2

Give the 316 Stainless steel price and composition in my country & Give
the method to check the composition & Also give the heat treatment
condition of them.
Answer: Bangladesh imports 316 stainless steel. Price varies differently in
different companies Like a Chinese company, named Zhejiang BMJ Metal
CO. Their price range for 316 Stainless steel (SS) is 195~2250USD/ton. And
a Indian company, named Metline industries. From there the price differs from
3600~3809USD/ton.
Stainless Steel 316 - Alloy Composition are given below:

Stainless steel type 316 is part of a family of stainless-steel alloys (301, 302,
303, 304, 316, 347). The 316 family is a group of austenitic stainless steels
with superior corrosion resistance to 304 stainless steel. This alloy is suitable
for welding because it has a carbon content lower than 301 to 303 series
alloys to avoid carbide precipitation in welding applications. The addition of
molybdenum and a slightly higher nickel content make 316 Stainless Steel
suitable for architectural applications in severe settings, from polluted marine
environments to areas with sub-zero temperatures. Equipment in the
chemical, food, paper, mining, pharmaceutical and petroleum industries often
includes 316 Stainless Steel.As 316, however, due to lower carbon content
less susceptible to intergranular corrosion. Long-term use above approx. 450
°C should be avoided.
Density (ρ):7.8 g/cm³ at 20typical for steels °C.
Elastic modulus (E): 200 - 210 GPa atypical for steels at 20 °C.
Elongation A5: 30 - 40 % at 20 °C.
Tensile strength (Rm): 500 - 700 MPa at 20 °C.
Yield strength Rp0.2: 200 MPa at 20 °C.
Hardness, Brinell HB: 215 [-] at 20 °C.
Method of check the composition of 316 steels:

Generally speaking, it is not possible to determine the composition of a
stainless steel by simple visual inspection, although color can be a guide to
separating austenitic grades (300 series) which have a yellow tinge, and
ferritic grades (400 series) which have a blue metallic tinge).
Spectrometer: This instrument is a non-destructive tester which has a
98.7% alloy grade identification accuracy. We can Analyse stainless steel wire
mesh with Niton XL2 analyser- if grade 304 or 316?The Niton XL2 analyser
gives us the ability to test and identify stainless steel wire and mesh, when
required.
Other tests that can be used to identify the grade of stainless steel. For
example, magnetic testing, spark testing and hardness testing can distinguish
between certain grades of stainless steel. They cannot however, distinguish
between 304 and 316 grades because both are non-magnetic, produce the
same short, reddish sparks, and have similar hardness.
Acid testing is one test that will separate 304 and 316 grades of stainless
steel.
A)Sulphuric acid strongly attacks 304 grade producing green crystals and a
dark surface, but its attack on 316 grades is slow and produces a brown
surface.
B)Hydrochloric acid attacks 304 grade very rapidly and produces gas, but
attacks 316 grades only very slowly.There are also proprietary test chemicals,
such as Decapoli and Avesta 960 which detect the presence of molybdenum,
a component of 316 grade, but not of 304 grades.
Heat treatment: The transformation behavior of a Type 316 stainless steel
weld metal containing approx. 5% delta-ferrite was studied after aging for 0.1
to 1000 hours in the temperature range38 to 900/sup 0/C. The extent of the
delta-ferrite transformation was followed magnetically, and it was found that
the rate of transformation was extremely rapid at temperatures over 750/sup
0/C after 10 hours at 800/sup 0/C the transformation was complete. However,
at lower temperatures the rate of transformation was much slower with only
approx. 60% transformation after 1000 hours at 600/sup 0/C (1112/sup 0/F).
All the results could be fitted to classical transformation equations from which
it is possible to predict transformation behavior for long times at power plant
service temperatures. Tensile, stress relaxation and room temperature impact
toughness properties have also been determined. It is suggested that tensile
properties on aging were influenced by two independent processes. The weld
metal was initially softened due to annealing of the strain hardened as-welded
structure which caused an initial fall in proof stress. However, subsequent
aging caused precipitation processes to occur which caused the work
hardening rate and consequently ultimate tensile strength to increase. Impact
properties also showed an initial rise on aging which it is proposed is
associated with the delta-ferrite to austenite transformation. Further aging
brought about a reduction in impact toughness as increasing amounts of
intermetallic phases were formed.
Alloy 316/316L can be easily welded and processed by standard shop
fabrication practices.
Hot Forming
Working temperatures of 1700–2200°F (927–1204°C) are recommended for
most hot working processes. For maximum corrosion resistance, the material
should be annealed at 1900°F (1038°C) minimum and water quenched or
rapidly cooled by other means after hot working.
Cold Forming
The alloy is quite ductile and forms easily. Cold working operations will
increase the strength and hardness of the alloy and might leave it slightly
magnetic.
Welding
Alloy 316/316L can be readily welded by most standard processes. A post
weld heat treatment is not necessary.
Machining
Alloy 316/316L is subject to work hardening during deformation and is
subject to chip breaking. The best machining results are achieved with slower
speeds, heavier feeds, excellent lubrication, sharp tooling and powerful rigid
equipment. I visit the website of “Sandmeyer steel company “. Their conditions
are given below:
Give the composition of AISI 1095, AISI 6150, AISI 1045?
Answer:
AISI 1095: Carbon is the main alloying element present in carbon steels.
They also contain 0.4% of silicon and 1.2% of manganese. Elements such as
nickel, copper, aluminium, and molybdenum are present in small traces. AISI
1095 carbon steel is brittle, and has high hardness and strength.The following
table shows the chemical composition of AISI 1095 carbon steel.
Element Content (%)

Fe 98.38-98.8
C 0.90-1.03
S ≤0.050
P ≤0.040
Mn 0.30-0.50
AISI 6150: Alloy steels are designated by AISI four-digit numbers. They
are more susceptible to mechanical and heat treatments than carbon steels.
They comprise different types of steels with compositions which exceed the
limitations of B, C, Mn, Mo, Ni, Si, Cr, and Va in the carbon steels.The
datasheet given below provides more details about AISI 6150 alloy steel.
Element Content (%)

Fe 97.095-97.72
Cr 0.800-1.10
Mn 0.7-0.9
C 0.480-0.530
Si 0.150-0.3
V ≥0.150
S ≤0.04
P ≥0.0350
AISI 1045: AISI 1045 steel is a medium tensile steel supplied in a black
hot-rolled or normalized condition. It has a tensile strength of 570 - 700 MPa
and Brinell hardness ranging between 170 and 210.AISI 1045 steel is
characterized by good weldability, good machinability, and high strength and
impact properties in either the normalized or hot-rolled condition.AISI 1045
steel has a low through-hardening capability with only sections of around 60
mm in size being recommended as suitable for tempering and through-
hardening. However, it can be efficiently flame- or induction-hardened in the
normalized or hot rolled condition to obtain surface hardnesses in the range of
Rc 54 - Rc 60 based on factors such as section size, type of set up,
quenching medium used etc.AISI 1045 steel lacks suitable alloying elements
and hence does not respond to the nitriding process.
Element Content (%)

Fe 98.51-98.98
C 0.420-0.50
S ≤0.050
P ≤0.040
Mn 0.60-0.90

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Give the 316 Stainless steel price and composition in my country & Give

Stainless Steel 316 - Alloy Composition are given below:

Method of check the composition of 316 steels:

Element Content (%)

Element Content (%)

Element Content (%)

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